scholarly journals Assessment of the Efficacy and Mode of Action of Benzo(1,2,3)-Thiadiazole-7-Carbothioic Acid S-Methyl Ester (BTH) and Its Derivatives in Plant Protection Against Viral Disease

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (7) ◽  
pp. 1598 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patryk Frąckowiak ◽  
Henryk Pospieszny ◽  
Marcin Smiglak ◽  
Aleksandra Obrępalska-Stęplowska
Keyword(s):  
Methyl Ester ◽  
Mode Of Action ◽  
Systemic Acquired Resistance ◽  
Plant Protection ◽  
Acquired Resistance ◽  
Viral Disease ◽  
Plant Performance ◽  
Marker Genes ◽  
Plant Responses ◽  
Pr Genes

Systemic acquired resistance (SAR) induction is one of the primary defence mechanisms of plants against a broad range of pathogens. It can be induced by infectious agents or by synthetic molecules, such as benzo(1,2,3)-thiadiazole-7-carbothioic acid S-methyl ester (BTH). SAR induction is associated with increases in salicylic acid (SA) accumulation and expression of defence marker genes (e.g., phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL), the pathogenesis-related (PR) protein family, and non-expressor of PR genes (NPR1)). Various types of pathogens and pests induce plant responses by activating signalling pathways associated with SA, jasmonic acid (JA) and ethylene (ET). This work presents an analysis of the influence of BTH and its derivatives as resistance inducers in healthy and virus-infected plants by determining the expression levels of selected resistance markers associated with the SA, JA, and ET pathways. The phytotoxic effects of these compounds and their influence on the course of viral infection were also studied. Based on the results obtained, the best-performing BTH derivatives and their optimal concentration for plant performance were selected, and their mode of action was suggested. It was shown that application of BTH and its derivatives induces increased expression of marker genes of both the SA- and JA-mediated pathways.

scholarly journals Foliar Spray of Validamycin A or Validoxylamine A Controls Tomato Fusarium Wilt

2005 ◽  
Vol 95 (10) ◽  
pp. 1209-1216 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ryo Ishikawa ◽  
Kentaro Shirouzu ◽  
Hideo Nakashita ◽  
Han-Young Lee ◽  
Takayuki Motoyama ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Systemic Acquired Resistance ◽  
Control Method ◽  
Foliar Application ◽  
Acquired Resistance ◽  
Foliar Spray ◽  
Marker Genes ◽  
Pr Genes ◽  
Validamycin A ◽  
Soil Fumigants

Tomato wilt, caused by the soilborne fungus Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici, is effectively controlled by a foliar spray of validamycin A (VMA) or validoxylamine A (VAA) (≥10 μg/ml); however, neither VMA nor VAA is antifungal in vitro. In pot tests, the effect of a foliar application of VMA or VAA at 100 μg/ml lasted for 64 days. Plants sprayed with VMA or VAA accumulated salicylic acid and had elevated expression of the systemic acquired resistance (SAR) marker genes P4 (PR-1), Tag (PR-2), and NP24 (PR-5). Foliar spray of VMA also controlled late blight and powdery mildew of tomato. The disease control by VMA and VAA lasted up to 64 days after treatment, was broad spectrum, and induced the expression of PR genes, all essential indicators of SAR, suggesting that VMA and VAA are plant activators. The foliar application of plant activators is a novel control method for soilborne diseases and may provide an economically feasible alternative to soil fumigants such as methyl bromide.

Isolation and Characterization of Broad-Spectrum Disease-Resistant Arabidopsis Mutants

Genetics ◽  
2002 ◽  
Vol 160 (4) ◽  
pp. 1661-1671
Author(s):  
Klaus Maleck ◽  
Urs Neuenschwander ◽  
Rebecca M Cade ◽  
Robert A Dietrich ◽  
Jeffery L Dangl ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pseudomonas Syringae ◽  
Systemic Acquired Resistance ◽  
Acquired Resistance ◽  
Constitutive Expression ◽  
Firefly Luciferase ◽  
Marker Genes ◽  
Arabidopsis Mutants ◽  
Isolation And Characterization ◽  
Firefly Luciferase Gene

Abstract To identify Arabidopsis mutants that constitutively express systemic acquired resistance (SAR), we constructed reporter lines expressing the firefly luciferase gene under the control of the SAR-inducible PR-1 promoter (PR-1/luc). After EMS mutagenesis of a well-characterized transgenic line, we screened 250,000 M2 plants for constitutive expression of the reporter gene in vivo. From a mutant collection containing several hundred putative mutants, we concentrated on 16 mutants lacking spontaneous hypersensitive response (HR) cell death. We mapped 4 of these constitutive immunity (cim) mutants to chromosome arms. Constitutive expression of disease resistance was established by analyzing responses to virulent Peronospora parasitica and Pseudomonas syringae strains, by RNA blot analysis for endogenous marker genes, and by determination of salicylic acid levels in the mutants. The variety of the cim phenotypes allowed us to define distinct steps in both the canonical SAR signaling pathway and a separate pathway for resistance to Erysiphe cichoracearum, active in only a subset of the mutants.

scholarly journals Novel bacterial control agent tolprocarb enhances systemic acquired resistance in Arabidopsis and rice as a second mode of action

2019 ◽  
Vol 86 (1) ◽  
pp. 39-47 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hiroyuki Hagiwara ◽  
Rieko Ogura ◽  
Takeshi Fukumoto ◽  
Toshiaki Ohara ◽  
Mikio Tsuda ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Signaling Pathway ◽  
Pseudomonas Syringae ◽  
Mode Of Action ◽  
Systemic Acquired Resistance ◽  
Acquired Resistance ◽  
Control Agent ◽  
Melanin Biosynthesis ◽  
Biosynthesis Inhibitor ◽  
Pathogenesis Related Gene ◽  
Bacterial Control

Abstract The fungicide tolprocarb (TPC) is a melanin biosynthesis inhibitor, but it may also have another mode of action. Here in tests of TPC for inducing plant systemic acquired resistance (SAR), TPC induced promoter activity of the tobacco pathogenesis-related gene PR-1a in Arabidopsis thaliana and genes for PBZ1, β-1,3-glucanase, and chitinase 1 in the defense-related salicylic acid (SA) signaling pathway in rice, but not genes for the jasmonate signaling pathway. Probenazole (PBZ), a commercially used plant defense activator, induced genes in both signaling pathways. The antibacterial activity of TPC was equivalent to that of PBZ. Irrigation with 200 μM TPC prevented growth by Pseudomonas syringae pv. maculicola in A. thaliana, and 30 μM TPC inhibited Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae growth in rice. The results of this study suggest that TPC functions not only as a melanin biosynthesis inhibitor but also as an SAR inducer and is applicable as a novel bacterial control agent that induces SAR activity in both A. thaliana and rice.

scholarly journals NPR1 and Redox Rhythmx: Connections, between Circadian Clock and Plant Immunity

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (5) ◽  
pp. 1211 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jingjing Zhang ◽  
Ziyu Ren ◽  
Yuqing Zhou ◽  
Zheng Ma ◽  
Yanqin Ma ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Circadian Clock ◽  
Systemic Acquired Resistance ◽  
Nuclear Translocation ◽  
Plant Immunity ◽  
Acquired Resistance ◽  
Defense Responses ◽  
Diurnal Changes ◽  
Pr Genes ◽  
Pathogen Infection ◽  
Physiological Reactions

The circadian clock in plants synchronizes biological processes that display cyclic 24-h oscillation based on metabolic and physiological reactions. This clock is a precise timekeeping system, that helps anticipate diurnal changes; e.g., expression levels of clock-related genes move in synchrony with changes in pathogen infection and help prepare appropriate defense responses in advance. Salicylic acid (SA) is a plant hormone and immune signal involved in systemic acquired resistance (SAR)-mediated defense responses. SA signaling induces cellular redox changes, and degradation and rhythmic nuclear translocation of the non-expresser of PR genes 1 (NPR1) protein. Recent studies demonstrate the ability of the circadian clock to predict various potential attackers, and of redox signaling to determine appropriate defense against pathogen infection. Interaction of the circadian clock with redox rhythm promotes the balance between immunity and growth. We review here a variety of recent evidence for the intricate relationship between circadian clock and plant immune response, with a focus on the roles of redox rhythm and NPR1 in the circadian clock and plant immunity.

scholarly journals Overexpression of the Apple MpNPR1 Gene Confers Increased Disease Resistance in Malus × domestica

2007 ◽  
Vol 20 (12) ◽  
pp. 1568-1580 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Malnoy ◽  
Q. Jin ◽  
E. E. Borejsza-Wysocka ◽  
S. Y. He ◽  
H. S. Aldwinckle
Keyword(s):  
Disease Resistance ◽  
Malus Domestica ◽  
Fungal Pathogens ◽  
Systemic Acquired Resistance ◽  
Virulent Strain ◽  
Venturia Inaequalis ◽  
Acquired Resistance ◽  
Cauliflower Mosaic Virus ◽  
35S Promoter ◽  
Pr Genes

The NPR1 gene plays a pivotal role in systemic acquired resistance in plants. Its overexpression in Arabidopsis and rice results in increased disease resistance and elevated expression of pathogenesis-related (PR) genes. An NPR1 homolog, MpNPR1-1, was cloned from apple (Malus × domestica) and overexpressed in two important apple cultivars, Galaxy and M26. Apple leaf pieces were transformed with the MpNPR1 cDNA under the control of the inducible Pin2 or constitutive Cauliflower mosaic virus (CaMV)35S promoter using Agrobacterium tumefaciens. Overexpression of MpNPR1 mRNA was shown by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction. Activation of some PR genes (PR2, PR5, and PR8) was observed. Resistance to fire blight was evaluated in a growth chamber by inoculation of the shoot tips of our own rooted 30-cm-tall plants with virulent strain Ea273 of Erwinia amylovora. Transformed Galaxy lines overexpressing MpNPR1 had 32 to 40% of shoot length infected, compared with 80% in control Galaxy plants. Transformed M26 lines overexpressing MpNPR1 under the control of the CaMV35S promoter also showed a significant reduction of disease compared with control M26 plants. Some MpNPR-overexpressing Galaxy lines also exhibited increased resistance to two important fungal pathogens of apple, Venturia inaequalis and Gymnosporangium juniperi-virginianae. Selected transformed lines have been propagated for field trials for disease resistance and fruit quality.

scholarly journals Comparison of Methods of Acibenzolar-S-Methyl Application for Post-Infection Fire Blight Suppression in Pear and Apple

Plant Disease ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 100 (6) ◽  
pp. 1125-1131 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kenneth B. Johnson ◽  
Todd N. Temple
Keyword(s):  
Fire Blight ◽  
Systemic Acquired Resistance ◽  
Acquired Resistance ◽  
Foliar Spray ◽  
Field Research ◽  
Apple Rootstocks ◽  
Pr Genes ◽  
Treatment Timing ◽  
Guide Field ◽  
Pathogenesis Related

Greenhouse-grown, 1-year-old potted ‘Bosc’ pear and apple rootstock cultivars ‘M.9’ and ‘M.26’ were inoculated with the fire blight pathogen, Erwinia amylovora, and subjected to trunk paint, root drench, or foliar spray treatments with acibenzolar-S-methyl (ASM, 4 to 30 mg a.i./tree) to induce systemic acquired resistance. Each method of ASM treatment suppressed fire blight canker expansion by 22 to 25%. Furthermore, ASM application method and ASM treatment timing (at or ±3 weeks relative to inoculation) interacted significantly (P ≤ 0.02) in each experiment. A root drench was most effective when applied 3 weeks before inoculation (36% suppression) whereas trunk paints and foliar sprays were more effective at inoculation (43 and 34%, suppression, respectively). Sizes of fire blight cankers in potted apple rootstocks M.9 and M.26 (under scions ‘Gala’ or ‘Cameo’) inoculated directly with the pathogen were reduced by 82 and 87% after two pretreatments of ASM applied as a trunk paint or root drench, respectively. Expression of pathogenesis-related (PR) genes PR-1 and -2 in apple leaves sampled after an ASM trunk paint were elevated significantly (P ≤ 0.05) relative to control trees for at least 9 weeks after treatment. Results of this study are being used to guide field research on postinfection therapy with ASM in 1- to 10-year-old pear and apple trees where fire blight has proven difficult to manage with therapeutic pruning only.

Chitosan: An elicitor and antimicrobial Bio-resource in plant protection

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Akansha Singh ◽  
Kalpana Gairola, ◽  
Vinod Upadhyay ◽  
J. Kumar
Keyword(s):  
Food Systems ◽  
Systemic Acquired Resistance ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Plant Protection ◽  
Acquired Resistance ◽  
High Antimicrobial Activity ◽  
Agriculture Sector ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Chemical Pesticides ◽  
Spoilage Microorganisms

Pesticide resistance and environment threat due to injudicious use of chemical pesticides for disease management employs the alteration in management practices. Chitosan, a deacetylated chitin derivative, behaves like a general elicitor, inducing a non-host resistance, and prime the plants for systemic acquired resistance in addition to this Chitosan has high antimicrobial activity against a wide range of pathogenic and spoilage microorganisms, including fungi and bacteria. The use of chitosan in agriculture and in food systems should be based on sufficient knowledge of the complex mechanisms of its elicitor and antimicrobial mode of action. In this article we a number of studies on the investigation of chitosan antimicrobial and resistance inducing properties and application of them in agriculture sector have been summarized.

scholarly journals Induced systemic resistance against rice grassy stunt virus – a promising field for ecological rice production

2012 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 48-53
Author(s):  
Thanh Toan Le ◽  
Van Dien Luong ◽  
Thuy Nhien Thi Ngo ◽  
Van Kim Pham
Keyword(s):  
Oxalic Acid ◽  
Systemic Acquired Resistance ◽  
Plant Protection ◽  
Acquired Resistance ◽  
Rice Production ◽  
Systemic Resistance ◽  
Diseased Plant ◽  
Defence Reaction ◽  
Rice Plants ◽  
Low Concentrations

Most rice protection methods have currently used toxic chemicals to control pathogens and pests, which leads to environment pollution. Systemic acquired resistance (SAR) taking advantage of natural defence reaction of plants could be proposed as an alternative, ecologically friendly ap-proach for plant protection. Its application into rice production could minimize the chemicals quantity used, and could contribute to the decrease of environmental pollution and the development of sustainable agriculture. The research was conducted to select the best effective chemical and method to improve the health of rice plants infected by grassy stunt disease in net-house of Cantho University. SAR chemicals were used at very low concentrations (in mM). Results showed that the height of rice plants treated with SAR chemicals was higher than that of plants untreated. Besides, the number of diseased plant was reduced and the ratio of firm grain and yield increased when plants were applied by SAR. Among them, oxalic acid was the best systemic acquired resistance. With oxalic acid, seed soaking was better than seed coating in systemic acquired resistance against rice grassy stunt disease. Hầu hết các phương pháp sản xuất lúa hiện nay đều sử dụng các hóa chất độc hại trong việc phòng trừ bệnh và côn trùng gây hại, nên dẫn đến ô nhiễm môi trường. Kích thích tính kháng lưu dẫn giúp kích hoạt cơ chế tự nhiênkháng bệnh của cây có thể là giải pháp bảo vệ thực vật thay thế an toàn với môi trường. Việc ứng dụng tiến bộ này vào trong sản xuất lúa có thể làm giảm lượng hóa chất sử dụng, đóng góp vào việc giảm thiểu ô nhiễmmôi trường và sự phát triển của một nền nông nghiệp bền vững. Nghiên cứu đã được thực hiện tại nhà lưới trường Đại học Cần Thơ để tuyển chọn hóa chất và phương pháp sử dụng hóa chất để tăng cường sức khỏe giúp cây lúa vượt qua bệnh vàng lùn. Hóa chất kích kháng được sử dụng ở một nồng độ rất thấp (đơn vị là mM). Kết quả cho thấy chiều cao cây lúa khi xử lý chất kích kháng tốt hơn so đối chứng không xử lý. Bên cạnh đó, số cây lúa nhiễm bệnh giảm, tỉ lệ hạt chắc và năng suất tăng khi cây lúa được xử lý với chất kích kháng. Trong số các chất kích kháng đã sử dụng, acid oxalic cho hiệu quả vượt trội. Với chất acid oxalic, phương pháp ngâm hạt cho hiệuquả kích kháng tốt hơn phương pháp áo hạt.

scholarly journals A Single Effector Protein, AvrRpt2EA, from Erwinia amylovora Can Cause Fire Blight Disease Symptoms and Induces a Salicylic Acid–Dependent Defense Response

2018 ◽  
Vol 31 (11) ◽  
pp. 1179-1191 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susan Schröpfer ◽  
Christoph Böttcher ◽  
Thomas Wöhner ◽  
Klaus Richter ◽  
John Norelli ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Salicylic Acid ◽  
Fire Blight ◽  
Systemic Acquired Resistance ◽  
Erwinia Amylovora ◽  
Acquired Resistance ◽  
Inducible Promoter ◽  
Marker Genes ◽  
Effector Protein ◽  
In Planta ◽  
Natural Fire

The AvrRpt2EA effector protein of Erwinia amylovora is important for pathogen recognition in the fire blight–resistant crabapple Malus × robusta 5; however, little is known about its role in susceptible apples. To study its function in planta, we expressed a plant-optimized version of AvrRpt2EA driven by a heat shock–inducible promoter in transgenic plants of the fire blight–susceptible cultivar Pinova. After induced expression of AvrRpt2EA, transgenic lines showed shoot necrosis and browning of older leaves, with symptoms similar to natural fire blight infections. Transgenic expression of this effector protein resulted in an increase in the expression of the salicylic acid (SA)-responsive PR-1 gene but, also, in the levels of SA and its derivatives, with diverse kinetics in leaves of different ages. In contrast, no increase of expression levels of VSP2 paralogs, used as marker genes for the activation of the jasmonic acid (JA)-dependent defense pathway, could be detected, which is in agreement with metabolic profiling of JA and its derivatives. Our work demonstrates that AvrRpt2EA acts as a virulence factor and induces the formation of SA and SA-dependent systemic acquired resistance.

scholarly journals Characterization of Geminivirus Resistance in an Accession of Capsicum chinense Jacq.

2011 ◽  
Vol 24 (2) ◽  
pp. 172-182 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marco A. García-Neria ◽  
Rafael F. Rivera-Bustamante
Keyword(s):  
Systemic Acquired Resistance ◽  
Acquired Resistance ◽  
Resistance Breeding ◽  
Marker Genes ◽  
Oxygen Species ◽  
Breeding Programs ◽  
Viral Movement ◽  
Resistance Trait ◽  
Defensive Mechanism

Pepper golden mosaic virus (PepGMV) and Pepper huasteco yellow vein virus (PHYVV), members of the Geminiviridae family, are important pathogens of pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) and other solanaceous crops. Accession BG-3821 of C. chinense Jacq. was reported earlier as resistant to mixed infection with PepGMV and PHYVV. In this work, we characterized the Geminivirus resistance trait present in BG-3821. Segregation analysis suggested that resistance depends on two genes. Our data showed that PepGMV replication in protoplast of resistant plants is approximately 70% lower when compared with the levels observed in protoplasts from susceptible plants. Additionally, viral movement is less efficient in resistant plants. We also evaluated several characteristics commonly associated with systemic acquired resistance (SAR), which is a conserved defensive mechanism. The concentration of salicylic acid was higher in resistant plants inoculated with PepGMV than in susceptible plants. Marker genes for SAR were induced after inoculation with PepGMV in resistant leaves. Similarly, we found a higher accumulation of reactive oxygen species on resistant leaves compared with susceptible ones. A model for the mechanism acting in the Geminivirus resistance detected in BG-3821 is proposed. Finally, the importance of BG-3821 in Geminivirus resistance breeding programs is discussed.

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