Reduced Expression of CbUFO Is Associated with the Phenotype of a Flower-Defective Cosmos bipinnatus

LEAFY (LFY) and UNUSUAL FLORAL ORGANS (UFO) homologous genes have been reported to play key roles in promoting the initiation of floral meristems in raceme- and cyme-type plants. Asteraceae, a large family of plants with more than 23,000 species, has a unique head-like inflorescence termed capitulum. Here, we report a floral defective plant of the garden cosmos named green head (gh), which shows homogeneous inflorescence, indistinguishable inflorescence periphery and center, and the replacement of flower meristems by indeterminate inflorescence meristems, coupled with iterative production of bract-like organs and higher order of inflorescences. A comparison of the LFY- and UFO-like genes (CbFLY and CbUFO) isolated from both the wild-type and gh cosmos revealed that CbUFO may play an important role in inflorescence differentiation into different structures and promotion of flower initiation, and the reduced expression of CbUFO in the gh cosmos could be associated with the phenotypes of the flower-defective plants. Further expression analysis indicated that CbUFO may promote the conversion of inflorescence meristem into floral meristem in early ray flower formation, but does not play a role in its later growth period.

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The ULTRAPETALA gene controls shoot and floral meristem size in Arabidopsis

Development ◽

10.1242/dev.128.8.1323 ◽

2001 ◽

Vol 128 (8) ◽

pp. 1323-1333 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

J.C. Fletcher

Keyword(s):

Signal Transduction Pathway ◽

Floral Meristem ◽

Transduction Pathway ◽

Wild Type ◽

Inflorescence Meristem ◽

Genetic Studies ◽

Meristem Cell ◽

Meristem Size ◽

Cell Accumulation ◽

Floral Meristems

The regulation of proper shoot and floral meristem size during plant development is mediated by a complex interaction of stem cell promoting and restricting factors. The phenotypic effects of mutations in the ULTRAPETALA gene, which is required to control shoot and floral meristem cell accumulation in Arabidopsis thaliana, are described. ultrapetala flowers contain more floral organs and whorls than wild-type plants, phenotypes that correlate with an increase in floral meristem size preceding organ initiation. ultrapetala plants also produce more floral meristems than wild-type plants, correlating with an increase in inflorescence meristem size without visible fasciation. Expression analysis indicates that ULTRAPETALA controls meristem cell accumulation partly by limiting the domain of CLAVATA1 expression. Genetic studies show that ULTRAPETALA acts independently of ERA1, but has overlapping functions with PERIANTHIA and the CLAVATA signal transduction pathway in controlling shoot and floral meristem size and meristem determinacy. Thus ULTRAPETALA defines a novel locus that restricts meristem cell accumulation in Arabidopsis shoot and floral meristems.

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Standardizing the Hydrogel Application Rates and Foliar Nutrition for Enhancing Yield of Lentil (Lens culinaris)

Processes ◽

10.3390/pr8040420 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 8 (4) ◽

pp. 420 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Shashidhar K. Shankarappa ◽

Samuel J. Muniyandi ◽

Ajay B. Chandrashekar ◽

Amit K. Singh ◽

Premaradhya Nagabhushanaradhya ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Salicylic Acid ◽

Seed Yield ◽

Lens Culinaris ◽

Foliar Application ◽

Winter Season ◽

Growth Period ◽

Growth And Yield ◽

Flower Initiation ◽

Foliar Nutrition ◽

Pod Development

Lentil (Lens culinaris) is an important winter season annual legume crop known for its highly valued seed in human and animal nutrition owing to its high lysine and tryptophan content. Shortage of water during the crop growth period has become the major impediment for cultivation of pulses in rice fallow in particular. Under such conditions, the application of hydrogel can be a potential alternative to improve photosynthetic efficiency, assimilate partitioning, and increase growth and yield. A field experiment was conducted from November to February during 2015–16 to 2017–18 on clay loam soil that was medium in fertility and acidic in reaction (pH 5.4) at Central Agricultural University, Imphal, Manipur. The experiment was laid out in split plot design with three replications. There were three hydrogel levels in total in the main plot and foliar nutrition with five different nutrient sprays in sub-plots, together comprising 15 treatment combinations. The data pooled over three years, 2015–2018, revealed that application of hydrogel at 5 kg/ha before sowing recorded a significantly greater number of pods per plant (38.0) and seed yield (1032.1 kg/ha) over the control. Foliar application of nutrients over flower initiation and pod development had a positive effect on increasing the number of pods per plant eventually enhanced the seed yield of lentil. Foliar application of either 0.5% NPK or salicylic acid 75 ppm spray at flower initiation and pod development stages recorded significantly more pods per plant over other nutrient treatments. Further, the yield attributed improved because of elevated growth in plant. Significantly maximum seed yield (956 kg/ha) recorded in the NPK spray of 0.5% remained on par with salicylic acid 75 ppm (939 kg/ha) over the rest of the treatments.

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The WUSCHEL gene is required for shoot and floral meristem integrity in Arabidopsis

Development ◽

10.1242/dev.122.1.87 ◽

1996 ◽

Vol 122 (1) ◽

pp. 87-96 ◽

Cited By ~ 24

Author(s):

T. Laux ◽

K.F. Mayer ◽

J. Berger ◽

G. Jurgens

Keyword(s):

Developmental Stages ◽

Shoot Meristem ◽

Wild Type ◽

Recessive Mutations ◽

Organ Identity ◽

Flat Structures ◽

Meristem Identity ◽

Wus Gene ◽

Floral Meristems ◽

Shoot Meristems

Self perpetuation of the shoot meristem is essential for the repetitive initiation of shoot structures during plant development. In Arabidopsis shoot meristem maintenance is disrupted by recessive mutations in the WUSCHEL (WUS) gene. The defect is evident at all developmental stages and is restricted to shoot and floral meristems, whereas the root meristem is not affected. wus mutants fail to properly organize a shoot meristem in the embryo. Postembryonically, defective shoot meristems are initiated repetitively but terminate prematurely in aberrant flat structures. In contrast to wild-type shoot meristems, primordia initiation occurs ectopically across mutant apices, including the center, and often new shoot meristems instead of organs are initiated. The cells of wus shoot apices are larger and more vacuolated than wild-type shoot meristem cells. wus floral meristems terminate prematurely in a central stamen. Double mutant studies indicate that the number of organ primordia in the center of wus flowers is limited, irrespective of organ identity and we propose that meristem cells are allocated into floral whorl domains in a sequential manner. WUS activity also appears to be required for the formation of supernumerary organs in the center of agamous, superman or clavata1 flowers, suggesting that the WUS gene acts upstream of the corresponding genes. Our results suggest that the WUS gene is specifically required for central meristem identity of shoot and floral meristems to maintain their structural and functional integrity.

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Connexin-43 gap junctions are involved in multiconnexin-expressing stromal support of hemopoietic progenitors and stem cells

Blood ◽

10.1182/blood.v96.2.498 ◽

2000 ◽

Vol 96 (2) ◽

pp. 498-505 ◽

Cited By ~ 65

Author(s):

Jose A. Cancelas ◽

Wendy L. M. Koevoet ◽

Alexandra E. de Koning ◽

Angelique E. M. Mayen ◽

Elwin J. C. Rombouts ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Stem Cells ◽

Gap Junctions ◽

Stromal Cells ◽

Connexin 43 ◽

Fetal Liver ◽

Large Family ◽

Wild Type ◽

Murine Bone Marrow ◽

Stromal Support

Abstract Gap junctions (GJs) provide for a unique system of intercellular communication (IC) allowing rapid transport of small molecules from cell to cell. GJs are formed by a large family of proteins named connexins (Cxs). Cx43 has been considered as the predominantly expressed Cx by hematopoietic-supporting stroma. To investigate the role of the Cx family in hemopoiesis, we analyzed the expression of 11 different Cx species in different stromal cell lines derived from murine bone marrow (BM) or fetal liver (FL). We found that up to 5 Cxs are expressed in FL stromal cells (Cx43, Cx45, Cx30.3, Cx31, and Cx31.1), whereas only Cx43, Cx45, and Cx31 were clearly detectable in BM stromal cells. In vivo, the Cx43-deficient 14.5- to 15-day FL cobblestone area–forming cells (CAFC)-week 1-4 and colony-forming unit contents were 26%-38% and 39%-47% lower than in their wild-type counterparts, respectively. The reintroduction of the Cx43 gene into Cx43-deficient FL stromal cells was able to restore their diminished IC to the level of the wild-type FL stromal cells. In addition, these Cx43-reintroduced stromal cells showed an increased support ability (3.7-fold) for CAFC-week 1 in normal mouse BM and 5-fold higher supportive ability for CAFC-week 4 in 5-fluorouracil-treated BM cells as compared with Cx43-deficient FL stromal cells. These findings suggest that stromal Cx43-mediated IC, although not responsible for all GJ-mediated IC of stromal cells, plays a role in the supportive ability for hemopoietic progenitors and stem cells.

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Cloning and Expression Analysis of the pcbAB-pcbC β-Lactam Genes in the Marine Fungus Kallichroma tethys

Applied and Environmental Microbiology ◽

10.1128/aem.69.2.1308-1314.2003 ◽

2003 ◽

Vol 69 (2) ◽

pp. 1308-1314 ◽

Cited By ~ 17

Author(s):

Chi-fai Kim ◽

Simon K. Y. Lee ◽

Jackie Price ◽

Ralph W. Jack ◽

Geoffrey Turner ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Expression Analysis ◽

Marine Fungus ◽

Cloning And Expression ◽

Homology Search ◽

High Sequence Identity ◽

Dna Library ◽

Homologous Genes ◽

Close Relationship ◽

Genomic Dna Library ◽

Blast Homology Search

ABSTRACT Here we report the identification of the β-lactam biosynthesis genes pcbAB and pcbC from a cosmid genomic DNA library of the marine fungus Kallichroma tethys. A BLAST homology search showed that they share high sequence identity with the δ-(l-α-aminoadipyl)-l-cysteinyl-d-valine (ACV) synthetases and isopenicillin N synthases, respectively, of various fungal and bacterial β-lactam producers, while phylogenetic analysis indicated a close relationship with homologous genes of the cephalosporin-producing pyrenomycete Acremonium chrysogenum. Expression analysis by reverse transciption-PCR suggested that both genes are highly regulated and are expressed in the late growth phase of K. tethys cultures. Complementation of an Aspergillus nidulans strain deficient in ACV synthetase suggested that at least pcbAB is functional, although attempts to isolate active antibiotic from K. tethys were unsuccessful.

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The CLV3 Homolog in Setaria viridis Selectively Controls Inflorescence Meristem Size

Frontiers in Plant Science ◽

10.3389/fpls.2021.636749 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 12 ◽

Author(s):

Chuanmei Zhu ◽

Lei Liu ◽

Olivia Crowell ◽

Hui Zhao ◽

Thomas P. Brutnell ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Bioinformatic Analysis ◽

Peptide Ligands ◽

Setaria Viridis ◽

Inflorescence Meristem ◽

Inflorescence Development ◽

Knock Out ◽

Meristem Size ◽

Cle Peptides ◽

Vegetative Traits ◽

Floral Meristems

The CLAVATA pathway controls meristem size during inflorescence development in both eudicots and grasses, and is initiated by peptide ligands encoded by CLV3/ESR-related (CLE) genes. While CLV3 controls all shoot meristems in Arabidopsis, evidence from cereal grasses indicates that different meristem types are regulated by different CLE peptides. The rice peptide FON2 primarily controls the size of the floral meristem, whereas the orthologous peptides CLE7 and CLE14 in maize have their most dramatic effects on inflorescence and branch meristems, hinting at diversification among CLE responses in the grasses. Setaria viridis is more closely related to maize than to rice, so can be used to test whether the maize CLE network can be generalized to all members of subfamily Panicoideae. We used CRISPR-Cas9 in S. viridis to knock out the SvFON2 gene, the closest homolog to CLV3 and FON2. Svfon2 mutants developed larger inflorescence meristems, as in maize, but had normal floral meristems, unlike Osfon2, suggesting a panicoid-specific CLE network. Vegetative traits such as plant height, tiller number and leaf number were not significantly different between mutant and wild type plants, but time to heading was shorter in the mutants. In situ hybridization showed strong expression of Svfon2 in the inflorescence and branch meristems, consistent with the mutant phenotype. Using bioinformatic analysis, we predicted the co-expression network of SvFON2 and its signaling components, which included genes known to control inflorescence architecture in maize as well as genes of unknown function. The similarity between SvFON2 function in Setaria and maize suggests that its developmental specialization in inflorescence meristem control may be shared among panicoid grasses.

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In silico gene expression analysis reveals glycolysis and acetate anaplerosis in IDH1 wild-type glioma and lactate and glutamate anaplerosis in IDH1-mutated glioma

Oncotarget ◽

10.18632/oncotarget.17106 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 8 (30) ◽

pp. 49165-49177 ◽

Cited By ~ 31

Author(s):

Mohammed Khurshed ◽

Remco J. Molenaar ◽

Krissie Lenting ◽

William P. Leenders ◽

Cornelis J.F. van Noorden

Keyword(s):

Gene Expression ◽

Expression Analysis ◽

In Silico ◽

Gene Expression Analysis ◽

Wild Type

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Inheritance of the characters related to flower formation, blooming and fertilisation in apple

International Journal of Horticultural Science ◽

10.31421/ijhs/5/3-4/46 ◽

1999 ◽

Vol 5 (3-4) ◽

Author(s):

M. Soltész

Keyword(s):

Maternal Effects ◽

Good Chance ◽

Flower Formation ◽

Flower Initiation ◽

Maternal Parent ◽

Paternal Effect ◽

Apple Varieties ◽

Golden Delicious ◽

Long Shoots

On the base of observations performed during a period of 20 years the blooming characters-of apple varieties and their progenies the following statements are actual. In blooming dynamics there was no difference between paternal and maternal effects. In the assignment to blooming time groups, the paternal effect prevailed whereas in the tendency of flower initiation on long shoots maternal parent was more decisive. Varieties as 'Golden Delicious'. 'Jonathan', 'Red Delicious', 'Rome Beauty' and 'Staymared' and their respective, naturally raised mutants did not differ in blooming characters. The possibility of predicting the relation to blooming time groups of early (July, August) ripening individuals is low, whereas late (September. October) ripening ones have a good chance to be medium late in blooming time.

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Low-activity Cryptochrome 1 Plays a Role in Promoting Stem Elongation and Flower Initiation of Mature Arabidopsis under Blue Light Associated with Low Phytochrome Activity

10.20944/preprints202105.0298.v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Yun Kong ◽

Youbin Zheng

Keyword(s):

Transgenic Plants ◽

High Activity ◽

Blue Light ◽

Stem Elongation ◽

Flower Initiation ◽

Wild Type ◽

Cryptochrome 1 ◽

Low Activity

To clarify whether cryptochrome contributes to stem elongation and flowering promoted by blue lights associated with low phytochrome activity, wild-type Arabidopsis was compared with its cryptochrome-deficient mutants and cryptochrome-overexpressing transgenic plants. Results indicated that the promotion effects were mainly related to low CRY1 activity, despite partial involvement of high-activity CRY2.

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New Symptoms Identified in Phytoplasma-Infected Plants Reveal Extra Stages of Pathogen-Induced Meristem Fate-Derailment

Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions ◽

10.1094/mpmi-01-19-0035-r ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 32 (10) ◽

pp. 1314-1323 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Wei Wei ◽

Robert E. Davis ◽

Gary R. Bauchan ◽

Yan Zhao

Keyword(s):

Seed Production ◽

Shoot Apical Meristem ◽

Apical Meristem ◽

Flowering Plants ◽

Multistage Process ◽

Inflorescence Meristem ◽

Sieve Cells ◽

Specific Stage ◽

Transition Research ◽

Floral Meristems

In flowering plants, the transition of a shoot apical meristem from vegetative to reproductive destiny is a graduated, multistage process that involves sequential conversion of the vegetative meristem to an inflorescence meristem, initiation of floral meristems, emergence of flower organ primordia, and formation of floral organs. This orderly process can be derailed by phytoplasma, a bacterium that parasitizes phloem sieve cells. In a previous study, we showed that phytoplasma-induced malformation of flowers reflects stage-specific derailment of shoot apical meristems from their genetically preprogrammed reproductive destiny. Our current study unveiled new symptoms of abnormal morphogenesis, pointing to derailment of meristem transition at additional stages previously unidentified. We also found that the fate of developing meristems may be derailed even after normal termination of the floral meristem and onset of seed production. Although previous reports by others have indicated that different symptoms may be induced by different phytoplasmal effectors, the phenomenon observed in our experiment raises interesting questions as to (i) whether effectors can act at specific stages of meristem transition and (ii) whether specific floral abnormalities are attributable to meristem fate-derailment events triggered by different effectors that each act at a specific stage in meristem transition. Research addressing such questions may lead to discoveries of an array of phytoplasmal effectors.

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