scholarly journals Spatio-Temporal Distribution and Influencing Factors of Human and Veterinary Pharmaceuticals in the Tributary Surface Waters of the Han River Watershed, South Korea

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (15) ◽  
pp. 7969
Author(s):  
Jong Kwon Im ◽  
Sang Hun Kim ◽  
Young Seok Kim ◽  
Soon Ju Yu
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Temporal Distribution ◽  
Point Sources ◽  
Veterinary Pharmaceuticals ◽  
River Watershed ◽  
Han River ◽  
Detection Frequency ◽  
Animal Populations ◽  
Spatio Temporal

Human and veterinary pharmaceuticals are being increasingly used for disease treatment; hence, their distribution and factors influencing them in the aquatic environment need to be investigated. This study observed the effect of human and animal populations, usage, purchasing criteria (prescription vs. non-prescription), and land use to identify the spatio-temporal distribution of eight pharmaceuticals at twenty-four sites of the tributaries of the Han River watershed. In rural areas, the mean concentration (detection frequency) of non-prescription pharmaceuticals (NPPs) was higher (lower) compared to that of prescription pharmaceuticals (PPs); in urban areas, a reverse trend was observed. Pharmaceutical concentrations in urban and rural areas were mainly affected by wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) and non-point sources, respectively; concentrations were higher downstream (4.9 times) than upstream of the WWTPs. The concentration distribution (according to the target) was as follows: human–veterinary > human > veterinary. Correlation between total concentration and total usage of the pharmaceuticals was high, except for NPPs. Most livestock and land use (except cropland) were significantly positively correlated with pharmaceutical concentrations. Concentrations were mainly higher (1.5 times) during cold seasons than during warm seasons. The results of this study can assist policymakers in managing pharmaceutical pollutants while prioritizing emerging pollutants.

scholarly journals Geographical Distribution and Risk Assessment of Volatile Organic Compounds in Tributaries of the Han River Watershed

Agronomy ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (5) ◽  
pp. 956
Author(s):  
Jong-Kwon Im ◽  
Yong-Chul Cho ◽  
Hye-Ran Noh ◽  
Soon-Ju Yu
Keyword(s):  
Volatile Organic Compounds ◽  
South Korea ◽  
Organic Compounds ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
Anthropogenic Activities ◽  
River Watershed ◽  
Han River ◽  
Detection Frequency ◽  
Volatile Organic ◽  
Mean Concentration

Volatile organic compounds (VOCs), with negative impacts on the aquatic ecosystem, are increasingly released into the environment by anthropogenic activities. Water samples were collected from five areas of the Han River Watershed (HRW) tributaries, South Korea, to detect 11 VOCs, which were classified as halogenated aliphatic hydrocarbons (HAHs) and aromatic hydrocarbons (AHs). Among the 11 VOCs, 1,1-dichloroethylene, 1,1,1-trichloroethane, and vinyl chloride were undetected. The highest concentration compounds were chloroform (0.0596 ± 0.1312 µg/L), trichloroethylene (0.0253 ± 0.0781 µg/L), and toluene (0.0054 ± 0.0139 µg/L). The mean concentration (0.0234 µg/L) and detection frequency (37.0%) of HAHs were higher than those of AHs (0.0036 µg/L, 21.0%, respectively). The Imjin Hantan River area exhibited the highest mean concentration (0.2432 µg/L) and detection frequency (22.9%), because it is located near industrial complexes, thus, highlighting their role as important VOC sources. However, the detected VOCs had lower concentrations than those permitted by the EU, WHO, USA, and South Korea drinking water guidelines. Ecological risks associated with the VOCs were estimated by risk quotient (RQ); consequently, the predicted no-effect concentration was 0.0029 mg/L, and the toluene and styrene RQ values were >1 and >0.5, respectively. The findings may facilitate policymakers in designing pollution control strategies.

Spatio-temporal Water Quality Variations at Various Streams of Han-River Watershed and Empirical Models of Serial Impoundment Reservoirs

2012 ◽  
Vol 45 (4) ◽  
pp. 378-391 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kwang-Guk An ◽  
◽  
Hye-Won Jeon ◽  
Ji-Woong Choi
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Empirical Models ◽  
River Watershed ◽  
Han River ◽  
Spatio Temporal

scholarly journals Regional Variations of Land-Use Development and Land-Use/Cover Change Dynamics: A Case Study of Turkey

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (7) ◽  
pp. 885 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ustaoglu ◽  
Aydınoglu
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Land Use Change ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Urban Land ◽  
Temporal Changes ◽  
Rapid Expansion ◽  
Land Uses ◽  
Hierarchical Levels ◽  
Spatio Temporal

. Population growth, economic development and rural-urban migration have caused rapid expansion of urban areas and metropolitan regions in Turkey. The structure of urban administration and planning has faced different socio-economic and political challenges, which have hindered the structured and planned development of cities and regions, resulting in an irregular and uneven development of these regions. We conducted detailed comparative analysis on spatio-temporal changes of the identified seven land-use/cover classes across different regions in Turkey with the use of Corine Land Cover (CLC) data of circa 1990, 2000, 2006 and 2012, integrated with Geographic Information System (GIS) techniques. Here we compared spatio-temporal changes of urban and non-urban land uses, which differ across regions and across different hierarchical levels of urban areas. Our findings have shown that peri-urban areas are growing more than rural areas, and even growing more than urban areas in some regions. A deeper look at regions located in different geographical zones pointed to substantial development disparities across western and eastern regions of Turkey. We also employed multiple regression models to explain any possible drivers of land-use change, regarding both urban and non-urban land uses. The results reveal that the three influencing factors-socio-economic characteristics, regional characteristics and location, and development constraints, facilitate land-use change. However, their impacts differ in different geographical locations, as well as with different hierarchical levels.

scholarly journals Spatial-Temporal Distribution and Insecticide resistance Status of Aedes Aegypti in Ghana

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher Mfum Owusu-Asenso ◽  
Julius Abraham Addo Mingle ◽  
David Weetman ◽  
Yaw Asare Afrane
Keyword(s):  
Insecticide Resistance ◽  
Vector Control ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Temporal Distribution ◽  
Sampling Period ◽  
Detailed Knowledge ◽  
Phenotypic Resistance ◽  
Ecological Zones ◽  
Spatio Temporal ◽  
Study Sites

Abstract Background: Vector control is the main intervention to control arboviral diseases transmitted by Aedes mosquitoes because for most there are no effective vaccines or treatment. This vector control relies heavily on the use of insecticides, effectiveness of which may be impacted by resistance. In addition, rational insecticide application requires detailed knowledge of vector distribution, dynamics, resting, and feeding behaviours, which are poorly understood for Aedes vectors in Africa. This study investigated the spatio-temporal distribution and insecticide resistance status of Ae. aegypti from across ecological extremes of GhanaMethods: Immature mosquitoes were sampled from containers in and around human dwellings at each of seven study sites in urban, suburban, and rural areas of Ghana. Adult Aedes mosquitoes were sampled indoor and outdoor using Biogent sentinel-2 mosquito traps, human landing catches, and prokopack aspiration. Distributions of immatures and adult Aedes mosquitoes were determined indoors and outdoors during dry and rainy seasons at all sites. Phenotypic resistance status of Aedes mosquitoes to insecticides was determined using WHO bioassays. Host blood meal source was determined by PCR.Results: A total of 16,711 immature Aedes were sampled, with over 70% found in car tires. Significantly more breeding containers had Aedes immatures during the rainy season 70.95% (11,856) compared to the dry season 29.05% (4,855). A total of 1,895 adult Aedes mosquitos were collected, including Ae. aegypti (97.8%), Ae. africanus (2.1%) and Ae. Luteocephalus (0.1%). Indoor sampling of adult Aedes mosquitoes yielded a total of 381 (20.1%) and outdoor a total of 1,514 (79.9%) (z = -5.427; p = 0.0000) over the entire sampling period. Aedes aegypti populations were resistant to DDT at all study sites. Vectors showed suspected resistance to Bendiocarb (96-97%), Permethrin (90-96%) and Deltamethrin (91-96%) and were susceptible to the organophosphate malathion from all study sites.Blood meal analysis showed that the Aedes mosquitoes were mostly anthropophilic with HBI of 0.9 i.e. [(human = 90%), (human and dog = 5%), (dog and cow = 5%)].Conclusion: Aedes mosquitoes were found at high densities in all ecological zones of Ghana. Resistance to pyrethroids and carbamates may limit control efficacy and requires careful monitoring.

scholarly journals Characteristics and Sources of Selected Halocarbon and Hydrocarbon Volatile Organic Compounds in Surface Water of the Han River Basin

Water ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (18) ◽  
pp. 2568
Author(s):  
Jong Kwon Im ◽  
Sujin Kim ◽  
Young Seuk Kim ◽  
Hye Ran Noh ◽  
Young-Min Lee ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Surface Water ◽  
Volatile Organic Compounds ◽  
Organic Compounds ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Total Concentration ◽  
Average Concentration ◽  
Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Han River ◽  
Detection Frequency ◽  
Volatile Organic

Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are ubiquitous pollutants in surface water, which is the main source of drinking water in South Korea. We investigated the behavior (concentration, distribution, and environmental risk) of eleven selected VOCs in the surface water of the Han River tributaries using purge-and-trap gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. The average concentration of VOCs was 0.29 ± 0.47 μg/L. Chloroform and trichloroethylene (TCE) were the major pollutants, accounting for approximately 64.2% and 25.6% of the total concentration, respectively, and showing that halocarbons accounted for 94%. Chloroform was positively correlated with TCE and xylenes, and TCE was positively correlated with tetrachloroethylene (PCE). No differences were observed in the temporal average concentrations of total VOCs, but the concentrations differed significantly among sub-watershed areas. The Imjin-Hantan River, Han River mainstream, and Anseong Stream watersheds had a high positive association with TCE, whereas the Bukhan and Namhan River watersheds had a strong positive link with chloroform. The contamination and detection frequency of VOCs were highest in industrial complexes, followed by urban and rural areas. Thus, point source pollution significantly contributed to VOC contamination of these tributaries. Risk quotients for most VOCs were <1, suggesting negligible risk. Considering the relatively high occurrence of VOCs and their potential ecological risks, continuous environmental monitoring and study of environmental impacts based on ecotoxicity studies of domestic aquatic species are warranted.

Spatio-temporal Distribution of Meningitis in HIV Patients in Northern Egypt (2000-2018)

2020 ◽  
Vol 18 (6) ◽  
pp. 405-414
Author(s):  
Ekram W. Abd El-Wahab ◽  
Yamen Hegazy ◽  
Talaat Farrag ◽  
Mohammed Metwally
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Clinical Stage ◽  
Tertiary Care ◽  
Temporal Distribution ◽  
Fever Hospital ◽  
Adult Males ◽  
Hiv Patients ◽  
Focal Neurological Deficit ◽  
Northern Egypt ◽  
Spatio Temporal

Background: Meningitis is a leading cause of death among patients living with HIV. There is no adequate tracking of the disease occurrence, distribution and etiologic agents among this risk group in Egypt, although the pattern could differ than that of the general population. Objectives: We aimed to describe the spatio-temporal distribution of meningitis in HIV patients in a region of Northern Egypt over an 18-years period (2000-2018). Methods: We conducted a retrospective study of 352 adults HIV patients admitted to a tertiary care fever hospital with neurological manifestations suggesting meningitis. We retrieved from inpatient records all data relevant to patient demographics, clinical presentation, diagnostic work-up, results of laboratory investigations (CSF, blood, imaging), definitive diagnosis, and in-hospital mortality. Results: The overall trend over 2 decades showed fluctuating incidence of meningitis in HIV infected patients and increasingly spread into rural areas, with a uniform circulation among adult males. Cryptococcal meningitis was the most common etiologic agent (26.9%) and was associated with worse outcomes. Focal neurological deficit (38.5%), cranial nerve involvement (48.1%) were common features in TB Meningitis. The mortality was high (56.8%) and was significantly associate with low CD4+ count, advanced AIDs clinical stage and the presence of co-morbidities. Conclusion: Despite the availability of cART, meningitis particularly cryptococcal is common in HIV/AIDS population in Egypt. Continued efforts are desperately needed to improve outcomes of HIV-infected patients.

scholarly journals DYNAMICS OF SPATIO-TEMPORAL URBAN EXPANSION IN SOUTH WEST DELHI REGION: A GEO-SPATIAL APPROACH FOR URBAN DISASTER MANAGEMENT

2019 ◽  
Vol XLII-3/W8 ◽  
pp. 373-379
Author(s):  
N. Sharma ◽  
A. Kaur ◽  
P. Bose
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Land Cover ◽  
Natural Resources ◽  
Land Cover Change ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Urban Expansion ◽  
Urban Disaster ◽  
Spatio Temporal ◽  
The Impact

<p><strong>Abstract.</strong> Constantly increasing population and up-scaling economic growth has certainly contributed to fast-paced urban expansion, but simultaneously, as a result, has developed immense pressure on our natural resources. Among other unfavorable consequences, this has led to significant changes in the land use and land cover patterns in megacities all across the globe. As the impact of uncontrolled and unplanned development continues to alter life patterns, it has become imperative to study severe problems resulting from rapid development and leading to environmental pollution, disruptions in ecological structures, ever increasing pressure on natural resources and recurring urban disasters This paper presents an approach to address these challenges using geospatial data to study the land use and land cover change and the patterns and processes of urban growth. Spatio-temporal changes in land-use/land-cover were assessed over the years using multi-date high resolution satellite data. The land use classification was conducted using visual image interpretation technique wherein, study area was categorized into five different classes based on NRSC classification system namely agricultural, built-up, urban green (forest), and fallow land and water bodies. Post-classification change detection technique was used for the assessment of land-cover change and transition matrices of urban expansion were developed to quantify the changes. The results show that the city has been expanding majorly in its borders, where land masses have been converted from agriculture based rural areas to urban structures. An increase in the built-up category was observed with the transformation of agricultural and marginal land with an approximate change of 8.62% in the peri-urban areas. Urban areas are becoming more densely populated and open barren lands are converted into urban areas due to over population and migration from the rural areas of Delhi and thus increasing threat towards urban disaster. Conservation and sustainable management of various natural resources is recommended in order to minimize the impact of potential urban disasters.</p>

scholarly journals Continuous Simulation of Highly Urbanized Watershed to Quantify Nutrients’ Loadings

Water ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (20) ◽  
pp. 2910
Author(s):  
Naila Mahdi ◽  
Krishna R. Pagilla
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Land Use ◽  
Urban Land ◽  
Point Sources ◽  
Land Uses ◽  
River Watershed ◽  
Water Quality Simulation ◽  
Continuous Simulation ◽  
Nutrient Loadings ◽  
Chicago River

The United States has witnessed various extreme land use changes over the years. These changes led to alterations in watersheds’ characteristics, impacting their water quality and quantity. To quantify this impact in highly urbanized watersheds such as the Chicago Metropolitan Area, it is crucial to examine the characteristics and imperviousness distribution of urban land uses and available point and non-point sources. In this paper, the effect of urban runoff and nutrient loadings to water bodies in the Chicago River Watershed resulting from level (III) detailed urban land uses is investigated. A watershed scale hydrologic and water quality simulation using BASINS/HSPF model was developed for the highly urbanized watershed. Appropriate considerations were given to the effective impervious area (EIA). The results from the five-year calibrated water quality simulation were reasonably reflected with observed data in the study area and nutrient loadings of both point and non-point sources for 44 different land uses were found. The export coefficients (EC) values obtained are site-specific depending on conditions and variables at the watershed level such as physical characteristics, land use management practices, hydro-meteorological and topographical data, while using a continuous simulation approach and watershed perspective analysis. This is the first attempt to measure and model nutrients’ loadings using detailed land use types in the Chicago River Watershed. The proposed continuous calibrated and validated model can be used in the investigation and analysis of different scenarios and possible future conditions and land utilization.

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