scholarly journals Fundamental Clock of Biological Aging: Convergence of Molecular, Neurodegenerative, Cognitive and Psychiatric Pathways: Non-Equilibrium Thermodynamics Meet Psychology

2021 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 285
Author(s):  
Victor V. Dyakin ◽  
Nuka V. Dyakina-Fagnano ◽  
Laura B. Mcintire ◽  
Vladimir N. Uversky
Keyword(s):  
Equilibrium Phase ◽  
Time Dependent ◽  
Biological Aging ◽  
Cellular Processes ◽  
Enzymatic Transformation ◽  
Psychological Stressors ◽  
Protein Aging ◽  
Response Systems ◽  
Aging Health ◽  
Non Equilibrium

In humans, age-associated degrading changes, widely observed in molecular and cellular processes underly the time-dependent decline in spatial navigation, time perception, cognitive and psychological abilities, and memory. Cross-talk of biological, cognitive, and psychological clocks provides an integrative contribution to healthy and advanced aging. At the molecular level, genome, proteome, and lipidome instability are widely recognized as the primary causal factors in aging. We narrow attention to the roles of protein aging linked to prevalent amino acids chirality, enzymatic and spontaneous (non-enzymatic) post-translational modifications (PTMs SP), and non-equilibrium phase transitions. The homochirality of protein synthesis, resulting in the steady-state non-equilibrium condition of protein structure, makes them prone to multiple types of enzymatic and spontaneous PTMs, including racemization and isomerization. Spontaneous racemization leads to the loss of the balanced prevalent chirality. Advanced biological aging related to irreversible PTMs SP has been associated with the nontrivial interplay between somatic (molecular aging) and mental (psychological aging) health conditions. Through stress response systems (SRS), the environmental and psychological stressors contribute to the age-associated “collapse” of protein homochirality. The role of prevalent protein chirality and entropy of protein folding in biological aging is mainly overlooked. In a more generalized context, the time-dependent shift from enzymatic to the non-enzymatic transformation of biochirality might represent an important and yet underappreciated hallmark of aging. We provide the experimental arguments in support of the racemization theory of aging.

scholarly journals Fundamental Clock of Biological Aging: Convergence of Molecular, Neurodegenerative, Cognitive, and Psychiatric Pathways: Non-Equilibrium Thermodynamics Meet Psychology

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Victor Vasilyevich Dyakin ◽  
Nika Victorovna Dyakina-Fagnano ◽  
Laura Beth McIntire ◽  
Vladimir Nikolaevich Uversky
Keyword(s):  
Equilibrium Phase ◽  
Time Dependent ◽  
Biological Aging ◽  
Post Translational Modifications ◽  
Cellular Processes ◽  
Enzymatic Transformation ◽  
Psychological Stressors ◽  
Protein Aging ◽  
Response Systems ◽  
Non Equilibrium

In humans, age-associated degrading changes are observed in molecular and cellular processes underly the time-dependent decline in spatial navigation, time perception, cognitive and psy-chological abilities, and memory. Cross talk of biological, cognitive, and psychological clocks provides an integrative contribution to healthy and advanced aging. At the molecular level, ge-nome, proteome, and lipidome instability are widely recognized as the primary causal factors in aging. We narrow attention to the roles of protein aging linked to prevalent amino acids chirali-ty, enzymatic and spontaneous (non-enzymatic) post-translational modifications (PTMs SP), and non-equilibrium phase transitions. The homochirality of protein synthesis, resulting in the steady-state non-equilibrium condition of protein structure, makes them prone to multiple types of enzymatic and spontaneous PTMs, including racemization and isomerization. Spontaneous racemization leads to the loss of the balanced prevalent chirality. Advanced biological aging re-lated to irreversible PTMs SP has been associated with the nontrivial interplay between poor so-matic and mental health conditions. Through stress response systems (SRS), the environmental and psychological stressors contribute to the age-associated “collapse” of protein homochirality. The role of prevalent protein chirality and entropy of protein folding in biological aging is mainly overlooked. In a more generalized context, the time-dependent shift from enzymatic to the non-enzymatic transformation of biochirality might represent an important and yet un-der-appreciated hallmark of aging.

Thermodynamic and Kinetic Calculation of Non-Equilibrium Microstructure Design of TRIP Steel

2014 ◽  
Vol 783-786 ◽  
pp. 766-770
Author(s):  
Yan Lin He ◽  
Na Qiong Zhu ◽  
Wei Sen Zheng ◽  
Xiao Gang Lu ◽  
Lin Li
Keyword(s):  
Trip Steel ◽  
Equilibrium Phase ◽  
Microstructure Design ◽  
Kinetic Calculation ◽  
Software Comparison ◽  
Thermo Calc Software ◽  
Curve Determination ◽  
Equilibrium Microstructure ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Non Equilibrium

The non-equilibrium microstructure of Fe-C-Mn-Si TRIP steel is designed bythermodynamic and kinetic calculation. The upper limit of bainitic transformation temperature iscalculated and compared to that characterized by CCT curve determination. s M temperature isdetermined based on thermodynamics of martensitic transformation and sublattice model. Thecalculation is conducted via TQ6-patch in Thermo-Calc software. Comparison between thecalculations and experiments reveals the relationship between non-equilibrium phase compositionand heat treatment parameters which can be utilized to achieve the elaborate design of alloy and heattreatment for super TRIP steel.

Heat Transfer Coefficient in Rapid Solidification of a Liquid Layer on a Substrate

2000 ◽  
Vol 122 (4) ◽  
pp. 792-800 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. S. Wei ◽  
F. B. Yeh
Keyword(s):  
Heat Transfer ◽  
Heat Transfer Coefficient ◽  
Transfer Coefficient ◽  
Biot Number ◽  
Equilibrium Phase ◽  
Density Ratio ◽  
Solid Substrate ◽  
Time Dependent ◽  
Bottom Surface ◽  
Melting Front

The heat transfer coefficient at the bottom surface of a splat rapidly solidified on a cold substrate is self-consistently and quantitatively investigated. Provided that the boundary condition at the bottom surface of the splat is specified by introducing the obtained heat transfer coefficient, solutions of the splat can be conveniently obtained without solving the substrate. In this work, the solidification front in the splat is governed by nonequilibrium kinetics while the melting front in the substrate undergoes equilibrium phase change. By solving one-dimensional unsteady heat conduction equations and accounting for distinct properties between phases and splat and substrate, the results show that the time-dependent heat transfer coefficient or Biot number can be divided into five regimes: liquid splat-solid substrate, liquid splat-liquid substrate, nucleation of splat, solid splat-solid substrate, and solid splat-liquid substrate. The Biot number at the bottom surface of the splat during liquid splat cooling increases and nucleation time decreases with increasing contact Biot number, density ratio, and solid conductivity of the substrate, and decreasing specific heat ratio. Decreases in melting temperature and liquid conductivity of the substrate and increase in latent heat ratio further decrease the Biot number at the bottom surface of the splat after the substrate becomes molten. Time-dependent Biot number at the bottom surface of the splat is obtained from a scale analysis. [S0022-1481(00)01004-5]

Non-equilibrium point defect model for time-dependent passivation of metal surfaces

2001 ◽  
Vol 46 (22) ◽  
pp. 3387-3396 ◽  
Author(s):  
Balaji Krishnamurthy ◽  
Ralph E. White ◽  
Harry J. Ploehn
Keyword(s):  
Equilibrium Point ◽  
Point Defect ◽  
Metal Surfaces ◽  
Time Dependent ◽  
Defect Model ◽  
Point Defect Model ◽  
Non Equilibrium

scholarly journals Equilibrium electrochemical synthesis diagrams of systems, forming homogeneous alloys and compounds

2003 ◽  
Vol 39 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 383-405 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Kaptay
Keyword(s):  
Thermodynamic Parameter ◽  
Electrochemical Synthesis ◽  
Equilibrium Phase ◽  
Equilibrium Composition ◽  
Alloy Formation ◽  
Fixed Temperature ◽  
Synthesis Conditions ◽  
Melt Composition ◽  
Alloys And Compounds ◽  
Non Equilibrium

In the present paper thermodynamic limitations will be derived and summarized in the form of Equilibrium Electrochemical Synthesis (EES) diagrams, in order to predict the composition of the equilibrium phase, synthesized by galvanostatic co-deposition of components on inert electrodes. As a thermodynamic parameter, a difference of deposition potentials of pure components ( ?E) on inert cathodes is used (this parameter is a function of melt composition and temperature). Generally, the EES diagram predicts the equilibrium composition of the alloy as function temperature and ?E. However, for systems with homogeneous alloy formation the composition- ?E diagrams, drawn at a fixed temperature are more informative. As examples EES diagrams are constructed for the liquid Mg-Nd alloy, for some A(III)-B(V) (where A = Al, Ga, In and B = As, Sb), Si-C and for the Al-Ti system. For the Al-rich part of the Al-Ti system, also a semi-schematic non-equilibrium ES diagram is constructed. Based on these diagrams, the synthesis conditions of various phases has been discussed.

scholarly journals Thermodynamic Analysis of Relaxation Model for Non-Equilibrium Phase Behavior of Hydrocarbon Mixtures

2021 ◽  
Vol 2090 (1) ◽  
pp. 012138
Author(s):  
I M Indrupskiy ◽  
P A Chageeva
Keyword(s):  
Relaxation Time ◽  
Phase Behavior ◽  
Relaxation Process ◽  
Thermodynamic Analysis ◽  
Balance Equation ◽  
Equilibrium Phase ◽  
Characteristic Relaxation Time ◽  
Relaxation Model ◽  
Entropy Balance ◽  
Non Equilibrium

Abstract Mathematical models of phase behavior are widely used to describe multiphase oil and gas-condensate systems during hydrocarbon recovery from natural petroleum reservoirs. Previously a non-equilibrium phase behavior model was proposed as an extension over generally adopted equilibrium models. It is based on relaxation of component chemical potentials difference between phases and provides accurate calculations in some typical situations when non-instantaneous changing of phase fractions and compositions in response to variations of pressure or total composition is to be considered. In this paper we present a thermodynamic analysis of the relaxation model. General equations of non-equilibrium thermodynamics for multiphase flows in porous media are considered, and reduced entropy balance equation for the relaxation process is obtained. Isotropic relaxation process is simulated for a real multicomponent hydrocarbon system with different values of characteristic relaxation time using the non-equilibrium model implemented in the PVT Designer module of the RFD tNavigator simulation software. The results are processed with a special algorithm implemented in Matlab to calculate graphs of the total entropy time derivative and its constituents in the entropy balance equation. It is shown that the constituents have different signs, and the greatest influence on the entropy is associated with the interphase flow of the major component of the mixture and the change of the total system volume in the isotropic process. The characteristic relaxation time affects the rate at which the entropy is approaching its maximum value.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document