scholarly journals Reassessing Fitness-to-Drive in Drinker Drivers: The Role of Cognition and Personality

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (23) ◽  
pp. 12828
Author(s):  
Luigi Tinella ◽  
Alessandro Oronzo Caffò ◽  
Antonella Lopez ◽  
Francesco Nardulli ◽  
Ignazio Grattagliano ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Skills ◽  
Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory ◽  
Motor Vehicle ◽  
Reaction Times ◽  
Personality Measures ◽  
Spatial Transformation ◽  
Fitness To Drive ◽  
Severe Injuries ◽  
Personality Psychopathology ◽  
Drunken Driving

Drunken driving is among the main challenges for road safety by causing worldwide motor-vehicle crashes with severe injuries and deaths. The reassessment of fitness-to-drive in drivers stopped for drunken driving includes mainly psychological examinations. The present study aimed to investigate the effectiveness and the consistency of selected variables of different psychological driving-related dimensions (i.e., cognitive skills and personality) in discriminating 90 male drinker drivers (DD) from matched non-drinkers controls. The Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA), the Mental Rotation Test (MRT), and the Perspective-Taking Test (PT) were administered to assess overall cognitive functioning, and object- and self-based spatial transformation abilities, respectively. Participants completed a computerized test measuring resilience of attention (DT), reaction times (RT), and perceptual speed (ATAVT). The Personality Psychopathology Five scales (i.e., PSY-5: Aggressiveness-AGGR, Psychoticism-PSYC, Disconstraint-DISC, Negative-Emotionality-NEGE, and Introversion-INTR) the validity scale (L) and the dissimulation index (F-K) were scored from the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI-2). A logistic binomial regression analysis (backward subtraction method) was used to identify discriminant predictors. A prediction analysis (ROC curve method) was performed on the final model. Results showed that the scores obtained in MRT, DT, and the personality measures of PSYC, DISC, NEGE, and INTR significantly discriminated DD from their matched controls with moderate-to-good values of accuracy (0.79), sensitivity (0.80), and specificity (0.79), as well as a good AUC value (0.89). In some cases, the personality dimensions provided—reliable—unexpected results. Low scores of PSYC, NEGE, and INTR were found to predict the membership to the DD group; results are discussed with reference to response management. Personality measures should be assessed with particular attention in a forensic context because they are more prone to be feigned than cognitive ones. Overall, the present study confirmed the relevance of integrating different driving-related psychological dimensions in the evaluation of fitness-to-drive showing the usefulness of standardized tools for the reassessment of drinker drivers.

Role Construct Repertory Technique: Some Relationships with Personality, Psychopathology and Intelligence for Neuropsychiatric Inpatients

1976 ◽  
Vol 38 (3) ◽  
pp. 951-955 ◽  
Author(s):  
Walter M. Phillips
Keyword(s):  
Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory ◽  
Clinical Information ◽  
Personality Inventory ◽  
Personality Factor ◽  
Personality Measures ◽  
Personality Factor Questionnaire ◽  
Personality Psychopathology

The Role Construct Repertory Technique, the Cattell 16 Personality Factor Questionnaire, the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory and Shipley-Institute of Living Scale of Intelligence were administered to 20 newly admitted neuropsychiatric patients in a regional Veterans Hospital in the Midwest. In view of the absence of observed relationships between the Bannister-Fransella Grid and personality and intelligence, and the presence of relationships between the Role Construct Repertory Technique and other personality measures, the purpose of this study was to investigate relationships among three scores of construct structure and measures of personality, psychopathology, and intelligence. Moderate correlations were found with each of the three measures, indicating that, rather than “clinically unique,” the Role Construct Repertory Technique provides a wealth of clinical information also discernible by other measures.

scholarly journals The development of drunk behaviour during evacuation

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 ◽  
Author(s):  
Simeon A. Doychinov ◽  
Ann S. Dederichs
Keyword(s):  
Problem Solving ◽  
Fire Safety ◽  
Cognitive Skills ◽  
Reaction Times ◽  
Coordination Problem ◽  
Problem Solving Skills ◽  
Sound Recordings ◽  
Safety Design ◽  
Fire Safety Design ◽  
The Subject

The intoxication of the occupants is hardly considered in the fire safety design, due to the lack of data on the subject. Recent research experiments into the influence of alcohol on evacuation have shown evidence that there might be a correlation between the development of drunk behaviour and the surroundings or context in which the occupants are situated. That is why the experiment in this report investigated the development of drunk behaviour in a group of people within a party environment, independently of alcohol, with the use of non-alcoholic beer as a placebo. The participants were put through 3 identical exercises, which were aimed at testing their balance, reaction times, concentration, hand to eye coordination, problem solving skills, cognitive skills and cooperation. In addition to that they performed 2 evacuations that were used to interrupt their ’drunk behaviour’ and test their reaction, decision and overall evacuation times. They were also analysed for signs of drunk behaviour with video and sound recordings. The results showed clear reduction of performance in the tests for concentration, hand to eye coordination, problem solving skills, cognitive skills and cooperation after the consumption of the beer, but little change in the balance tests. Apart from that, some of the participants showed signs of drunk behaviour, such as playfulness and increase in noise after the alcohol was consumed and these were reduced after the environment changed. Based on this it was concluded that even with non-alcoholic beer some of the participants developed drunk behaviour, like that observed in previous experiments with the use of alcohol.

Does Alcohol Intoxication Protect Patients from Severe Injury and Reduce Hospital Mortality? The Association of Alcohol Consumption with the Severity of Injury and Survival in Trauma Patients

2013 ◽  
Vol 79 (12) ◽  
pp. 1289-1294 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chi-Hsun Hsieh ◽  
Li-Ting Su ◽  
Yu-Chun Wang ◽  
Chih-Yuan Fu ◽  
Hung-Chieh Lo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Alcohol Consumption ◽  
Hospital Stay ◽  
Brain Injuries ◽  
Injury Severity ◽  
Motor Vehicle ◽  
Length Of Hospital Stay ◽  
Trauma Patients ◽  
Prolonged Hospital Stay ◽  
Severe Injuries ◽  
Prolonged Hospital

Alcohol-related motor vehicle collisions are a major cause of mortality in trauma patients. This prospective observational study investigated the influence of antecedent alcohol use on outcomes in trauma patients who survived to reach the hospital. From 2005 to 2011, all patients who were older than 18 years and were admitted as a result of motor vehicle crashes were included. Blood alcohol concentration (BAC) was routinely measured for each patient on admission. Patients were divided into four groups based on their BAC level, which included nondrinking, BAC less than 100, BAC 100 to 200, and BAC 200 mg/dL or greater. Patient demographics, physical status and injury severity on admission, length of hospital stay, and outcome were compared between the groups. Odds ratios of having a severe injury, prolonged hospital stay, and mortality were estimated. Patients with a positive BAC had an increased risk of sustaining craniofacial and thoracoabdominal injuries. Odds ratios of having severe injuries (Injury Severity Score [ISS] 16 or greater) and a prolonged hospital stay were also increased. However, for those patients whose ISS was 16 or greater and who also had a brain injury, risk of fatality was significantly reduced if they were intoxicated (BAC 200 mg/dL or greater) before injury. Alcohol consumption does not protect patients from sustaining severe injuries nor does it shorten the length of hospital stay. However, there were potential survival benefits related to alcohol consumption for patients with brain injuries but not for those without brain injuries. Additional research is required to investigate the mechanism of this association further.

scholarly journals “Chance Takers Are Accident Makers”: Are Patients With Epilepsy Really Taking a Chance When They Drive?

2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (4) ◽  
pp. 221-226 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charuta N. Joshi ◽  
David G. Vossler ◽  
Marianne Spanaki ◽  
Joseph F. Draszowki ◽  
Alan R. Towne ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Motor Vehicle ◽  
Scientific Data ◽  
Motor Vehicle Accidents ◽  
Fitness To Drive ◽  
Vehicle Accidents ◽  
Driving Restrictions ◽  
Commercial Drivers ◽  
International Laws ◽  
Multi Stakeholder ◽  
Patients With Epilepsy

This review compiles scientific data about the real dangers faced by people with epilepsy (PWE) who drive. Those include risks of motor vehicle accidents (MVA) in PWE as compared with controls (individuals without epilepsy) and as compared with persons with other medical conditions that impact fitness to drive. Data regarding Accident rates as related to seizure free intervals (SFI), single vs. multiple seizure events, and/or antiseizure drug (ASD) taper and reintroduction are discussed. Variation in state, national, and international laws and guidance for non-commercial and commercial drivers is highlighted, along with some related reasons for driving restrictions. The review concludes by emphasizing the importance of physicians educating patients about local driving laws and about risks of ASD non-adherence. The need for a broader, multi-stakeholder re-examination of driving regulations for PWE is noted.

Severe Unintentional Injuries to Ohio Children: What We Should Be Addressing at Well-Child Visits

2018 ◽  
Vol 57 (9) ◽  
pp. 1092-1099
Author(s):  
Victoria M. Wurster Ovalle ◽  
Wendy J. Pomerantz ◽  
Michael A. Gittelman
Keyword(s):  
Causes Of Death ◽  
Motor Vehicle ◽  
Motor Vehicle Collisions ◽  
Injury Patterns ◽  
National Data ◽  
Unintentional Injuries ◽  
Severe Injuries ◽  
Vehicle Collisions ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Significant Injury

This was a retrospective study examining severe injuries to Ohio children in order to provide pediatricians with targeted injury talking points at well visits. We included children ≤14 years old from the Ohio Trauma Acute Care Registry with severe unintentional injuries from January 1, 2003, to December 31, 2012. There were 45 347 patients; 611 died, and the mean age was 6.8 years. Fractures/dislocations were common (46.6%), and many injuries occurred at home (49.1%). In children ≤2 years old, the leading causes of injury were falls and burns/fire; falls and motor vehicle collisions (MVCs) predominated above this age. Leading causes of death were MVCs, drowning, and suffocation. We concluded that national data may not always reflect state-specific injury patterns. In Ohio, though falls and MVCs were the most common mechanisms, fire and drowning also caused significant injury. Given limited time to discuss injury prevention, pediatricians should concentrate on statewide injuries.

On Informing Women of Child Bearing Age about Seat Belt Risk during Pregnancy

2002 ◽  
Vol 46 (11) ◽  
pp. 943-946
Author(s):  
Kenya Freeman ◽  
Michael S. Wogalter
Keyword(s):  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Motor Vehicle ◽  
Seat Belt ◽  
Seat Belts ◽  
Third Trimester ◽  
Severe Injuries ◽  
Vehicle Accidents ◽  
Child Bearing ◽  
Seat Belt Use ◽  
Serious Injuries

Seat belts have been effective in reducing serious injuries and deaths in vehicular accidents. However, their use by women in the third trimester of pregnancy can cause placental damage and fetal injury or death in relatively minor motor vehicle accidents without severely injuring pregnant women. The lack of seat belt use in similar or more serious accidents could cause severe injuries or death to pregnant women from impacts within the cabin or from ejection, and in turn could lead to fetal injuries or deaths. The present study sought to determine whether women between the ages of 16 and 45 (child bearing age) would like to be informed of these risks. Ninety-nine of the 101 women surveyed indicated they would like to be informed of the risks, and that they would expect to find this information in the vehicle's owners manual. in dealing with the risks, some women indicated that they would wear the seatbelts and others indicated they would not. Most respondents indicated that they would reduce the risks by reducing their use of the vehicle during pregnancy. These results have implications for risk communications.

Personality Change in the Treatment of Chronic Neurosis in a Therapeutic Community

1963 ◽  
Vol 109 (459) ◽  
pp. 267-272 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. V. Martin ◽  
T. M. Caine
Keyword(s):  
Attitude Change ◽  
Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory ◽  
Symptom Relief ◽  
Diagnostic Category ◽  
Personality Type ◽  
Personality Change ◽  
Personality Measures ◽  
Diagnostic Measures ◽  
Subsequent Investigation ◽  
Attitude Scales

In recent investigations of the neuroses by Foulds and Caine (1958, 1959), certain psychological tests were found to relate to diagnostic category (dysthymia or hysteria) whereas others were related to personality type (hysteroid or obsessoid) as rated by psychiatrists. The diagnostic measures included combinations of the Hypochondriasis (Hs), Depression (D) and Psychasthenia (Pt) scales of the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI). The measures related to personality type included psychomotor and intellectual speed measures and two specially constructed extra-punitive and intropunitive attitude scales drawn from the MMPI (Foulds, Caine and Creasey, 1960). This distinction between symptoms and traits has been discussed in some detail by Foulds (1961) and no attempt will be made to review his arguments here. In a subsequent investigation, however (Foulds, 1959), he found that following treatment of approximately one month's duration symptom measures changed in psychoneurotic women relatively more than did the personality measures. It was suggested that therapists who were dissatisfied with the mere alleviation of symptoms might try to change some of the personality scores. The implication is that changes in test measures related to symptomatology are more readily accomplished than are changes in tests related to personality traits. This differential suggests a possible parameter for comparative studies of different treatment methods. Therapies directed at personality reorganization and attitude change should produce more profound and enduring changes in the personality measures than should those therapies directed at symptom relief only. These changes should be more systematic and predictable than should those to be expected simply from the passage of time.

scholarly journals Chopart Joint Injuries – 10-Year Results in 75 Cases

2017 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 2473011417S0003
Author(s):  
Stefan Rammelt
Keyword(s):  
Motor Vehicle ◽  
Weight Bearing ◽  
Posttraumatic Arthritis ◽  
Severe Injuries ◽  
Long Term Outcome ◽  
Sf 36 ◽  
Chopart Joint ◽  
Fracture Dislocations ◽  
Foot Function

Category: Hindfoot, Midfoot/Forefoot, Trauma Introduction/Purpose: Fractures and dislocations at the mid-tarsal (Chopart) joints have a relatively low incidence but a highly variable clinical presentation. They are among the most commonly overlooked or misinterpreted injuries to the human body with potentially deleterious consequences for global foot function. There are only few reports available on the long-term outcome of operative treatment following a standardized protocol in these injuries. Methods: From 1994 to 2009 a total of 122 patients with mid-tarsal fractures and fracture-dislocations were entered into a pospective database. Injury patterns, comorbidities, treatment, and complications were documented. Seventy-three patients with 75 Chopart fracture-dislocations were available for follow-up treatment at an average of 10 years (range, 4-18 years). Mean patient age was 37.6 years, 68.5% were male. Foot function was assessed with the American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society (AOFAS) Ankle-Hindfoot score, the Foot-Function-Index (FFI-D) and the SF-36 physical and mental component summary scores. Weight-bearing radiographs were obtained to assess alignment and posttraumatic arthritis. Results: Motor-vehicle-accidents accounted for 53.4% of injuries, The navicular and cuboid bones were fractured more than twice as often as the talar head and anterior process of the calcaneus. In 54.7% of cases more than one of these bones was fractured. 29.3% of the patients were polytraumatized, another 26.7% had accopmanying injuries to the same foot. At latest followup the AOFAS score averaged 71.5, the FFI averaged 26.9, and the mean SF-36 physical and mental summary scores were 43.5 and 51.2, respectively. Negative prognostic factors were a high ISS, work-related accidents, open injuries, multiple fractures and purely ligamentous dislocations (4%) at the Chopart joint, two-step operations, delay of treatment for more than 4 weeks, postoperative infection, closed reduction and the use of primary or secondary arthrodeses. Conclusion: Fractures and fracture-dislocations at the Chopart joint are rare but severe injuries to the foot that lead to lasting functional restrictions in most cases in the long term. Purely ligamentous dislocations have the worst prognosis while injuries with fractures of a single bone have a better prognosis with open reduction and anatomical internal fixation. Fusions should be restricted to cases with completely destroyed joint surfaces.

Driving Performance of Residents after Six Consecutive Overnight Work Shifts

2016 ◽  
Vol 124 (6) ◽  
pp. 1396-1403 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julie L. Huffmyer ◽  
Matthew Moncrief ◽  
Jessica A. Tashjian ◽  
Amanda M. Kleiman ◽  
David C. Scalzo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Driving Simulator ◽  
Motor Vehicle ◽  
Reaction Times ◽  
Driving Performance ◽  
Guidance System ◽  
Driving Safety ◽  
Experimental Session ◽  
Consecutive Night ◽  
Resident Physicians ◽  
Night Shifts

Abstract Background Residency training requires work in clinical settings for extended periods of time, resulting in altered sleep patterns, sleep deprivation, and potentially deleterious effects on safe performance of daily activities, including driving a motor vehicle. Methods Twenty-nine anesthesiology resident physicians in postgraduate year 2 to 4 drove for 55 min in the Virginia Driving Safety Laboratory using the Driver Guidance System (MBFARR, LLC, USA). Two driving simulator sessions were conducted, one experimental session immediately after the final shift of six consecutive night shifts and one control session at the beginning of a normal day shift (not after call). Both sessions were conducted at 8:00 am. Psychomotor vigilance task testing was employed to evaluate reaction time and lapses in attention. Results After six consecutive night shifts, residents experienced significantly impaired control of all the driving variables including speed, lane position, throttle, and steering. They were also more likely to be involved in collisions. After six consecutive night shifts, residents had a significant increase in reaction times (281.1 vs. 298.5 ms; P = 0.001) and had a significant increase in the number of both minor (0.85 vs. 1.88; P = 0.01) and major lapses (0.00 vs. 0.31; P = 0.008) in attention. Conclusions Resident physicians have greater difficulty controlling speed and driving performance in the driving simulator after six consecutive night shifts. Reaction times are also increased with emphasis on increases in minor and major lapses in attention after six consecutive night shifts.

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