The Effect of Concurrent Resistance Training on Upper Body Strength, Sprint Swimming Performance and Kinematics in Competitive Adolescent Swimmers. A Randomized Controlled Trial

This study aimed to examine the effect of 9 weeks of concurrent resistance training (CRT) between resistance on dry land (bench press (BP) and medicine ball throw) and resistance in water (water parachute and hand paddles) on muscle strength, sprint swimming performance and kinematic variables compared by the usual training (standard in-water training). Twenty-two male competitive swimmers participated in this study and were randomly allocated to two groups. The CRT group (CRTG, age = 16.5 ± 0.30 years) performed a CRT program, and the control group (CG, age = 16.1 ± 0.32 years) completed their usual training. The independent variables were measured pre- and post-intervention. The findings showed that the one-repetition maximum bench press (1RM BP) was improved only after a CRT program (d = 2.18; +12.11 ± 1.79%). Moreover, all sprint swimming performances were optimized in the CRT group (d = 1.3 to 2.61; −4.22 ± 0.18% to −7.13 ± 0.23%). In addition, the findings revealed an increase in velocity and stroke rate (d = 1.67, d = 2.24; 9.36 ± 2.55%, 13.51 ± 4.22%, respectively) after the CRT program. The CRT program improved the muscle strength, which, in turn, improved the stroke rate, with no change in the stroke length. Then, the improved stroke rate increased the swimming velocity. Ultimately, a faster velocity leads to better swim performances.

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Effects of long-term resistance training and simultaneous electro-stimulation on muscle strength and functional mobility in multiple sclerosis

Multiple Sclerosis Journal ◽

10.1177/1352458510391339 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 17 (4) ◽

pp. 468-477 ◽

Cited By ~ 68

Author(s):

Tom Broekmans ◽

Machteld Roelants ◽

Peter Feys ◽

Geert Alders ◽

Domien Gijbels ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Multiple Sclerosis ◽

Resistance Training ◽

Muscle Strength ◽

Controlled Trial ◽

Knee Extensor ◽

Functional Mobility ◽

Knee Extensors ◽

Strength Analysis ◽

Control Group

Background: Resistance training studies in multiple sclerosis (MS) often use short intervention periods. Furthermore, training efficiency could be optimized by unilateral training and/or electrical stimulation. Objective: To examine the effect(s) of unilateral long-term (20 weeks) standardized resistance training with and without simultaneous electro-stimulation on leg muscle strength and overall functional mobility. Methods: A randomized controlled trial involving 36 persons with MS. At baseline (PRE) and after 10 (MID) and 20 (POST) weeks of standardized (ACSM) light to moderately intense unilateral leg resistance training (RESO, n = 11) only or resistance training with simultaneous electro-stimulation (RESE, n = 11, 100 Hz, biphasic symmetrical wave, 400 µs), maximal isometric strength of the knee extensors and flexors (45°, 90° knee angle) and dynamic (60–180°/s) knee-extensor strength was measured and compared with a control group (CON, n = 14). Functional mobility was evaluated using the Timed Get Up and Go, Timed 25 Foot Walk, Two-Minute Walk Test, Functional Reach and Rivermead Mobility Index. Results: Maximal isometric knee extensor (90°, MID: +10 ± 3%, POST: +10 ± 4%) in RESO and knee flexor (45°, POST: +7 ± 4%; 90°, POST: +9 ± 5%) in RESE strength increased ( p < 0.05) compared with CON but RESO and RESE did not differ. Also, impaired legs responded positively to resistance training (unilateral leg strength analysis) and functional reaching increased significantly in RESO (+18%) compared with CON. Dynamic muscle strength and the remaining functional mobility tests did not change. Conclusion: Long-term light to moderately intense resistance training improves muscle strength in persons with MS but simultaneous electro-stimulation does not further improve training outcome.

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Effects of different resistance training frequencies on body composition and muscular performance adaptations in men

PeerJ ◽

10.7717/peerj.10537 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 9 ◽

pp. e10537

Author(s):

Hamid Arazi ◽

Abbas Asadi ◽

Paulo Gentil ◽

Rodrigo Ramírez-Campillo ◽

Pooria Jahangiri ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Body Composition ◽

Resistance Training ◽

Repeated Measures ◽

Bench Press ◽

Muscle Size ◽

Upper Body ◽

Control Group ◽

Leg Press ◽

Volume Load ◽

Group 3

Background The aim of this study was to compare the effects of 8 weeks resistance training (RT) with two sessions versus four sessions per week under volume load-equated conditions on body composition, maximal strength, and explosive actions performance in recreationally trained men. Methods Thirty-five healthy young men participated in the study and were randomly divided into a two sessions per-week RT (RT2, n = 12), four sessions per-week RT (RT4, n = 13) or a control group (CG, n = 10). All subjects were evaluated for thigh, chest and arm circumference, countermovement jump (CMJ), medicine ball throw (MBT), 1-repetition maximum (1RM) leg press, bench press, arm curl, muscular endurance (i.e., 60% of 1RM to failure) for leg press, and bench press at pre, mid (week 4) and post an 8-week training intervention. Results A two-way analysis of variance with repeated measures (3 [group] × 3 [time]) revealed that both training groups increased chest and thigh circumferences, strength and explosive actions performance tests in comparison to CG following 8 weeks of training (p = 0.01 to 0.04). Group × time interactions were also noted in 1RM bench press (effects size [ES] = 1.07 vs. 0.89) and arm curl (ES = 1.15 vs. 0.89), with greater gains for RT4 than RT2 (p = 0.03). Conclusion RT improved muscle strength, explosive actions performance and markers of muscle size in recreationally trained men; however, four sessions of resistance training per week produced greater gains in muscular strength for the upper body measures (i.e., 1RM bench press and arm curl) when compared to two sessions per week under volume-equated conditions.

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Resistance Training Impact on Mobility, Muscle Strength and Lean Mass in Pancreatic Cancer Cachexia: A Randomized Controlled Trial

Clinical Rehabilitation ◽

10.1177/0269215520941912 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 34 (11) ◽

pp. 1391-1399

Author(s):

FatmaAlzahraa H Kamel ◽

Maged A Basha ◽

Ashwag S Alsharidah ◽

Amr B Salama

Keyword(s):

Pancreatic Cancer ◽

Randomized Controlled Trial ◽

Resistance Training ◽

Muscle Strength ◽

Lean Body Mass ◽

Body Mass ◽

Controlled Trial ◽

Training Group ◽

Control Group ◽

Randomized Controlled

Objective: To determine the efficacy of a three-month resistance training programme on the mobility, muscle strength and lean body mass of patients with pancreatic cancer-induced cachexia. Design: Randomized controlled trial. Setting: Elsahel Teaching Hospital, outpatient clinic of the Faculty of Physical Therapy, Cairo, Egypt. Participants: Patients with pancreatic cancer-induced cachexia. Interventions: Participants were randomized to the resistance training group ( n = 20) and control group ( n = 20). Main measures: Outcomes including mobility, muscle strength and lean body mass were measured at baseline, three months after surgical resection and 12 weeks after intervention. Results: The mean (SD) age was 51.9 (5.03) years and body mass index was 21.1 (1.13) kg/m²; 65% of patients were male. Compared to the control group, the resistance training group showed significant improvement in mobility: 400-m walk performance (270.3–256.9 seconds vs 266.4–264.2 seconds, respectively) and chair rise (13.82–12.53 seconds vs 13.77–13.46 seconds, respectively). Similarly, muscle strength was also significantly improved in the resistance training group than in the control group; we observed increase in peak torque of knee extensors ( P = 0.004), elbow flexors ( P = 0.001) and elbow extensors, improvement in lean mass of the upper limb (6.28–6.46 kg vs 6.31–6.23 kg, respectively) and lower limb (16.31–16.58 kg vs 16.4–16.31 kg, respectively). Conclusion: A three-month resistance training improved the mobility of patients with pancreatic cancer-induced cachexia. Muscle strength and lean body mass also improved.

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Effect of Resistance-Training Programs Differing in Set Configuration on Maximal Strength and Explosive-Action Performance

International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance ◽

10.1123/ijspp.2019-1005 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 1-7 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Jesualdo Cuevas-Aburto ◽

Ivan Jukic ◽

Jorge Miguel González-Hernández ◽

Danica Janicijevic ◽

Paola Barboza-González ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Resistance Training ◽

Bench Press ◽

Training Programs ◽

Rest Period ◽

Daily Basis ◽

Upper Body ◽

Control Group ◽

Traditional Group ◽

Body Strength ◽

Load Intensity

Purpose: To compare the effects of 2 upper-body strength-training programs differing in set configuration on bench press 1-repetition maximum (BP1RM), bench press throw peak velocity against 30 kg (BPT30), and handball throwing velocity. Methods: Thirty-five men were randomly assigned to a traditional group (TRG; n = 12), rest redistribution group (RRG; n = 13), or control group (n = 10). The training program was conducted with the bench press exercise and lasted 6 weeks (2 sessions per week): TRG—6 sets × 5 repetitions with 3 minutes of interset rest; RRG—1 set × 30 repetitions with 31 seconds of interrepetition rest. The total rest period (15 min) and load intensity (75% 1RM) were the same for both experimental groups. Subjects performed all repetitions at maximal intended velocity, and the load was adjusted on a daily basis from velocity recordings. Results: A significant time × group interaction was observed for both BP1RM and BPT30 (P < .01) due to the higher values observed at posttest compared with pretest for TRG (effect size [ES] = 0.77) and RRG (ES = 0.56–0.59) but not for the control group (ES ≤ 0.08). The changes in BP1RM and BPT30 did not differ between TRG and RRG (ES = 0.04 and 0.05, respectively). No significant differences in handball throwing velocity were observed between the pretest and posttest (ES = 0.16, 0.22, and 0.02 for TRG, RRG, and control group, respectively). Conclusions: Resistance-training programs based on not-to-failure traditional and rest redistribution set configurations induce similar changes in BP1RM, BPT30, and handball throwing velocity.

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Effects of Resistance Training With Constant, Inertial, and Combined Loads on Muscle Power and Strength Output

Frontiers in Physiology ◽

10.3389/fphys.2021.709263 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 12 ◽

Author(s):

Saša Đurić ◽

Olivera M. Knezevic ◽

Vedrana Sember ◽

Ivan Cuk ◽

Aleksandar Nedeljkovic ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Resistance Training ◽

Muscle Strength ◽

Bench Press ◽

Muscle Power ◽

Specific Resistance ◽

Maximum Power ◽

Control Group ◽

Combined Loads ◽

Relative Gains ◽

Training Protocols

The aim of this study was to investigate the resistance-specific gains in muscle power and strength (1RM) following the training of maximum bench-press throws (BPT) against constant, inertial, and combined resistance. Forty-eight male participants (age 20.5 ± 2.0 years) were randomly assigned to the constant, inertial, combined resistance, or control group. Participants underwent 8 weeks of training of BPT against the loads that corresponded to the different effects of mass of 40 kg (∼50% of 1RM). The gains in average and maximum power, and 1RM were significant in all experimental groups (P < 0.01), but not in the control group (P > 0.1). Relative gains in the average (26.3 ± 9.8%) and maximum power (25.2 ± 9.8%) were larger than that in the 1RM (mean 7.2 ± 6.9%; both P < 0.001). The gains in the average (F4, 66 = 6.0; P < 0.01) and maximum power (F4, 66 = 4.7; P < 0.01) were higher when tested against the training-specific resistance than when tested against the remaining two resistance types. Differences in 1RM among experimental groups were not significant (P = 0.092). The most important and rather novel finding of the study is that the training against the weight and inertial resistance, and their combination results in resistance-specific gains in muscle power, although the overall gains muscle strength and power remain comparable across the training protocols.

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The Effects Of Swimming And Dry-Land Resistance Training Programme On Non-Swimmers

Polish Journal of Sport and Tourism ◽

10.1515/pjst-2015-0011 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 22 (1) ◽

pp. 35-40 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Jerzy Sadowski ◽

Andrzej Mastalerz ◽

Wilhelm Gromisz ◽

Ewa Jówko ◽

Mariusz Buszta

Keyword(s):

Resistance Training ◽

Swimming Performance ◽

Training Programme ◽

Upper Body ◽

Control Group ◽

Front Crawl ◽

Dry Land ◽

Swim Performance ◽

Resistance Training Programme ◽

Experimental Group

AbstractIntroduction. The aim of the study was to estimate the influence of combined swimming and dry-land resistance training on swimming force, swimming performance and strength in non-swimmers.Material and methods. Thirty male non-swimmers took part in the research. They were randomly assigned to one of the two groups: experimental (n=17) and control (n=13). The experimental group took part in combined swimming and dry-land resistance training. The control group took part in swimming training only. The swimming and dry-land resistance training programme lasted twelve weeks (48 training sessions of swimming and 36 sessions of dry-land resistance training). Average training volume and intensity were the same for all swimmers throughout the study protocol. The training programme included dominant aerobic work in front crawl.Results. Dry-land resistance training applied in the experimental group significantly improved the upper body strength. In spite of the theory that dry-land strength training is probably not specific enough to improve the sprint swim performance, the experimental group tended to demonstrate greater improvement in sprint performance. The imitation of the underwater phase of shoulder work during front crawl provided by the ergometer can be a useful training method in non-swimmers.

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Efficacy of preoperative progressive resistance training in patients undergoing total knee arthroplasty: 12-month follow-up data from a randomized controlled trial

Clinical Rehabilitation ◽

10.1177/0269215519883420 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 34 (1) ◽

pp. 82-90 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Birgit Skoffer ◽

Thomas Maribo ◽

Inger Mechlenburg ◽

Christian Gaarden Korsgaard ◽

Kjeld Søballe ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Randomized Controlled Trial ◽

Resistance Training ◽

Muscle Strength ◽

Controlled Trial ◽

Intervention Group ◽

Control Group ◽

Significant Group ◽

Randomized Controlled ◽

Patient Reported

Objective: The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of adding four weeks preoperative progressive resistance training (PRT) to four weeks postoperative PRT on patient function, muscle strength, and other outcomes 12 months after total knee arthroplasty (TKA). Design: Twelve-month follow-up data from a previously published randomized controlled trial. Setting: Aarhus University Hospital, Silkeborg Regional Hospital, and Aarhus University. Subjects: A total of 59 patients scheduled for TKA were enrolled in a single-blinded, clinical randomized controlled trial. Interventions: Participants were randomized to preoperative PRT (intervention group) or to a control group who “lived as usual” the last four weeks before TKA. The intervention group completed four weeks preoperative and four weeks postoperative PRT, whereas the control group only completed four weeks postoperative PRT. Main follow-up measures were as follows: the 30-second Chair Stand Test (primary outcome), Timed Up and Go Test, walk tests, knee extensor, and knee flexor muscle strength and patient-reported outcomes. Statistical analyses were performed according to the intention-to-treat principle. Results: No significant group differences were observed for the primary outcome 30-second Chair Stand Test (4.0 repetitions versus 2.4 repetitions, P = 0.067) or for other functional performance outcomes. The intervention group had significantly higher weight-normalized knee extensor muscle strength (0.5 Nm/kg versus 0.2 Nm/kg, P = 0.002) and knee flexor muscle strength (0.3 Nm/kg versus 0.2 Nm/kg, P = 0.042) in the operated leg when compared to the control group. No significant group differences for patient-reported outcomes. Conclusion: The study supports the use of short-term high-intensity resistance training before TKA as it induces a long-lasting effect on muscle strength, while it may have no discernible effect on functional performance.

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How do resistance training and balance and motor control training affect gait performance and fatigue impact in people with multiple sclerosis? A randomized controlled multi-center study

Multiple Sclerosis Journal ◽

10.1177/1352458519865740 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 26 (11) ◽

pp. 1420-1432 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Jacob Callesen ◽

Davide Cattaneo ◽

John Brincks ◽

Marie-Louise Kjeldgaard Jørgensen ◽

Ulrik Dalgas

Keyword(s):

Multiple Sclerosis ◽

Motor Control ◽

Resistance Training ◽

Muscle Strength ◽

Controlled Trial ◽

Step Test ◽

Control Group ◽

Gait Performance ◽

Randomized Controlled ◽

Gait Function

Background: Despite a shared purpose of improving functional capacity, the principles of progressive resistance training (PRT) and balance and motor control training (BMCT) are fundamentally different. Objectives: To investigate the effects of PRT and BMCT on gait performance and fatigue impact in people with multiple sclerosis (PwMS). Methods: A multi-center, single-blinded, cluster-randomized controlled trial with two intervention groups (PRT and BMCT) and a control group (CON). The interventions lasted 10 weeks. A total of 71 participants with impaired mobility (Timed 25-Foot Walk (T25FW) > 5 seconds or Six Spot Step Test (SSST) > 8 seconds) were enrolled. Primary outcomes were the T25FW and the SSST. Fatigue impact, self-perceived gait function, 6-minute walk, balance, and muscle strength were secondary outcomes. Results: In total, 83% completed the study. The primary comparisons showed that BMCT, but not PRT, improved T25FW, SSST, and self-perceived gait function when compared to CON. Secondary comparisons showed that BMCT improved SSST more than PRT, while T25FW did not differ. Both BMCT and PRT reduced the fatigue impact. Finally, the effect of BMCT was superior to PRT on dynamic balance, while PRT was superior to BMCT on knee extensor muscle strength. Conclusion: BMCT, but not PRT, was superior to CON in improving gait performance, while both BMCT and PRT reduced fatigue.

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Relationships Between Propulsion and Anthropometry in Paralympic Swimmers

International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance ◽

10.1123/ijspp.2014-0186 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 10 (8) ◽

pp. 978-985 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Andrew A. Dingley ◽

David B. Pyne ◽

Brendan Burkett

Keyword(s):

Surface Area ◽

Muscle Mass ◽

Physical Disability ◽

Swimming Performance ◽

Upper Body ◽

Swimming Velocity ◽

Frontal Surface ◽

Anthropometric Measures ◽

Arm Span ◽

Upper Body Power

Purpose:To characterize relationships between propulsion, anthropometry, and performance in Paralympic swimming.Methods:A cross-sectional study of swimmers (13 male, 15 female) age 20.5 ± 4.4 y was conducted. Subject locomotor categorizations were no physical disability (n = 8, classes S13–S14) and low-severity (n = 11, classes S9–S10) or midseverity disability (n = 9, classes S6–S8). Full anthropometric profiles estimated muscle mass and body fat, a bilateral swim-bench ergometer quantified upper-body power production, and 100-m time trials quantified swimming performance.Results:Correlations between ergometer mean power and swimming performance increased with degree of physical disability (low-severity male r = .65, ±0.56, and female r = .68, ±0.64; midseverity, r = .87, ±0.41, and r = .79, ±0.75). The female midseverity group showed nearperfect (positive) relationships for taller swimmers’ (with a greater muscle mass and longer arm span) swimming faster, while for female no- and low-severity-disability groups, greater muscle mass was associated with slower velocity (r = .78, ±0.43, and r = .65, ±0.66). This was supported with lighter females (with less frontal surface area) in the low-severity group being faster (r = .94, ±0.24). In a gender contrast, low-severity males with less muscle mass (r = -.64, ±0.56), high skinfolds (r = .78, ±0.43), a longer arm span (r = .58, ±0.60) or smaller frontal surface area (r = -.93, ±0.19) were detrimental to swimming-velocity production.Conclusion:Low-severity male and midseverity female Paralympic swimmers should be encouraged to develop muscle mass and upper-body power to enhance swimming performance. The generalized anthropometric measures appear to be a secondary consideration for coaches.

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Comparison of kinesio taping and cold therapy in patients with total knee arthroplasty: A randomized controlled trial

Clinical Rehabilitation ◽

10.1177/02692155211049152 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 026921552110491

Author(s):

Ertugrul Yuksel ◽

Bayram Unver ◽

Vasfi Karatosun

Keyword(s):

Quality Of Life ◽

Muscle Strength ◽

Range Of Motion ◽

Therapy Group ◽

Controlled Trial ◽

Control Group ◽

Functional Level ◽

Kinesio Taping ◽

Cold Therapy

Objective To investigate the effects of kinesio taping and cold therapy on pain, edema, range of motion, muscle strength, functional level and quality of life in patients with total knee arthroplasty. Design Randomised controlled trial. Setting A university hospital. Subjects One-hundred patients were included. Intervention Patients were allocated into three groups; control group, kinesio group and cold therapy group. The control group received a standard rehabilitation program. Kinesio taping group received two fan-shaped kinesio taping bands and cold therapy group received cold packs in addition to the standard rehabilitation program. Main measures The outcome measures were pain, edema, range of motion, muscle strength, functional level and quality of life. Participants were assessed at preoperative, discharge and postoperative third month. Results The groups were similar at preoperative. A significant difference was determined in terms of pain in kinesio taping group compared to the control group at the discharge. Cold therapy was efficient in reducing postoperative swelling but kinesio taping had no significant effects on swelling control. There was no difference between the groups in terms of range of motion, muscle strength, functional level and quality of life. The groups were similar in all parameters at the postoperative third month measurements. Conclusion Fan-shaped kinesio taping is an effective technique in terms of postoperative pain relief. Cold therapy is an effective method in terms of edema control. Kinesio taping and cold therapy has no specific beneficial effect on functional level, muscle strength and quality of life compared to control group.

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