scholarly journals Tumor-Associated Macrophages: Combination of Therapies, the Approach to Improve Cancer Treatment

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (13) ◽  
pp. 7239
Author(s):  
Pedram Moeini ◽  
Paulina Niedźwiedzka-Rystwej
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Tumor Microenvironment ◽  
Cancer Treatment ◽  
Tumor Cells ◽  
Cancer Progression ◽  
Innate Immune System ◽  
Innate Immune ◽  
Tumor Associated Macrophages ◽  
Therapy Failure ◽  
Cellular Debris

Macrophages are one of the most important cells of the innate immune system and are known for their ability to engulf and digest foreign substances, including cellular debris and tumor cells. They can convert into tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) when mature macrophages are recruited into the tumor microenvironment. Their role in cancer progression, metastasis, and therapy failure is of special note. The aim of this review is to understand how the presence of TAMs are both advantageous and disadvantageous in the immune system.

scholarly journals Molecular Interactions between Dying Tumor Cells and the Innate Immune System Determine the Efficacy of Conventional Anticancer Therapies

2008 ◽  
Vol 68 (11) ◽  
pp. 4026-4030 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lionel Apetoh ◽  
Antoine Tesniere ◽  
François Ghiringhelli ◽  
Guido Kroemer ◽  
Laurence Zitvogel
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Tumor Cells ◽  
Molecular Interactions ◽  
Innate Immune System ◽  
Innate Immune

scholarly journals Understanding the Role of Innate Immune Cells and Identifying Genes in Breast Cancer Microenvironment

Cancers ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (8) ◽  
pp. 2226
Author(s):  
Israa Shihab ◽  
Bariaa A. Khalil ◽  
Noha Mousaad Elemam ◽  
Ibrahim Y. Hachim ◽  
Mahmood Yaseen Hachim ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Breast Cancer ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Tumor Microenvironment ◽  
Nk Cells ◽  
Immune Cells ◽  
Innate Immune System ◽  
Adaptive Immune System ◽  
Innate Immune ◽  
Innate Immune Cells ◽  
Cancer Microenvironment

The innate immune system is the first line of defense against invading pathogens and has a major role in clearing transformed cells, besides its essential role in activating the adaptive immune system. Macrophages, dendritic cells, NK cells, and granulocytes are part of the innate immune system that accumulate in the tumor microenvironment such as breast cancer. These cells induce inflammation in situ by secreting cytokines and chemokines that promote tumor growth and progression, in addition to orchestrating the activities of other immune cells. In breast cancer microenvironment, innate immune cells are skewed towards immunosuppression that may lead to tumor evasion. However, the mechanisms by which immune cells could interact with breast cancer cells are complex and not fully understood. Therefore, the importance of the mammary tumor microenvironment in the development, growth, and progression of cancer is widely recognized. With the advances of using bioinformatics and analyzing data from gene banks, several genes involved in NK cells of breast cancer individuals have been identified. In this review, we discuss the activities of certain genes involved in the cross-talk among NK cells and breast cancer. Consequently, altering tumor immune microenvironment can make breast tumors more responsive to immunotherapy.

scholarly journals Pattern Recognition Receptors in Cancer Progression and Metastasis

2015 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
pp. CGM.S24314 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sanjay Pandey ◽  
Saurabh Singh ◽  
Vandana Anang ◽  
Anant N. Bhatt ◽  
K. Natarajan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pattern Recognition ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Tumor Cell ◽  
Cancer Progression ◽  
Innate Immune System ◽  
Pattern Recognition Receptors ◽  
Innate Immune ◽  
Preventive Strategy ◽  
Chronic Activation

The innate immune system is an integral component of the inflammatory response to pathophysiological stimuli. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) and inflammasomes are the major sensors and pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) of the innate immune system that activate stimulus (signal)-specific proinflammatory responses. Chronic activation of PRRs has been found to be associated with the aggressiveness of various cancers and poor prognosis. Involvement of PRRs was earlier considered to be limited to infection- and injury-driven carcinogenesis, where they are activated by pathogenic ligands. With the recognition of damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) as ligands of PRRs, the role of PRRs in carcinogenesis has also been implicated in other non-pathogen-driven neoplasms. Dying (apoptotic or necrotic) cells shed a plethora of DAMPs causing persistent activation of PRRs, leading to chronic inflammation and carcinogenesis. Such chronic activation of TLRs promotes tumor cell proliferation and enhances tumor cell invasion and metastasis by regulating pro-inflammatory cytokines, metalloproteinases, and integrins. Due to the decisive role of PRRs in carcinogenesis, targeting PRRs appears to be an effective cancer-preventive strategy. This review provides a brief account on the association of PRRs with various cancers and their role in carcinogenesis.

scholarly journals The Interactions between Nanoparticles and the Innate Immune System from a Nanotechnologist Perspective

Nanomaterials ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (11) ◽  
pp. 2991
Author(s):  
Lena M. Ernst ◽  
Eudald Casals ◽  
Paola Italiani ◽  
Diana Boraschi ◽  
Victor Puntes
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Innate Immune System ◽  
Inflammatory Responses ◽  
Innate Immune ◽  
Inorganic Nanoparticles ◽  
Cellular Debris ◽  
Abnormal Cells ◽  
Nanoparticle Design ◽  
Modes Of Interaction ◽  
Molecular Patterns

The immune system contributes to maintaining the body’s functional integrity through its two main functions: recognizing and destroying foreign external agents (invading microorganisms) and identifying and eliminating senescent cells and damaged or abnormal endogenous entities (such as cellular debris or misfolded/degraded proteins). Accordingly, the immune system can detect molecular and cellular structures with a spatial resolution of a few nm, which allows for detecting molecular patterns expressed in a great variety of pathogens, including viral and bacterial proteins and bacterial nucleic acid sequences. Such patterns are also expressed in abnormal cells. In this context, it is expected that nanostructured materials in the size range of proteins, protein aggregates, and viruses with different molecular coatings can engage in a sophisticated interaction with the immune system. Nanoparticles can be recognized or passed undetected by the immune system. Once detected, they can be tolerated or induce defensive (inflammatory) or anti-inflammatory responses. This paper describes the different modes of interaction between nanoparticles, especially inorganic nanoparticles, and the immune system, especially the innate immune system. This perspective should help to propose a set of selection rules for nanosafety-by-design and medical nanoparticle design.

scholarly journals The Role of the Innate Immune System in Cancer Dormancy and Relapse

Cancers ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (22) ◽  
pp. 5621
Author(s):  
Noah M. Chernosky ◽  
Ilaria Tamagno
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Cancer Cells ◽  
Cancer Progression ◽  
Immune Cells ◽  
Innate Immune System ◽  
Immune Escape ◽  
Disease Process ◽  
Innate Immune ◽  
Cancer Dormancy

Metastatic spread and recurrence are intimately linked to therapy failure, which remains an overarching clinical challenge for patients with cancer. Cancer cells often disseminate early in the disease process and can remain dormant for years or decades before re-emerging as metastatic disease, often after successful treatment. The interactions of dormant cancer cells and their metastatic niche, comprised of various stromal and immune cells, can determine the length of time that cancer cells remain dormant, as well as when they reactivate. New studies are defining how innate immune cells in the primary tumor may be corrupted to help facilitate many aspects of dissemination and re-emergence from a dormant state. Although the scientific literature has partially shed light on the drivers of immune escape in cancer, the specific mechanisms regulating metastasis and dormancy in the context of anti-tumor immunity are still mostly unknown. This review follows the journey of metastatic cells from dissemination to dormancy and the onset of metastatic outgrowth and recurrent tumor development, with emphasis on the role of the innate immune system. To this end, further research identifying how immune cells interact with cancer cells at each step of cancer progression will pave the way for new therapies that target the reactivation of dormant cancer cells into recurrent, metastatic cancers.

scholarly journals Endocrine-Disrupting Chemicals’ (EDCs) Effects on Tumour Microenvironment and Cancer Progression: Emerging Contribution of RACK1

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (23) ◽  
pp. 9229
Author(s):  
Erica Buoso ◽  
Mirco Masi ◽  
Marco Racchi ◽  
Emanuela Corsini
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Cancer Risk ◽  
Endocrine Disruptors ◽  
Cancer Progression ◽  
Innate Immune System ◽  
Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals ◽  
Tumour Microenvironment ◽  
Innate Immune ◽  
Endocrine Disrupting ◽  
Molecular Bridge

Endocrine disruptors (EDCs) can display estrogenic and androgenic effects, and their exposure has been linked to increased cancer risk. EDCs have been shown to directly affect cancer cell regulation and progression, but their influence on tumour microenvironment is still not completely elucidated. In this context, the signalling hub protein RACK1 (Receptor for Activated C Kinase 1) could represent a nexus between cancer and the immune system due to its roles in cancer progression and innate immune activation. Since RACK1 is a relevant EDCs target that responds to steroid-active compounds, it could be considered a molecular bridge between the endocrine-regulated tumour microenvironment and the innate immune system. We provide an analysis of immunomodulatory and cancer-promoting effects of different EDCs in shaping tumour microenvironment, with a final focus on the scaffold protein RACK1 as a pivotal molecular player due to its dual role in immune and cancer contexts.

scholarly journals Natural Killer Cell Dysfunction in Obese Patients with Breast Cancer: A Review of a Triad and Its Implications

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
Esraa Elaraby ◽  
Abdullah Imadeddin Malek ◽  
Hanan W. Abdullah ◽  
Noha Mousaad Elemam ◽  
Maha Saber-Ayad ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Breast Cancer ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Nk Cells ◽  
Natural Killer ◽  
Tumor Cells ◽  
Innate Immune System ◽  
Killer Cell ◽  
Innate Immune ◽  
Obese Patients ◽  
Cell Dysfunction

Natural killer cells (NK cells) are a crucial constituent of the innate immune system as they mediate immunity against viruses, bacteria, parasites, and most importantly, tumor cells. The exact mechanism of how the innate immune system and specifically NK cells interact with cancer cells is complex and is yet to be understood. Several factors that constitute the tumor microenvironment (TME) such as hypoxia and TGF-β are believed to play a role in the complex physiological reaction of NK cells to tumor cells. On the other hand, several risk factors are implicated in the development and progression of breast cancer, most importantly: obesity. Cytokines released from adipose tissue such as adipokines, leptin, and resistin, among others, are also believed to facilitate tumor progression. In this study, we aimed to build a triad of breast cancer, obesity, and NK cell dysfunction to elucidate a link between these pillars on a cellular level. Directing efforts towards solidifying the link between these factors will help in designing a targeted immunotherapy with a low side-effect profile that can revolutionize breast cancer treatment and improve survival in obese patients.

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