scholarly journals Fighting Cancer with Bacteria and Their Toxins

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (23) ◽  
pp. 12980
Author(s):  
Dragan Trivanović ◽  
Krešimir Pavelić ◽  
Željka Peršurić
Keyword(s):  
Cancer Therapy ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Treatment Strategies ◽  
Bacterial Toxins ◽  
Recent Application ◽  
Persistent Infections ◽  
Current State ◽  
New Treatment ◽  
Interesting Solution

Cancer is one of the most important global health problems that continues to demand new treatment strategies. Many bacteria that cause persistent infections play a role in carcinogenesis. However, since bacteria are well studied in terms of molecular mechanisms, they have been proposed as an interesting solution to treat cancer. In this review, we present the use of bacteria, and particularly bacterial toxins, in cancer therapy, highlighting the advantages and limitations of bacterial toxins. Proteomics, as one of the omics disciplines, is essential for the study of bacterial toxins. Advances in proteomics have contributed to better characterization of bacterial toxins, but also to the development of anticancer drugs based on bacterial toxins. In addition, we highlight the current state of knowledge in the rapidly developing field of bacterial extracellular vesicles, with a focus on their recent application as immunotherapeutic agents.

scholarly journals Deciphering the Role of MicroRNAs in Neuroblastoma

Molecules ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. 99
Author(s):  
Vishnu Priya Veeraraghavan ◽  
Selvaraj Jayaraman ◽  
Gayathri Rengasamy ◽  
Ullas Mony ◽  
Dhanraj M Ganapathy ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Considerable Increase ◽  
Treatment Strategies ◽  
Signalling Pathways ◽  
Current State ◽  
Advanced Stages ◽  
Non Coding Rnas ◽  
New Treatment ◽  
Peripheral Sympathetic Nervous System

Neuroblastoma (NB) is a type of peripheral sympathetic nervous system cancer that most commonly affects children. It is caused by the improper differentiation of primitive neural crest cells during embryonic development. Although NB occurs for 8% of paediatric cancers, it accounts for 15% of cancer-related deaths. Despite a considerable increase in cytotoxic chemo- and radiotherapy, patients in advanced stages remain virtually incurable. Therefore, there is a desperate necessity for new treatment strategies to be investigated. Accumulating evidence suggested that microRNAs (miRNAs) are a class of non-coding RNAs with 19–25 nucleotides lengths and play a central role in the development of NB carcinogenesis. Fascinatingly, miRNA inhibitors have an antisense property that can inhibit miRNA function and suppress the activity of mature miRNA. However, many studies have addressed miRNA inhibition in the treatment of NB, but their molecular mechanisms and signalling pathways are yet to be analysed. In this study, we impart the current state of knowledge about the role of miRNA inhibition in the aetiology of NB.

scholarly journals Selected transgenic murine models of human autoimmune liver diseases

2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katarzyna Trzos ◽  
Natalia Pydyn ◽  
Jolanta Jura ◽  
Jerzy Kotlinowski
Keyword(s):  
Liver Diseases ◽  
Sclerosing Cholangitis ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Treatment Strategies ◽  
Primary Biliary Cholangitis ◽  
Murine Models ◽  
Transgenic Models ◽  
New Treatment ◽  
Transgenic Murine Models

AbstractMurine models of human diseases are of outmost importance for both studying molecular mechanisms driving their development and testing new treatment strategies. In this review, we first discuss the etiology and risk factors for autoimmune liver disease, including primary biliary cholangitis, autoimmune hepatitis and primary sclerosing cholangitis. Second, we highlight important features of murine transgenic models that make them useful for basic scientists, drug developers and clinical researchers. Next, a brief description of each disease is followed by the characterization of selected animal models.

scholarly journals MODERN TRENDS OF BASIC RESEARCH IN PATHOGENESIS OF PROGRESSIVE MYOPIA

2015 ◽  
Vol 69 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 44-49
Author(s):  
E. N. Iomdina ◽  
E. P. Tarutta
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Treatment Strategies ◽  
Basic Research ◽  
Individual Treatment ◽  
Myopia Progression ◽  
Neural Processes ◽  
Treatment Plans ◽  
Progressive Myopia ◽  
New Treatment ◽  
And Control

The growing prevalence of progressive myopia and its disabling consequences explains the elaboration of reliable diagnostic markers and new treatment strategies based on the research results of molecular mechanisms underlying the development of the condition. The paper reviews recent basic pathogenetic research studies which have greatly broadened the awareness of the deep causes of progressive myopia associated with the activity of certain growth factors, local and systemic protein metabolism, and regulation of hormonal and neural processes. Practical clinical guidelines for new criteria of diagnosis and control of myopia are published as they could be useful while selecting individual treatment plans including indications to sclera-strengthening therapy and its evaluation. The results may be promising in the elaboration of systemic and local medications for the prevention of myopia progression, which should address the regulation of connective tissue disorders, hormonal shifts, and imbalanced autonomic nervous system. 

Recent advances in network medicine: From disease mechanisms to new treatment strategies

2020 ◽  
Vol 26 (5) ◽  
pp. 609-615
Author(s):  
Ítalo Faria do Valle
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Biological Significance ◽  
Treatment Strategies ◽  
Molecular Networks ◽  
Network Medicine ◽  
Disease Mechanisms ◽  
Protein Interactome ◽  
Cellular Context ◽  
Human Proteins ◽  
New Treatment

Conventional reductionist approaches have guided most of our understanding in disease diagnostic and treatment. However, most diseases are not consequence of perturbations in a single protein or metabolite, but rather of the effect that these perturbations have in their cellular context. The emerging field of network medicine offers a set of tools to explore molecular networks and to retrieve insights about mechanisms of different diseases. The study of the protein interactome, the map of physical interactions among human proteins, revealed that disease proteins tend to interact with each other, linking diseases to well-defined interactome neighborhoods. These disease-associated neighborhoods have been defined as disease modules, and they can uncover the biological significance of genes identified by genetic studies, reveal molecular mechanisms that connect different phenotypes, and help identify new pharmacological strategies for disease treatment. Therefore, network medicine offers a framework in which the complexity of different aspects of multiple sclerosis can be explored in an integrative fashion, which can ultimately provide insights about disease mechanisms and treatment.

The intrinsic axon regenerative properties of mature neurons after injury

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chunfeng Liu ◽  
Jinlian Liu ◽  
Chaoqun Liu ◽  
Qing Zhou ◽  
Yaodong Zhou ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Axon Regeneration ◽  
Treatment Strategies ◽  
Treatment Method ◽  
Signaling Cascades ◽  
Regulate Gene Expression ◽  
Mature Neurons ◽  
New Treatment ◽  
Multiple Signaling ◽  
Critical Process

Abstract Thousands of nerve injuries occur in the world each year. Axon regeneration is a very critical process for the restoration of the injured nervous system’s function. However, the precise molecular mechanism or signaling cascades that control axon regeneration are not clearly understood, especially in mammals. Therefore, there is almost no ideal treatment method to repair the nervous system’s injury until now. Mammalian axonal regeneration requires multiple signaling pathways to coordinately regulate gene expression in soma and assembly of the cytoskeleton protein in the growth cone. A better understanding of their molecular mechanisms, such as axon regeneration regulatory signaling cascades, will be helpful in developing new treatment strategies for promoting axon regeneration. In this review, we mainly focus on describing these regeneration-associated signaling cascades, which regulate axon regeneration.

scholarly journals Cellular, synaptic, and network effects of chemokines in the central nervous system and their implications to behavior

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joanna Ewa Sowa ◽  
Krzysztof Tokarski
Keyword(s):  
Glial Cells ◽  
Network Effects ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Treatment Strategies ◽  
Neurological Impairment ◽  
Fine Tuning ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Biased Signaling ◽  
New Treatment

AbstractAccumulating evidence highlights chemokines as key mediators of the bidirectional crosstalk between neurons and glial cells aimed at preserving brain functioning. The multifaceted role of these immune proteins in the CNS is mirrored by the complexity of the mechanisms underlying its biological function, including biased signaling. Neurons, only in concert with glial cells, are essential players in the modulation of brain homeostatic functions. Yet, attempts to dissect these complex multilevel mechanisms underlying coordination are still lacking. Therefore, the purpose of this review is to summarize the current knowledge about mechanisms underlying chemokine regulation of neuron–glia crosstalk linking molecular, cellular, network, and behavioral levels. Following a brief description of molecular mechanisms by which chemokines interact with their receptors and then summarizing cellular patterns of chemokine expression in the CNS, we next delve into the sequence and mechanisms of chemokine-regulated neuron–glia communication in the context of neuroprotection. We then define the interactions with other neurotransmitters, neuromodulators, and gliotransmitters. Finally, we describe their fine-tuning on the network level and the behavioral relevance of their modulation. We believe that a better understanding of the sequence and nature of events that drive neuro-glial communication holds promise for the development of new treatment strategies that could, in a context- and time-dependent manner, modulate the action of specific chemokines to promote brain repair and reduce the neurological impairment.

scholarly journals Urinary Microbiome: Yin and Yang of the Urinary Tract

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Virginia Perez-Carrasco ◽  
Ana Soriano-Lerma ◽  
Miguel Soriano ◽  
José Gutiérrez-Fernández ◽  
Jose A. Garcia-Salcedo
Keyword(s):  
Urinary Tract ◽  
Treatment Strategies ◽  
Opportunistic Pathogens ◽  
Current State ◽  
Urinary Microbiome ◽  
Yin And Yang ◽  
Health And Disease ◽  
Tract Infections ◽  
Generation Sequencing

The application of next generation sequencing techniques has allowed the characterization of the urinary tract microbiome and has led to the rejection of the pre-established concept of sterility in the urinary bladder. Not only have microbial communities in the urinary tract been implicated in the maintenance of health but alterations in their composition have also been associated with different urinary pathologies, such as urinary tract infections (UTI). Therefore, the study of the urinary microbiome in healthy individuals, as well as its involvement in disease through the proliferation of opportunistic pathogens, could open a potential field of study, leading to new insights into prevention, diagnosis and treatment strategies for urinary pathologies. In this review we present an overview of the current state of knowledge about the urinary microbiome in health and disease, as well as its involvement in the development of new therapeutic strategies.

scholarly journals Oligodendrocytes as A New Therapeutic Target in Schizophrenia: From Histopathological Findings to Neuron-Oligodendrocyte Interaction

Cells ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (12) ◽  
pp. 1496 ◽  
Author(s):  
Florian J. Raabe ◽  
Lenka Slapakova ◽  
Moritz J. Rossner ◽  
Ludovico Cantuti-Castelvetri ◽  
Mikael Simons ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Treatment Strategies ◽  
Postmortem Brain ◽  
Term Outcome ◽  
Long Term Outcome ◽  
Peripheral Tissues ◽  
Correlative Imaging ◽  
Postmortem Studies ◽  
New Treatment ◽  
Induced Pluripotent

Imaging and postmortem studies have revealed disturbed oligodendroglia-related processes in patients with schizophrenia and provided much evidence for disturbed myelination, irregular gene expression, and altered numbers of oligodendrocytes in the brains of schizophrenia patients. Oligodendrocyte deficits in schizophrenia might be a result of failed maturation and disturbed regeneration and may underlie the cognitive deficits of the disease, which are strongly associated with impaired long-term outcome. Cognition depends on the coordinated activity of neurons and interneurons and intact connectivity. Oligodendrocyte precursors form a synaptic network with parvalbuminergic interneurons, and disturbed crosstalk between these cells may be a cellular basis of pathology in schizophrenia. However, very little is known about the exact axon-glial cellular and molecular processes that may be disturbed in schizophrenia. Until now, investigations were restricted to peripheral tissues, such as blood, correlative imaging studies, genetics, and molecular and histological analyses of postmortem brain samples. The advent of human-induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) will enable functional analysis in patient-derived living cells and holds great potential for understanding the molecular mechanisms of disturbed oligodendroglial function in schizophrenia. Targeting such mechanisms may contribute to new treatment strategies for previously treatment-resistant cognitive symptoms.

scholarly journals Phase I and Phase II Therapies for Acute Ischemic Stroke: An Update on Currently Studied Drugs in Clinical Research

2017 ◽  
Vol 2017 ◽  
pp. 1-14 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cesar Reis ◽  
Onat Akyol ◽  
Wing Mann Ho ◽  
Camila Araujo ◽  
Lei Huang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ischemic Stroke ◽  
Acute Ischemic Stroke ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Injury Severity ◽  
Treatment Strategies ◽  
Tissue Perfusion ◽  
Pathological Process ◽  
Acute Ischemia ◽  
Stroke Therapy ◽  
New Treatment

Acute ischemic stroke is a devastating cause of death and disability, consequences of which depend on the time from ischemia onset to treatment, the affected brain region, and its size. The main targets of ischemic stroke therapy aim to restore tissue perfusion in the ischemic penumbra in order to decrease the total infarct area by maintaining blood flow. Advances in research of pathological process and pathways during acute ischemia have resulted in improvement of new treatment strategies apart from restoring perfusion. Additionally, limiting the injury severity by manipulating the molecular mechanisms during ischemia has become a promising approach, especially in animal research. The purpose of this article is to review completed and ongoing phases I and II trials for the treatment of acute ischemic stroke, reviewing studies on antithrombotic, thrombolytic, neuroprotective, and antineuroinflammatory drugs that may translate into more effective treatments.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document