scholarly journals A Shifty Target: Tumor-Initiating Cells and Their Metabolism

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (21) ◽  
pp. 5370 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bezuidenhout ◽  
Shoshan
Keyword(s):  
Outer Membrane Proteins ◽  
Tumor Biology ◽  
Clinical Samples ◽  
Tumor Initiating Cells ◽  
Metabolic Plasticity ◽  
Stem Cell Medium ◽  
Review Reports ◽  
Sphere Formation ◽  
Cell Medium ◽  
Significant Factors

Tumor-initiating cells (TICs), or cancer stem cells, constitute highly chemoresistant, asymmetrically dividing, and tumor-initiating populations in cancer and are thought to play a key role in metastatic and chemoresistant disease. Tumor-initiating cells are isolated from cell lines and clinical samples based on features such as sphere formation in stem cell medium and expression of TIC markers, typically a set of outer membrane proteins and certain transcription factors. Although both bulk tumor cells and TICs show an adaptive metabolic plasticity, TIC metabolism is thought to differ and likely in a tumor-specific and growth condition-dependent pattern. In the context of some common solid tumor diseases, we here review reports on how TIC isolation methods and markers associate with metabolic features, with some focus on oxidative metabolism, including fatty acid and lipid metabolism. These have emerged as significant factors in TIC phenotypes, and in tumor biology as a whole. Other sections address mitochondrial biogenesis and dynamics in TICs, and the influence of the tumor microenvironment. Further elucidation of the complex biology of TICs and their metabolism will require advanced methodologies.

scholarly journals Neural is Fundamental: Neural Stemness as the Ground State of Cell Tumorigenicity and Differentiation Potential

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ying Cao
Keyword(s):  
Ground State ◽  
Cell Biology ◽  
Regulatory Networks ◽  
Splice Variants ◽  
Tumor Biology ◽  
General Rule ◽  
Tumor Initiating Cells ◽  
Differentiation Potential ◽  
Neural Stem Progenitor Cells ◽  
Long Genes

Tumorigenesis is a complex biological phenomenon that includes extensive genetic and phenotypic heterogeneities and complicated regulatory mechanisms. In the recent few years, our studies demonstrate that tumor-initiating cells are similar to neural stem/progenitor cells in regulatory networks, tumorigenicity and pluripotent differentiation potential. In the review, I will make further discussion on these observations and propose a rule of cell biology by integrating these findings with evidence from developmental biology, tumor biology and evolution, which suggests that neural stemness underlies two coupled cell properties, tumorigenicity and pluripotent differentiation potential. Tumorigenicity and phenotypic heterogeneity in tumor is a result of acquirement of neural stemness in cells. The neural stemness property of tumor-initiating cells can hopefully integrate different concepts/hypotheses underlying tumorigenesis. Neural stem cells/neural progenitors and tumor-initiating cells share regulatory networks; both exhibit neural stemness, tumorigenicity and differentiation potential; both are dependent on expression or activation of ancestral genes (the atavistic effect); both rely primarily on aerobic glycolytic metabolism; both can differentiate into various cells or tissues that are derived from three germ layers, resembling severely disorganized or more severely degenerated process of embryonic development; both are enriched in long genes with more splice variants that provide more plastic scaffolds for cell differentiation, etc. The property of neural stemness might be a key point to understand tumorigenesis and pluripotent differentiation potential, and possibly explain certain pathological observations in tumors that have been inexplicable. Therefore, behind the complexity of tumorigenesis might be a general rule of cell biology, i.e., neural stemness represents the ground state of cell tumorigenicity and pluripotent differentiation potential.

scholarly journals A stem cell medium containing neural stimulating factor induces a pancreatic cancer stem-like cell-enriched population

2014 ◽  
Vol 45 (5) ◽  
pp. 1857-1866 ◽  
Author(s):  
YUSAKU WATANABE ◽  
KIYOSHI YOSHIMURA ◽  
KOICHI YOSHIKAWA ◽  
RYOICHI TSUNEDOMI ◽  
YOSHITARO SHINDO ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pancreatic Cancer ◽  
Stem Cell ◽  
Stem Cell Medium ◽  
Cell Medium ◽  
Stimulating Factor

Generation of large pig and bovine blastocysts by culturing in human induced pluripotent stem cell medium

Zygote ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 24 (2) ◽  
pp. 236-244 ◽  
Author(s):  
Qing-Shan Gao ◽  
Long Jin ◽  
Suo Li ◽  
Hai-Ying Zhu ◽  
Qing Guo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cell ◽  
Pluripotent Stem Cell ◽  
Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell ◽  
State University ◽  
North Carolina State University ◽  
Stem Cell Medium ◽  
Induced Pluripotent ◽  
Cell Medium

SummaryWe investigated the effect of human induced pluripotent stem cell (hiPS) medium on porcine somatic cell nuclear transfer and bovine in vitro fertilized early blastocysts, in comparison with North Carolina State University (NCSU)-37 medium and in vitro culture (IVC)-II medium. After 2 days of culture, the diameter of the portion of the blastocyst that was extruded from the zona pellucid dramatically differed between porcine blastocysts cultured in hiPS medium and those cultured in NCSU-37 medium (221.47 ± 38.94 μm versus 481.87 ± 40.61 μm, P < 0.01). Moreover, the diameter of the portion of the blastocyst significantly differed between bovine blastocysts cultured in hiPS medium and those cultured in IVC-II medium (150.30 ± 29.49 μm versus 195.58 ± 41.59 μm, P < 0.01). Furthermore, the total number of cells per porcine and bovine blastocyst was more than two-fold higher in blastocysts cultured in hiPS medium than in those cultured in NCSU-37 medium (44.33 ± 5.28 and 143.33 ± 16.05, P < 0.01) or IVC-II medium (172.12 ± 45.08 and 604.83 ± 242.64, P < 0.01), respectively. These results indicate that hiPS medium markedly improves the quality of porcine and bovine blastocysts.

scholarly journals Identification of a native novel oncolytic immunoglobulin on exfoliated colon epithelial cells: A bispecific heterodimeric chimera of IgA/IgG

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
George P. Albaugh ◽  
Sudhir K. Dutta ◽  
Vasantha Iyengar ◽  
Samina Shami ◽  
Althaf Lohani ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cell ◽  
Direct Method ◽  
Stem Cell Markers ◽  
Distinct Cell ◽  
Stem Cell Medium ◽  
Stool Samples ◽  
Low Levels ◽  
Colonic Cells ◽  
Cell Medium ◽  
A Direct Method

ABSTRACTUnderstanding the nature of cell surface markers on exfoliated colonic cells is a crucial step in establishing criteria for a normally functioning mucosa. We have found that colonic cells isolated from stool samples (SCSR-010 Fecal Cell Isolation Kit, NonInvasive Technologies, Elkridge, MD), preserved at room temperature for up to one week, with viability of >85% and low levels of apoptosis (8% - 10%) exhibit two distinct cell size subpopulations, in the 2.5μM– 5.0 μM and 5.0μM-8.0μM range. In addition to IgA, about 60% of the cells expressed a novel heterodimeric IgA/IgG immunoglobulin that conferred a broad-spectrum cell mediated cytotoxicity against tumor cells. In a cohort of 58 subjects the exclusive absence of this immunoglobulin in two African-Americans was suggestive of a germline deletion. Serial cultures in stem cell medium retained the expression of this heterodimer. Since a majority of the cystic cells expressed the stem cell markers Lgr5 and Musashi-1 we termed these cells as gastrointestinal progenitor stem cells (GIP-C**). CXCR-4, the cytokine co-receptor for HIV was markedly expressed. These cells also expressed CD20, IgA, IgG, CD45, and COX-2. We assume that they originated from mature columnar epithelium by dedifferentiation. Our observations indicate that we have a robust noninvasive method to study mucosal pathophysiology and a direct method to create a database for applications in regenerative medicine.

scholarly journals Hypoxic-Preconditioned Bone Marrow Stem Cell Medium Significantly Improves Outcome After Retinal Ischemia in Rats

2016 ◽  
Vol 57 (7) ◽  
pp. 3522 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steven Roth ◽  
John C. Dreixler ◽  
Biji Mathew ◽  
Irina Balyasnikova ◽  
Jacob R. Mann ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bone Marrow ◽  
Stem Cell ◽  
Retinal Ischemia ◽  
Bone Marrow Stem Cell ◽  
Stem Cell Medium ◽  
Cell Medium ◽  
Marrow Stem Cell

scholarly journals Expansive growth of two glioblastoma stem-like cell lines is mediated by bFGF and not by EGF

2013 ◽  
Vol 47 (4) ◽  
pp. 330-337 ◽  
Author(s):  
Neza Podergajs ◽  
Narve Brekka ◽  
Bernhard Radlwimmer ◽  
Christel Herold-Mende ◽  
Krishna M. Talasila ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cell ◽  
Cell Lines ◽  
Basal Medium ◽  
Growth Stimulation ◽  
Growth Conditions ◽  
Stem Cell Markers ◽  
Egfr Amplification ◽  
Egfr Expression ◽  
Stem Cell Medium ◽  
Cell Medium

Abstract Background. Patient-derived glioblastoma (GBM) stem-like cells (GSCs) represent a valuable model for basic and therapeutic research. GSCs are usually propagated in serum-free Neural Basal medium supplemented with bFGF and EGF. Yet, the exact influence of these growth factors on GSCs is still unclear. Recently it was suggested that GBM stemlike cells with amplified EGFR should be cultured in stem cell medium without EGF, as the presence of EGF induced rapid loss of EGFR amplification. However, patient biopsies are usually taken into culture before their genomic profiles are defined. Thus, an important question remains whether GBM cells without EGFR amplification also can be cultured in stem cell medium without EGF. Meterials and methods. To address this question, we used two heterogeneous glioblastoma GSC lines (NCH421k and NCH644) that lack EGFR amplification. Results. Although both cell lines showed very low EGFR expression under standard growth conditions, bFGF stimulation induced higher expression of EGFR in NCH644. In both cell lines, expression of the stem cell markers nestin and CD133 was higher upon stimulation with bFGF compared to EGF. Importantly, bFGF stimulated the growth of both cell lines, whereas EGF had no effect. We verified that the growth stimulation by bFGF was either mediated by proliferation (NCH421k) or resistance to apoptosis (NCH644). Conclusions. We demonstrate that GSC cultures without EGFR amplification can be maintained and expanded with bFGF, while the addition of EGF has no significant effect and therefore can be omitted.

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