scholarly journals Role of Extracellular Vesicles in Substance Abuse and HIV-Related Neurological Pathologies

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (18) ◽  
pp. 6765 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katherine E. Odegaard ◽  
Subhash Chand ◽  
Sydney Wheeler ◽  
Sneham Tiwari ◽  
Adrian Flores ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Substance Abuse ◽  
Substance Use ◽  
Extracellular Vesicles ◽  
Potential Role ◽  
The Body ◽  
Small Noncoding Rnas ◽  
Lipid Bilayer Vesicles ◽  
Shed Light ◽  
Heterogeneous Class

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are a broad, heterogeneous class of membranous lipid-bilayer vesicles that facilitate intercellular communication throughout the body. As important carriers of various types of cargo, including proteins, lipids, DNA fragments, and a variety of small noncoding RNAs, including miRNAs, mRNAs, and siRNAs, EVs may play an important role in the development of addiction and other neurological pathologies, particularly those related to HIV. In this review, we summarize the findings of EV studies in the context of methamphetamine (METH), cocaine, nicotine, opioid, and alcohol use disorders, highlighting important EV cargoes that may contribute to addiction. Additionally, as HIV and substance abuse are often comorbid, we discuss the potential role of EVs in the intersection of substance abuse and HIV. Taken together, the studies presented in this comprehensive review shed light on the potential role of EVs in the exacerbation of substance use and HIV. As a subject of growing interest, EVs may continue to provide information about mechanisms and pathogenesis in substance use disorders and CNS pathologies, perhaps allowing for exploration into potential therapeutic options.

scholarly journals The Protective Effect of Exercise in Neurodegenerative Diseases: The Potential Role of Extracellular Vesicles

Cells ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (10) ◽  
pp. 2182 ◽  
Author(s):  
Oliver K Fuller ◽  
Martin Whitham ◽  
Suresh Mathivanan ◽  
Mark A Febbraio
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Extracellular Vesicles ◽  
Potential Role ◽  
The Body ◽  
Therapeutic Effects ◽  
Health And Wellbeing ◽  
Systemic Factors ◽  
Diabetes And Obesity

Physical activity has systemic effects on the body, affecting almost every organ. It is important not only for general health and wellbeing, but also in the prevention of diseases. The mechanisms behind the therapeutic effects of physical activity are not completely understood; however, studies indicate these benefits are not confined to simply managing energy balance and body weight. They also include systemic factors which are released into the circulation during exercise and which appear to underlie the myriad of benefits exercise can elicit. It was shown that along with a number of classical cytokines, active tissues also engage in inter-tissue communication via extracellular vesicles (EVs), specifically exosomes and other small EVs, which are able to deliver biomolecules to cells and alter their metabolism. Thus, EVs may play a role in the acute and systemic adaptations that take place during and after physical activity, and may be therapeutically useful in the treatment of a range of diseases, including metabolic disorders such as type 2 diabetes and obesity; and the focus of this review, neurological disorders such as Alzheimer’s disease.

scholarly journals The potential role of cofilin-1 in promoting triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) metastasis via the extracellular vesicles (EVs)

2022 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 101247
Author(s):  
Jane Howard ◽  
Chia Yin Goh ◽  
Karolina Weiner Gorzel ◽  
Michaela Higgins ◽  
Amanda McCann
Keyword(s):  
Breast Cancer ◽  
Extracellular Vesicles ◽  
Triple Negative Breast Cancer ◽  
Potential Role ◽  
Triple Negative

scholarly journals Immunity against COVID-19: Potential role of Ayurveda: A Review

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 989-992
Author(s):  
Mula Ram Suthar ◽  
◽  
Manjry Anshumala Barla ◽  
Rakesh Roushan ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Infectious Disease ◽  
Potential Role ◽  
Defense Mechanism ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Communicable Diseases ◽  
The Body ◽  
Disease Concept ◽  
First Case ◽  
Modern Perspective

The Severe acute respiratory syndrome corona virus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is an infectious disease caused by coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and has affected people's lives globally, since first case was detected in Wuhan, China in December 2019. The coronavirus pandemic has turned the world’s attention to the immune system, the body’s defense mechanism against disease. Concept of Ojas is well explained in all ayurvedic classics, in modern perspective it is considered as immunity (Vyadhikshamatava). Ojas is necessary for well-being of the body, and mind. In Ayurveda textbook, the epidemics and along with their management are discussed under the term of Janapadodhvansa. The preventive and curative treatments for communicable diseases of the Janapadodhvansa (epidemics) are Panchkarma (five bio-purification therapies), Rasayana Chikitsa (rejuvenation treatment), Achara Rasayana (good conducts), and migrate to the place, free from communicable diseases. The intake of all types Rasayanas leads to increase of Ojas and reduce all psychological (mainly stress and emotional) disorder, thereby causes increase immunity responses and help to fight against covid-19. Key Words: Ayurveda, Covid-19, Immunity, Janapadodhvansa, Ojas, Rasayana Chikitsa.

Extracellular vesicles, stem cells and the role of miRNAs in neurodegeneration

2021 ◽  
Vol 19 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ayaz M. Belkozhayev ◽  
Minnatallah Al-Yozbaki ◽  
Alex George ◽  
Raigul Ye Niyazova ◽  
Kamalidin O. Sharipov ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cells ◽  
Neurodegenerative Diseases ◽  
Extracellular Vesicles ◽  
Intercellular Communication ◽  
Direct Consequence ◽  
Therapeutic Benefit ◽  
The Body ◽  
A Cell ◽  
Crucial Information

There are different modalities of intercellular communication governed by cellular homeostasis. In this review, we will explore one of these forms of communication called extracellular vesicles (EVs). These vesicles are released by all cells in the body and are heterogeneous in nature. The primary function of EVs is to share information through their cargo consisting of proteins, lipids and nucleic acids (mRNA, miRNA, dsDNA etc.) with other cells, which have a direct consequence on their microenvironment. We will focus on the role of EVs of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) in the nervous system and how these participate in intercellular communication to maintain physiological function and provide neuroprotection. However, deregulation of this same communication system could play a role in several neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, multiple sclerosis, prion disease and Huntington’s disease. The release of EVs from a cell provides crucial information to what is happening inside the cell and thus could be used in diagnostics and therapy. We will discuss and explore new avenues for the clinical applications of using engineered MSC-EVs and their potential therapeutic benefit in treating neurodegenerative diseases.

scholarly journals Sorting Mechanisms for MicroRNAs into Extracellular Vesicles and Their Associated Diseases

Cells ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 1044 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Groot ◽  
Heedoo Lee
Keyword(s):  
Extracellular Vesicles ◽  
Potential Role ◽  
Rna Binding ◽  
Rna Binding Proteins ◽  
Transport Proteins ◽  
Caveolin 1 ◽  
Argonaute 2 ◽  
Disease States ◽  
Mirna Content

Extracellular vesicles (EV) are secretory membranous elements used by cells to transport proteins, lipids, mRNAs, and microRNAs (miRNAs). While their existence has been known for many years, only recently has research begun to identify their function in intercellular communication and gene regulation. Importantly, cells have the ability to selectively sort miRNA into EVs for secretion to nearby or distant targets. These mechanisms broadly include RNA-binding proteins such as hnRNPA2B1 and Argonaute-2, but also membranous proteins involved in EV biogenesis such as Caveolin-1 and Neural Sphingomyelinase 2. Moreover, certain disease states have also identified dysregulated EV-miRNA content, shedding light on the potential role of selective sorting in pathogenesis. These pathologies include chronic lung disease, immune response, neuroinflammation, diabetes mellitus, cancer, and heart disease. In this review, we will overview the mechanisms whereby cells selectively sort miRNA into EVs and also outline disease states where EV-miRNAs become dysregulated.

scholarly journals RNA‐seq–based profiling of extracellular vesicles in plasma reveals a potential role of miR‐122‐5p in asthma

Allergy ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 76 (1) ◽  
pp. 366-371
Author(s):  
Thomas Bahmer ◽  
Susanne Krauss‐Etschmann ◽  
Dominik Buschmann ◽  
Jochen Behrends ◽  
Henrik Watz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Extracellular Vesicles ◽  
Potential Role ◽  
Rna Seq

scholarly journals The Role of Extracellular Vesicles in Cutaneous Remodeling and Hair Follicle Dynamics

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (11) ◽  
pp. 2758 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elisa Carrasco ◽  
Gonzalo Soto-Heredero ◽  
María Mittelbrunn
Keyword(s):  
Hair Follicle ◽  
Extracellular Vesicles ◽  
Cell Function ◽  
Hair Follicles ◽  
The Body ◽  
Epithelial Stem Cells ◽  
Therapeutic Approaches ◽  
Waste Products ◽  
Efficient Treatment

Extracellular vesicles (EVs), including exosomes, microvesicles, and apoptotic bodies, are cell-derived membranous structures that were originally catalogued as a way of releasing cellular waste products. Since the discovery of their function in intercellular communication as carriers of proteins, lipids, and DNA and RNA molecules, numerous therapeutic approaches have focused on the use of EVs, in part because of their minimized risk compared to cell-based therapies. The skin is the organ with the largest surface in the body. Besides the importance of its body barrier function, much attention has been paid to the skin in regenerative medicine because of its cosmetic aspect, which is closely related to disorders affecting pigmentation and the presence or absence of hair follicles. The use of exosomes in therapeutic approaches for cutaneous wound healing has been reported and is briefly reviewed here. However, less attention has been paid to emerging interest in the potential capacity of EVs as modulators of hair follicle dynamics. Hair follicles are skin appendices that mainly comprise an epidermal and a mesenchymal component, with the former including a major reservoir of epithelial stem cells but also melanocytes and other cell types. Hair follicles continuously cycle, undergoing consecutive phases of resting, growing, and regression. Many biomolecules carried by EVs have been involved in the control of the hair follicle cycle and stem cell function. Thus, investigating the role of either naturally produced or therapeutically delivered EVs as signaling vehicles potentially involved in skin homeostasis and hair cycling may be an important step in the attempt to design future strategies towards the efficient treatment of several skin disorders.

scholarly journals Macrophage‐derived extracellular vesicles mediate smooth muscle hyperplasia: role of altered miRNA cargo in response to HIV infection and substance abuse

2018 ◽  
Vol 32 (9) ◽  
pp. 5174-5185 ◽  
Author(s):  
Himanshu Sharma ◽  
Mahendran Chinnappan ◽  
Stuti Agarwal ◽  
Pranjali Dalvi ◽  
Sumedha Gunewardena ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Substance Abuse ◽  
Smooth Muscle ◽  
Hiv Infection ◽  
Extracellular Vesicles ◽  
Muscle Hyperplasia ◽  
Smooth Muscle Hyperplasia

The Role of Controlled Substance Use in Diversion Outcomes Among Mentally Ill Offenders: A Pilot Study

2017 ◽  
Vol 62 (9) ◽  
pp. 2709-2725
Author(s):  
Jennifer K. Boland ◽  
Barry Rosenfeld
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
Substance Abuse ◽  
Substance Use ◽  
Psychotic Disorders ◽  
Mentally Ill Offenders ◽  
Program Participation ◽  
Diversion Programs ◽  
Diversion Program ◽  
Drug History

Diversion programs offer opportunities to offenders with substance abuse or mental illness to attend treatment as an alternative to incarceration. The present study identified variables associated with drug relapse and recidivism and the moderating role of substance use on recidivism in a diversion sample. Data were collected from 80 clients with psychotic disorders from a diversion program in New York City. Outcomes were examined after 6 and 12 months of program participation. Individuals who used controlled substances other than alcohol or cannabis were more likely to have a positive toxicology result than those who used alcohol or cannabis only or those with no alcohol/drug history. Individuals with schizoaffective disorder were more likely to be rearrested than individuals with other diagnoses, as were those with a violent offense (e.g., assault, robbery). Positive toxicology results were unrelated to rearrest and did not moderate recidivism, suggesting substance abuse may be only indirectly related to rearrest among diverted offenders.

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