IAPV-Induced Paralytic Symptoms Associated with Tachypnea via Impaired Tracheal System Function

Although it had been reported that Israeli acute paralysis virus (IAPV) can cause systemic infection in honey bees, little is known about how it establishes this infection and results in the typical symptoms, paralysis and trembling. Here, we used our previously constructed IAPV infectious clone to investigate viral loads in different tissues of honey bees and further identify the relation between tissue tropism and paralytic symptoms. Our results showed that tracheae showed a greater concentration of viral abundance than other tissues. The abundance of viral protein in the tracheae was positively associated with viral titers, and was further confirmed by immunological and ultrastructural evidence. Furthermore, higher viral loads in tracheae induced remarkable down-regulation of succinate dehydrogenase and cytochrome c oxidase genes, and progressed to causing respiratory failure of honey bees, resulting in the appearance of typical symptoms, paralysis and body trembling. Our results showed that paralysis symptoms or trembling was actually to mitigate tachypnea induced by IAPV infection due to the impairment of honey bee tracheae, and revealed a direct causal link between paralysis symptoms and tissue tropism. These findings provide new insights into the understanding of the underlying mechanism of paralysis symptoms of honey bees after viral infection and have implications for viral disease prevention and specific therapeutics in practice.

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First Complete Genome Sequence of Chronic Bee Paralysis Virus Isolated from Honey Bees ( Apis mellifera ) in China

Genome Announcements ◽

10.1128/genomea.00618-16 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 4 (4) ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Beibei Li ◽

Chunsheng Hou ◽

Shuai Deng ◽

Xuefeng Zhang ◽

Yanna Chu ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Apis Mellifera ◽

Honey Bee ◽

Genome Sequence ◽

Honey Bees ◽

Complete Genome Sequence ◽

Complete Genome ◽

Viral Disease ◽

Bee Colony ◽

Honey Bee Colony ◽

Paralysis Virus

Chronic bee paralysis virus (CBPV) is a serious viral disease affecting adult bees. We report here the complete genome sequence of CBPV, which was isolated from a honey bee colony with the symptom of severe crawling. The genome of CBPV consists of two segments, RNA 1 and RNA 2, containing respective overlapping fragments.

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Multiple aromatic amino acids are involved in potyvirus movement by forming π-stackings to maintain coat protein accumulation

Phytopathology Research ◽

10.1186/s42483-021-00088-9 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 3 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Zhi-Yong Yan ◽

Xiao-Jie Xu ◽

Le Fang ◽

Chao Geng ◽

Yan-Ping Tian ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Coat Protein ◽

Mosaic Virus ◽

Infectious Clone ◽

Three Dimensional ◽

Cell Movement ◽

Systemic Infection ◽

Watermelon Mosaic Virus ◽

Protein Accumulation ◽

Three Dimensional Model ◽

Aromatic Residues

AbstractCoat protein (CP) is required for potyviruses to move and establish a systemic infection in plants. π-stackings formed by aromatic residues play critical roles in maintaining protein stability and functions. As we know, many aromatic residues located in the core region of potyvirus CPs are conserved. However, their roles in potyvirus infection remain largely unknown. Here, through analysis of the three-dimensional model of the tobacco vein banding mosaic virus (TVBMV; genus Potyvirus) CP, 16 aromatic residues were predicated to form π-stackings. The results of transient expression experiments demonstrated that deletion of any of these 16 aromatic residues reduced CP accumulation. Infectivity assays showed that deletion of any of these aromatic residues in the TVBMV infectious clone abolished cell-to-cell movement and reduced replication of the virus. Substitution of Y105 and Y147 individually with non-aromatic residues alanine or glycine reduced CP accumulation, virus replication, and abolished the ability of TVBMV to move intercellularly, while substitution of these two residues individually with aromatic residues phenylalanine or tryptophan, had no or little effect on CP accumulation and TVBMV systemic movement and replication. Similar results were obtained from the CP mutants of watermelon mosaic virus (WMV, genus Potyvirus). Taken together, our results demonstrate that multiple aromatic residues in CP are involved in potyvirus movement by forming π-stackings to maintain CP accumulation.

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Comparing Survival of Israeli Acute Paralysis Virus Infection among Stocks of U.S. Honey Bees

Insects ◽

10.3390/insects12010060 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 12 (1) ◽

pp. 60

Author(s):

Shilpi Bhatia ◽

Saman S. Baral ◽

Carlos Vega Melendez ◽

Esmaeil Amiri ◽

Olav Rueppell

Keyword(s):

Honey Bee ◽

Honey Bees ◽

Virus Infections ◽

Israeli Acute Paralysis Virus ◽

Immune Genes ◽

Starting Point ◽

Bee Health ◽

Honey Bee Health ◽

Survival Differences ◽

Paralysis Virus

Among numerous viruses that infect honey bees (Apis mellifera), Israeli acute paralysis virus (IAPV) can be linked to severe honey bee health problems. Breeding for virus resistance may improve honey bee health. To evaluate the potential for this approach, we compared the survival of IAPV infection among stocks from the U.S. We complemented the survival analysis with a survey of existing viruses in these stocks and assessing constitutive and induced expression of immune genes. Worker offspring from selected queens in a common apiary were inoculated with IAPV by topical applications after emergence to assess subsequent survival. Differences among stocks were small compared to variation within stocks, indicating the potential for improving honey bee survival of virus infections in all stocks. A positive relation between worker survival and virus load among stocks further suggested that honey bees may be able to adapt to better cope with viruses, while our molecular studies indicate that toll-6 may be related to survival differences among virus-infected worker bees. Together, these findings highlight the importance of viruses in queen breeding operations and provide a promising starting point for the quest to improve honey bee health by selectively breeding stock to be better able to survive virus infections.

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Pathogenicity of novel goose-origin astrovirus causing gout in goslings

BMC Veterinary Research ◽

10.1186/s12917-020-02739-z ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 17 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Dan Yin ◽

Jiajun Tian ◽

Jing Yang ◽

Yi Tang ◽

Youxiang Diao

Keyword(s):

Biochemical Parameters ◽

Clinical Symptoms ◽

Future Research ◽

Tissue Tropism ◽

Virus Shedding ◽

Viral Loads ◽

Blood Biochemical ◽

Copy Numbers ◽

Viral Copy ◽

Kidney Liver

Abstract Background A novel goose-origin astrovirus (GoAstV) has broken out across China in recent years, causing gout in goslings with a mortality rate of around 50%. However, our understanding of the dynamic distribution, tissue tropism and pathogenesis of GoAstV is incomplete. In order to assess its pathogenicity, one-day-old goslings were inoculated separately with GoAstV via oral and subcutaneous injection routes. Results Clinical symptoms, gross and microscopic lesions, blood biochemical parameters and viral loads were detected and recorded for 20 days after infection. Typical gout was observed in experimental goslings. GoAstV can be replicated in tissues and cause pathological damage, especially in the kidney, liver, heart and spleen. Virus-specific genomic RNA was detected in blood, cloacal swabs and all representative tissues, and virus shedding was detected up to 20 days after inoculation, suggesting that GoAstV has a wide tissue tropism and spread systematically after inoculation. The viral copy numbers examined in kidney were the highest, followed by spleen and liver. Conclusion This experiment determined the accurate value of viral loads and biochemical indicators of GoAstV-induced goslings. These findings increase our understanding of the pathogenicity of GoAstV in goslings and provide more reference for future research.

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Viral route of infection determines the effect of Drosophila melanogaster gut bacteria on host resistance and tolerance to disease

10.1101/2021.02.18.431843 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Miguel Landum ◽

Marta Salvado Silva ◽

Nelson Martins ◽

Luís Teixeira

Keyword(s):

Drosophila Melanogaster ◽

Viral Infections ◽

Systemic Infection ◽

Lactobacillus Brevis ◽

Gut Bacteria ◽

Associated Bacteria ◽

Germ Free ◽

Viral Loads ◽

Route Of Infection ◽

The Impact

AbstractThe microbial community interacting with a host can modulate the outcome of pathogenic infections. For instance, Wolbachia, one of the most prevalent invertebrate endosymbionts, strongly increases resistance of Drosophila melanogaster and other insect hosts, to many RNA viruses. D. melanogaster is also in continuous association with gut bacteria, whose role in antiviral immunity is poorly characterized. Here we asked how gut-colonizing bacteria impact viral titres and host survival, and how these interact with route of infection or Wolbachia presence. We compared germ-free flies and flies associated with two gut bacteria species recently isolated from wild flies (Acetobacter thailandicus and Lactobacillus brevis). We found that Wolbachia-conferred protection to both DCV or FHV is not affected by the presence or absence of these gut bacteria. Flies carrying A. thailandicus have lower DCV loads than germ-free flies, upon systemic infection, but reduced survival, indicating that these bacteria increase resistance to virus and decrease disease tolerance. Association with L. brevis, alone or in combination with A. thailandicus, did not lead to changes in survival to systemic infection. In contrast to the effect on systemic infection, we did not observe an impact of these bacteria on survival or viral loads after oral infection. Overall, the impact of gut-associated bacteria in resistance and tolerance to viruses was mild, when compared with Wolbachia. These results indicate that the effect of gut-associated bacteria to different viral infections, and different routes of infection, is complex and understanding it requires a detailed characterization of several parameters of infection.

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Metagenomic analysis of bat guano samples revealed the presence of viruses potentially carried by insects, among others by Apis mellifera in Hungary

Acta Veterinaria Hungarica ◽

10.1556/004.2018.014 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 66 (1) ◽

pp. 151-161

Author(s):

Brigitta Zana ◽

Gábor Kemenesi ◽

Péter Urbán ◽

Fanni Földes ◽

Tamás Görföl ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Honey Bee ◽

Honey Bees ◽

Metagenomic Analysis ◽

First Time ◽

The Relationship ◽

Big Sioux River ◽

Bee Colonies ◽

Close Genetic Relationship ◽

Paralysis Virus ◽

Bat Guano

The predominance of dietary viruses in bat guano samples had been described recently, suggesting a new opportunity to survey the prevalence and to detect new viruses of arthropods or even plant-infecting viruses circulating locally in the ecosystem. Here we describe the diversity of viruses belonging to the order Picornavirales in Hungarian insectivorous bat guano samples. The metagenomic analysis conducted on our samples has revealed the significant predominance of aphid lethal paralysis virus (ALPV) and Big Sioux River virus (BSRV) in Hungary for the first time. Phylogenetic analysis was used to clarify the relationship to previously identified ALPV strains infecting honey bees, showing that our strain possesses a close genetic relationship with the strains that have already been described as pathogenic to honey bees. Furthermore, studies have previously confirmed the ability of these viruses to replicate in adult honey bees; however, no signs related to these viruses have been revealed yet. With the identification of two recently described possibly honey bee infecting viruses for the first time in Hungary, our results might have importance for the health conditions of Hungarian honey bee colonies in the future.

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Effect of Increased Daily Cochlear Implant Use on Auditory Perception in Adults

Journal of Speech Language and Hearing Research ◽

10.1044/2021_jslhr-21-00066 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 1-12

Author(s):

Jourdan T. Holder ◽

René H. Gifford

Keyword(s):

Speech Recognition ◽

Cochlear Implant ◽

Auditory Perception ◽

Underlying Mechanism ◽

Causal Link ◽

Data Logging ◽

Spectral Processing ◽

Wear Time ◽

Percentage Points ◽

Questionnaire Administration

Purpose Despite the recommendation for cochlear implant (CI) processor use during all waking hours, variability in average daily wear time remains high. Previous work has shown that objective wear time is significantly correlated with speech recognition outcomes. We aimed to investigate the causal link between daily wear time and speech recognition outcomes and assess one potential underlying mechanism, spectral processing, driving the causal link. We hypothesized that increased CI use would result in improved speech recognition via improved spectral processing. Method Twenty adult CI recipients completed two study visits. The baseline visit included auditory perception testing (speech recognition and spectral processing measures), questionnaire administration, and documentation of data logging from the CI software. Participants watched an educational video, and they were informed of the compensation schedule. Participants were then asked to increase their daily CI use over a 4-week period during everyday life. Baseline measures were reassessed following the 4-week period. Results Seventeen out of 20 participants increased their daily CI use. On average, participants’ speech recognition improved by 3.0, 2.4, and 7.0 percentage points per hour of increased average daily CI use for consonant–nucleus–consonant words, AzBio sentences, and AzBio sentences in noise, respectively. Questionnaire scores were similar between visits. Spectral processing showed significant improvement and accounted for a small amount of variance in the change in speech recognition values. Conclusions Improved consistency of processor use over a 4-week period yielded significant improvements in speech recognition scores. Though a significant factor, spectral processing is likely not the only mechanism driving improvement in speech recognition; further research is warranted.

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Discovery of Aphid Lethal Paralysis Virus in Vespa velutina and Apis cerana in China

Insects ◽

10.3390/insects10060157 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 10 (6) ◽

pp. 157 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Dahe Yang ◽

Hongxia Zhao ◽

Junming Shi ◽

Xiang Xu ◽

Yanyan Wu ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Honey Bees ◽

Apis Cerana ◽

Terrestrial Ecosystems ◽

Viral Reservoir ◽

Molecular Evidence ◽

Deformed Wing Virus ◽

Vespa Velutina ◽

Pollinator Abundance ◽

The Usa ◽

Paralysis Virus

Honey bees are essential to the functioning of terrestrial ecosystems. However, despite no single factor being blamed for losses of honey bee colonies in Europe and the USA, viruses have been considered as a major driver. Moreover, a virus vector can enhance the titer and virulence of virus such as Varroa destructor can change the virulence of the deformed wing virus. Here, we report molecular evidence for aphid lethal paralysis virus (ALPV) infecting Vespa velutina, which is an important predator of honey bees, especially of Apis cerana. Viral replication and phylogenetic analysis indicated that ALPV can not only replicate in V. velutina and A. cerana, but ALPV from A. cerana (ALPV-Ac) was also significantly associated with that of V. velutina (ALPV-Vv), though distinct from those of Apis mellifera (ALPV-Am). The host state posterior probability displayed that V. velutina is the main viral reservoir between V. velutina and A. cerana. Our results show ALPV had expanded host diversity resulting in potential impacts on the health of pollinators, even on the pollination ecosystem. We suggest further studies should investigate potential risks and impacts on pollinator populations of hornets. These results should have an impact conservation efforts focused on sustaining native pollinator abundance and diversity, and therefore, the crucial ecosystem services that they provide.

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Crossing boundaries and building bridges: integrative zoology

Canadian Journal of Zoology ◽

10.1139/cjz-2015-0155 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 93 (9) ◽

pp. 677-678

Author(s):

Angela L. Shamchuk ◽

Heath A. MacMillan

Keyword(s):

Honey Bees ◽

Research Articles ◽

Canadian Society ◽

Special Issue ◽

Biological Organization ◽

Geographic Spread ◽

Integrative Study ◽

Historical Role ◽

Proteomic Response ◽

Paralysis Virus

The invited papers in this special issue highlight contributions to the symposium with the same title, held at Genomes to Biomes: the First Joint Meeting of the Canadian Society for Ecology and Evolution, the Canadian Society of Zoologists, and the Society of Canadian Limnologists. Today, leading researchers cross boundaries between layers of biological organization and traditional areas of expertise, and increasingly reach beyond their historical role in society to serve as public educators and science advocates. This series includes reviews of the integrative study of animals ranging from the very small (the world’s southernmost insect) to the very large (rorqual whales), a review on using ancient DNA to elucidate the physiology of long-extinct animals, and research articles that take us from the proteomic response of honey bees to Israeli acute paralysis virus (IAPV) infection to the geographic spread of a harmful invasive earthworm in the boreal forest.

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The 5′ Untranslated Region of a Novel Infectious Molecular Clone of the Dicistrovirus Cricket Paralysis Virus Modulates Infection

Journal of Virology ◽

10.1128/jvi.00463-15 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 89 (11) ◽

pp. 5919-5934 ◽

Cited By ~ 22

Author(s):

Craig H. Kerr ◽

Qing S. Wang ◽

Kathleen Keatings ◽

Anthony Khong ◽

Douglas Allan ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Untranslated Region ◽

Molecular Mechanisms ◽

Insect Cells ◽

Infectious Clone ◽

Virus Infectivity ◽

Viral Translation ◽

Content Type ◽

Host Virus Interactions ◽

Virus Interactions ◽

Paralysis Virus

ABSTRACTDicistroviridaeare a family of RNA viruses that possesses a single-stranded positive-sense RNA genome containing two distinct open reading frames (ORFs), each preceded by an internal ribosome entry site that drives translation of the viral structural and nonstructural proteins, respectively. The type species,Cricket paralysis virus(CrPV), has served as a model for studying host-virus interactions; however, investigations into the molecular mechanisms of CrPV and other dicistroviruses have been limited as an established infectious clone was elusive. Here, we report the construction of an infectious molecular clone of CrPV. Transfection ofin vitro-transcribed RNA from the CrPV clone intoDrosophilaSchneider line 2 (S2) cells resulted in cytopathic effects, viral RNA accumulation, detection of negative-sense viral RNA, and expression of viral proteins. Transmission electron microscopy, viral titers, and immunofluorescence-coupled transwell assays demonstrated that infectious viral particles are released from transfected cells. In contrast, mutant clones containing stop codons in either ORF decreased virus infectivity. Injection of adultDrosophilaflies with virus derived from CrPV clones but not UV-inactivated clones resulted in mortality. Molecular analysis of the CrPV clone revealed a 196-nucleotide duplication within its 5′ untranslated region (UTR) that stimulated translation of reporter constructs. In cells infected with the CrPV clone, the duplication inhibited viral infectivity yet did not affect viral translation or RNA accumulation, suggesting an effect on viral packaging or entry. The generation of the CrPV infectious clone provides a powerful tool for investigating the viral life cycle and pathogenesis of dicistroviruses and may further understanding of fundamental host-virus interactions in insect cells.IMPORTANCEDicistroviridae, which are RNA viruses that infect arthropods, have served as a model to gain insights into fundamental host-virus interactions in insect cells. Further insights into the viral molecular mechanisms are hampered due to a lack of an established infectious clone. We report the construction of the first infectious clone of the dicistrovirus, cricket paralysis virus (CrPV). We show that transfection of the CrPV clone RNA intoDrosophilacells led to production of infectious particles that resemble natural CrPV virions and result in cytopathic effects and expression of CrPV proteins and RNA in infected cells. The CrPV clone should provide insights into the dicistrovirus life cycle and host-virus interactions in insect cells. Using this clone, we find that a 196-nucleotide duplication within the 5′ untranslated region of the CrPV clone increased viral translation in reporter constructs but decreased virus infectivity, thus revealing a balance that interplays between viral translation and replication.

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