scholarly journals What Is the Optimal Strength Training Load to Improve Swimming Performance? A Randomized Trial of Male Competitive Swimmers

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (22) ◽  
pp. 11770
Author(s):  
Sofiene Amara ◽  
Emmet Crowley ◽  
Senda Sammoud ◽  
Yassine Negra ◽  
Raouf Hammami ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Resistance Training ◽  
Strength Training ◽  
Bench Press ◽  
Swimming Performance ◽  
Training Volume ◽  
Front Crawl ◽  
Leg Extension ◽  
Low Resistance ◽  
Volume Load ◽  
Competitive Swimmers

This study aimed to compare the effectiveness of high, moderate, and low resistance training volume-load of maximum strength training on muscle strength and swimming performance in competitive swimmers. Thirty-three male swimmers were randomly allocated to high (age = 16.5 ± 0.30 years), moderate (age = 16.1 ± 0.32 years) and a low resistance training volume-load group (age = 15.9 ± 0.31). This study was carried out in mid-season (January to March). Pre and post strength (e.g., repetition maximum [1RM] leg extension and bench press tests), swimming (25, 50 m front-crawl), start (speed, time, distance) and turn (time of turn) performance tests were conducted. Our findings revealed a large main effect of time for 1RM bench press: d = 1.38; 1RM leg extension: d = 1.55, and for 25 (d = 1.12), and 50 m (d = 1.97) front-crawl, similarly for start and turn performance (d = 1.28–1.46). However, no significant Group × Time interactions were shown in all strength swimming performances, start and turn tests (p > 0.05). In conclusion, low training loads have been shown to elicit the same results as moderate, and high training loads protocol. Therefore, this study shows evidence that the addition of low training volume-loads as a regular part of a maximal strength training regime will elicit improvements in strength and swimming performance.

Progressive Resistance Training Without Volume Increases Does Not Alter Arterial Stiffness and Aortic Wave Reflection

2007 ◽  
Vol 232 (9) ◽  
pp. 1228-1235 ◽  
Author(s):  
Darren P. Casey ◽  
Darren T. Beck ◽  
Randy W. Braith
Keyword(s):  
Resistance Training ◽  
Arterial Stiffness ◽  
Pressure Wave ◽  
Wave Reflection ◽  
Augmentation Index ◽  
Aortic Pressure ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Training Volume ◽  
Leg Extension ◽  
Peripheral Arterial

Endurance exercise is efficacious in reducing arterial stiffness. However, the effect of resistance training (RT) on arterial stiffening is controversial. High-intensity, high-volume RT has been shown to increase arterial stiffness in young adults. We tested the hypothesis that an RT protocol consisting of progressively higher intensity without concurrent increases in training volume would not elicit increases in either central or peripheral arterial stiffness or alter aortic pressure wave reflection in young men and women. The RT group ( n = 24; 21 ± 1 years) performed two sets of 8–12 repetitions to volitional fatigue on seven exercise machines on 3 days/week for 12 weeks, whereas the control group ( n = 18; 22 ± 1 years) did not perform RT. Central and peripheral arterial pulse wave velocity (PWV), aortic pressure wave reflection (augmentation index; AIx), brachial flow–mediated dilation (FMD), and plasma levels of nitrate/nitrite (NOx) and norepinephrine (NE) were measured before and after RT. RT increased the one-repetition maximum for the chest press and the leg extension ( P < 0.001). RT also increased lean body mass ( P < 0.01) and reduced body fat (%; P < 0.01). However, RT did not affect carotid-radial, carotid-femoral, and femoral-distal PWV (8.4 ± 0.2 vs. 8.0 ± 0.2 m/sec; 6.5 ± 0.1 vs. 6.3 ± 0.2 m/sec; 9.5 ± 0.3 vs. 9.5 ± 0.3 m/sec, respectively) or AIx (2.5% ± 2.3% vs. 4.8% ± 1.8 %, respectively). Additionally, no changes were observed in brachial FMD, NOx, NE, or blood pressures. These results suggest that an RT protocol consisting of progressively higher intensity without concurrent increases in training volume does not increase central or peripheral arterial stiffness or alter aortic pressure wave characteristics in young subjects.

scholarly journals Relationship between Swimming Performance, Biomechanical Variables and the Calculated Predicted 1-RM Push-up in Competitive Swimmers

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (21) ◽  
pp. 11395
Author(s):  
Sofiene Amara ◽  
Oussama Gaied Chortane ◽  
Yassine Negra ◽  
Raouf Hammami ◽  
Riadh Khalifa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Swimming Performance ◽  
Body Height ◽  
Upper Body ◽  
Stroke Index ◽  
Front Crawl ◽  
Body Strength ◽  
Velocity Relationship ◽  
Upper Body Strength ◽  
Competitive Swimmers ◽  
Push Up

One repetition maximum (1RM) push-ups, based upon the load–velocity relationship, are able to predict the maximum upper body strength. The aim of the present study was to examine the relationship between the predicted 1RM push-up based upon the load–velocity relationship and swimming performance and kinematical variables in competitive swimmers. Thirty-three competitive male swimmers (age = 16.46 ± 0.59 years, body mass = 72.82 ± 8.41 kg, body height = 180.56 ± 5.69 cm) performed push-up exercises without a weight vest and with a 10, 20 and 30 kg weight vests. A load–velocity relationship was established as a product of the load and velocity of the push-up per participant, and the equation was used to establish a predicted 1RM. Our findings showed a predicted 1RM push-up of 82.98 ± 9.95 kg. Pearson correlations revealed a nearly perfect relationship between the 1RM push-up and the 25 or 50 m front crawl (r = −0.968, r = −0.955), and between 1RM push-up and the 25 or 50 m front crawl with arms (r = −0.955, r = x0.941). Similarly, our results revealed significant near-perfect correlations between 1RM push-up and kinematical variables (r = 0.93–0.96) except the stroke index, which had a large relationship (r = 0.56). This study suggests that swimming performance and kinematical variables are correlated with the predicted 1RM push-up. The 1RM push-up based upon the load–velocity relationship is a low cost and time-effective alternative for swimmers and coaches to predict maximum upper body strength to optimize swimming performance in short races.

scholarly journals Influence of exercise order on the number of repetitions in untrained teenagers.

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-5 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eveline Moraes ◽  
Marcelo Pontes Nobre ◽  
Marianna de Freitas Maia ◽  
Belmiro de Freitas Salles ◽  
Humberto Miranda ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Resistance Training ◽  
Bench Press ◽  
Crossover Design ◽  
Lower Limbs ◽  
Upper Limbs ◽  
Leg Extension ◽  
Leg Press

Introduction: Prescription of resistance training (RT) is increasing among teenagers, requiring further studies to investigate the effects on this population. Objective: To examine the different orders on exercises sequence and its influence on the number of repetitions in teenager. Methods: Participated in the study 12 voluntarily male teenagers (14.91 ± 0.79 years, 1.69 ± 8.61 cm, 62.24 ± 7.26 kg) without experience in RT. After 48 hours of the last session of 10 repetitions maximum (10RM) test, subjects performed one of the four sequences of exercises in a counterbalanced crossover design. Four different sequences were also performed with a interval of 48 hours. All sequences were three sets of each exercise with 10RM load, with two-minute intervals between sets and exercises. The order of exercises was the sequence 1: bench press (BP), pulldown (PD), machine shoulder press (SP), biceps curl (BC) and triceps (TR); Sequence 2: TR, BC, SP, PD and BP; the sequence 3: Leg press (LP), leg extension (LE) and leg curl (LC); Sequence 4: LC, LE and LP. Results: Significant differences were observed (p <0.05) in the total number of repetitions for the BP exercises, SP, BC and TR for the sequence of the upper limbs and for the lower limbs and the LP and LE exercises. Conclusion: The results suggest that the performance of the average number of repetitions for sessions conducted with RT intensity of 10RM in teenagers was influenced by the different kind of exercises in both upper and lower limbs.

scholarly journals Range of motion of resistance exercise affects the number of performed repetitions but not a time under tension

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Michał Krzysztofik ◽  
Patryk Matykiewicz ◽  
Aleksandra Filip-Stachnik ◽  
Kinga Humińska-Lisowska ◽  
Agata Rzeszutko-Bełzowska ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Resistance Training ◽  
Range Of Motion ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Bench Press ◽  
Peak Velocity ◽  
Training Session ◽  
Training Volume ◽  
Total Load ◽  
Load Displacement

AbstractThe resistance training volume along with the exercise range of motion has a significant impact on the training outcomes. Therefore, this study aimed to examine differences in training volume assessed by a number of performed repetitions, time under tension, and load–displacement as well as peak barbell velocity between the cambered and standard barbell bench press training session. The participants performed 3 sets to muscular failure of bench press exercise with the cambered or standard barbell at 50% of one-repetition maximum (1RM). Eighteen healthy men volunteered for the study (age = 25 ± 2 years; body mass = 92.1 ± 9.9 kg; experience in resistance training 7.3 ± 2.1 years; standard and cambered barbell bench press 1RM > 120% body mass). The t-test indicated a significantly higher mean range of motion for the cambered barbell in comparison to the standard (p < 0.0001; ES =  −2.24). Moreover, there was a significantly greater number of performed repetitions during the standard barbell bench press than cambered barbell (p < 0.0001) in a whole training session, while no difference was found in total time under tension (p = 0.22) and total load–displacement (p = 0.913). The two-way repeated-measures ANOVA indicated a significant barbell × set interaction effect for peak velocity (p = 0.01) and a number of repetitions (p = 0.015). The post-hoc analysis showed a significantly higher number of repetitions for standard than cambered barbell bench press in set 1 (p < 0.0001), set 3 (p < 0.0001) but not in set 2 (p = 0.066). Moreover, there was a significantly higher peak velocity during the cambered than standard barbell bench press in set 1 (p < 0.0001), and set 2 (p = 0.049), but not in set 3 (p = 0.063). No significant differences between corresponding sets of the standard and cambered barbell bench press in time under tension and load–displacement were found. However, concentric time under tension was significantly higher during cambered barbell bench press in all sets (p < 0.05) when compared to the standard barbell bench press, while eccentric time under tension was significantly lower during the cambered than standard barbell bench presses only in the set 3 (p = 0.001). In summary, this study briefly showed that measuring training volume by the number of performed repetitions is not reliable when different exercise range of motion is used.

scholarly journals The Effect of Concurrent Resistance Training on Upper Body Strength, Sprint Swimming Performance and Kinematics in Competitive Adolescent Swimmers. A Randomized Controlled Trial

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (19) ◽  
pp. 10261
Author(s):  
Sofiene Amara ◽  
Tiago M. Barbosa ◽  
Yassine Negra ◽  
Raouf Hammami ◽  
Riadh Khalifa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Resistance Training ◽  
Muscle Strength ◽  
Bench Press ◽  
Swimming Performance ◽  
Controlled Trial ◽  
Upper Body ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Swimming Velocity ◽  
Stroke Rate ◽  
Sprint Swimming

This study aimed to examine the effect of 9 weeks of concurrent resistance training (CRT) between resistance on dry land (bench press (BP) and medicine ball throw) and resistance in water (water parachute and hand paddles) on muscle strength, sprint swimming performance and kinematic variables compared by the usual training (standard in-water training). Twenty-two male competitive swimmers participated in this study and were randomly allocated to two groups. The CRT group (CRTG, age = 16.5 ± 0.30 years) performed a CRT program, and the control group (CG, age = 16.1 ± 0.32 years) completed their usual training. The independent variables were measured pre- and post-intervention. The findings showed that the one-repetition maximum bench press (1RM BP) was improved only after a CRT program (d = 2.18; +12.11 ± 1.79%). Moreover, all sprint swimming performances were optimized in the CRT group (d = 1.3 to 2.61; −4.22 ± 0.18% to −7.13 ± 0.23%). In addition, the findings revealed an increase in velocity and stroke rate (d = 1.67, d = 2.24; 9.36 ± 2.55%, 13.51 ± 4.22%, respectively) after the CRT program. The CRT program improved the muscle strength, which, in turn, improved the stroke rate, with no change in the stroke length. Then, the improved stroke rate increased the swimming velocity. Ultimately, a faster velocity leads to better swim performances.

Effect of Moderate- or High-Intensity Inspiratory Muscle Strength Training on Maximal Inspiratory Mouth Pressure and Swimming Performance in Highly Trained Competitive Swimmers

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-7
Author(s):  
Toshiyuki Ohya ◽  
Kenta Kusanagi ◽  
Jun Koizumi ◽  
Ryosuke Ando ◽  
Keisho Katayama ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Muscle Strength ◽  
Strength Training ◽  
High Intensity ◽  
Swimming Performance ◽  
Inspiratory Muscle ◽  
Inspiratory Pressure ◽  
Pressure Threshold ◽  
Mouth Pressure ◽  
Inspiratory Muscle Strength ◽  
Competitive Swimmers

Purpose: Inspiratory muscle strength training (IMST) can improve exercise performance. Increased maximal inspiratory mouth pressure (MIP) could be beneficial for swimmers to enhance their performance. This study aimed to clarify the effect of high-intensity IMST for 6 weeks on MIP and swimming performance in highly trained competitive swimmers. Methods: Thirty male highly trained competitive swimmers were assigned to high-intensity IMST (HI; n = 10), moderate-intensity IMST (MOD; n = 10), and control (n = 10) groups. The 6-week IMST intervention comprised twice daily sessions for 6 d/wk at inspiratory pressure threshold loads equivalent to 75% MIP (HI) and 50% MIP (MOD). Before and after the intervention, MIP and swimming performance were assessed. Swimming performance was evaluated in free and controlled frequency breathing 100-m freestyle swimming time trials in a 25-m pool. For controlled frequency breathing, participants took 1 breath every 6 strokes. Results: The MIP values after 2 and 6 weeks of IMST in the HI and MOD groups were significantly higher than those before IMST (P = .0001). The magnitudes of the MIP increases after 6 weeks of IMST did not differ between the HI (13.4% [8.7%]) and MOD (13.1% [10.1%]) groups (P = .44). The 100-m freestyle swimming times under the controlled frequency condition were significantly shorter after IMST than those before IMST in both the HI (P = .046) and MOD (P = .042) groups. Conclusions: Inspiratory pressure threshold load equivalent to 50% MIP could be sufficient to improve MIP and swimming performance under the controlled frequency breathing condition in highly trained competitive swimmers.

scholarly journals The role of volume-load in strength and absolute endurance adaptations in adolescent’s performing high- or low-load resistance training

2017 ◽  
Vol 42 (2) ◽  
pp. 193-201 ◽  
Author(s):  
James Steele ◽  
James P. Fisher ◽  
Ari R. Assunção ◽  
Martim Bottaro ◽  
Paulo Gentil
Keyword(s):  
Resistance Training ◽  
Bench Press ◽  
Load Resistance ◽  
Effect Sizes ◽  
Group Differences ◽  
Muscular Endurance ◽  
Repetition Maximum ◽  
Volume Load ◽  
Low Load

This study compared high- (HL) and low-load (LL) resistance training (RT) on strength, absolute endurance, volume-load, and their relationships in untrained adolescents. Thirty-three untrained adolescents of both sexes (males, n = 17; females, n = 16; 14 ± 1 years) were randomly assigned into either (i) HL (n = 17): performing 3 sets of 4–6 repetitions to momentary concentric failure; or (ii) LL (n = 16): performing 2 sets of 12–15 repetitions to momentary concentric failure. RT was performed for 2×/week for 9 weeks. Change in maximum strength (1 repetition maximum) and absolute muscular endurance for barbell bench press was assessed. Weekly volume-load was calculated as sets (n) × repetitions (n) × load (kg). Ninety-five percent confidence intervals (CIs) revealed that both groups significantly increased in strength and absolute endurance with large effect sizes (d = 1.51–1.66). There were no between-group differences for change in strength or absolute endurance. Ninety-five percent CIs revealed that both groups significantly increased in weekly volume-load with large effect sizes (HL = 1.66, LL = 1.02). There were no between-group differences for change in volume-load though average weekly volume-load was significantly greater for LL (p < 0.001). Significant Pearson’s correlations were found for the HL group between average weekly volume-load and both strength (r = 0.650, p = 0.005) and absolute endurance (r = 0.552, p = 0.022) increases. Strength and absolute endurance increases do not differ between HL and LL conditions in adolescents when performed to momentary concentric failure. Under HL conditions greater weekly volume-load is associated with greater strength and absolute endurance increases.

scholarly journals EFFECTS OF RESISTANCE TRAINING ON CO2 EXCESS AND SWIMMING PERFORMANCE IN COMPETITIVE SWIMMERS

2000 ◽  
Vol 49 (3) ◽  
pp. 355-363 ◽  
Author(s):  
YASUHIRO SUZUKI ◽  
HIDEYUKI TAKAHASHI ◽  
YUJI ITAI ◽  
KAORU TAKAMATSU
Keyword(s):  
Resistance Training ◽  
Swimming Performance ◽  
Competitive Swimmers

scholarly journals Effects of different resistance training frequencies on body composition and muscular performance adaptations in men

PeerJ ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
pp. e10537
Author(s):  
Hamid Arazi ◽  
Abbas Asadi ◽  
Paulo Gentil ◽  
Rodrigo Ramírez-Campillo ◽  
Pooria Jahangiri ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Resistance Training ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Bench Press ◽  
Muscle Size ◽  
Upper Body ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Leg Press ◽  
Volume Load ◽  
Group 3

Background The aim of this study was to compare the effects of 8 weeks resistance training (RT) with two sessions versus four sessions per week under volume load-equated conditions on body composition, maximal strength, and explosive actions performance in recreationally trained men. Methods Thirty-five healthy young men participated in the study and were randomly divided into a two sessions per-week RT (RT2, n = 12), four sessions per-week RT (RT4, n = 13) or a control group (CG, n = 10). All subjects were evaluated for thigh, chest and arm circumference, countermovement jump (CMJ), medicine ball throw (MBT), 1-repetition maximum (1RM) leg press, bench press, arm curl, muscular endurance (i.e., 60% of 1RM to failure) for leg press, and bench press at pre, mid (week 4) and post an 8-week training intervention. Results A two-way analysis of variance with repeated measures (3 [group] × 3 [time]) revealed that both training groups increased chest and thigh circumferences, strength and explosive actions performance tests in comparison to CG following 8 weeks of training (p = 0.01 to 0.04). Group × time interactions were also noted in 1RM bench press (effects size [ES] = 1.07 vs. 0.89) and arm curl (ES = 1.15 vs. 0.89), with greater gains for RT4 than RT2 (p = 0.03). Conclusion RT improved muscle strength, explosive actions performance and markers of muscle size in recreationally trained men; however, four sessions of resistance training per week produced greater gains in muscular strength for the upper body measures (i.e., 1RM bench press and arm curl) when compared to two sessions per week under volume-equated conditions.

scholarly journals Can Post-Activation Performance Enhancement (PAPE) Improve Resistance Training Volume during the Bench Press Exercise?

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (7) ◽  
pp. 2554 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michal Krzysztofik ◽  
Michal Wilk ◽  
Aleksandra Filip ◽  
Piotr Zmijewski ◽  
Adam Zajac ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Resistance Training ◽  
Power Output ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Peak Power ◽  
Bench Press ◽  
Performance Enhancement ◽  
Peak Power Output ◽  
Training Volume ◽  
Training Experience ◽  
Bar Velocity

Background: The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effects of post-activation performance enhancement (PAPE) on resistance training volume during the bench press exercise (BP). The study included 12 healthy strength-trained males (age 25.2 ± 2.1 years, body mass 92.1 ± 8.7 kg, BP one-repetition maximum (1RM) 28.8 ± 10.5 kg, training experience 6.3 ± 2.1 years). Methods: The experiment was performed following a randomized crossover design, where each participant performed two different exercise protocols with a conditioning activity (CA) consisting of the BP with three sets of three repetitions at 85% 1RM (PAPE), and a control without the CA (CONT). To assess the differences between PAPE and CONT, the participants performed three sets of the BP to volitional failure at 60% 1RM. The differences in the number of performed repetitions (REP), time under tension (TUT), peak power output (PP), mean of peak power output (PPMEAN), mean power output (MP), peak bar velocity (PV), mean of peak bar velocity (PVMEAN), and mean bar velocity (MV) between the CONT and PAPE conditions were examined using repeated measures ANOVA. Results: The post-hoc analysis for the main condition effect indicated significant increases in TUT (p < 0.01) for the BP following PAPE, compared to the CONT condition. Furthermore, there was a significant increase in TUT (p < 0.01) in the third set for PAPE compared to the CONT condition. No statistically significant main effect was revealed for REP, PP, PV, PPMEAN, PVMEAN, MP, and MV. Conclusion: The main finding of the study was that the PAPE protocol increased training volume based on TUT, without changes in the number of preformed REP.

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