scholarly journals Newborn Screening for Krabbe Disease—Illinois Experience: Role of Psychosine in Diagnosis of the Disease

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 24
Author(s):  
Khaja Basheeruddin ◽  
Rong Shao ◽  
Fran Balster ◽  
Pearlie Gardley ◽  
Laura Ashbaugh
Keyword(s):  
Newborn Screening ◽  
Late Onset ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Krabbe Disease ◽  
Reference Laboratory ◽  
Timely Manner ◽  
Second Tier ◽  
Galc Gene ◽  
Mass Spectrometry Assay

Population-based newborn screening for Krabbe disease was initiated by measurement of galactocerebrosidase (GALC) activity in the state of Illinois in December 2017. Due to the poor specificity of GALC for the diagnosis of Krabbe disease, second-tier testing services were provided to reduce the false positive rates for disease monitoring. Using ultra-pressure liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry assay, a total of 497,147 newborns were screened. In total, 288 infants’ specimens (0.06%) having reduced GALC activity were sent out for second-tier testing to a reference laboratory. All newborns’ reduced GALC specimens were tested for psychosine levels, the presence of a 30-kb deletion and GALC sequencing. The results showed that two infants had elevated psychosine levels (10 and 35 nM) and were referred immediately for evaluation and treatment for Infantile Krabbe disease, and six infants had intermediate PSY levels (≥2 to 5 nM) and are under observation as suspected candidates for late-onset Krabbe disease. In addition, 178 infants had pseudodeficiency alleles, all having psychosine levels < 2.0 nM. Our data show that a high percentage of reduced GALC activity (62%) was due to the presence of pseudodeficiency alleles in the GALC gene. In conclusion, incorporation of psychosine measurements can identify infants with infantile Krabbe disease and probable late-onset Krabbe infants. Furthermore, Krabbe disease screening can be achieved at public health laboratories, and infants with infantile Krabbe disease can be diagnosed in timely manner for better outcome.

scholarly journals Advances in the Diagnosis and Treatment of Krabbe Disease

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 57
Author(s):  
David A Wenger ◽  
Paola Luzi ◽  
Mohammad A. Rafi
Keyword(s):  
Newborn Screening ◽  
Autosomal Recessive ◽  
Cultured Cells ◽  
Krabbe Disease ◽  
Hematopoietic Stem ◽  
Pathogenic Variants ◽  
Second Tier ◽  
Galc Gene ◽  
Hydrolysis Of

Krabbe disease is an autosomal recessive leukodystrophy caused by pathogenic variants in the galactocerebrosidase (GALC) gene. GALC activity is needed for the lysosomal hydrolysis of galactosylceramide, an important component of myelin. While most patients are infants, older patients are also diagnosed. Starting in 1970, a diagnosis could be made by measuring GALC activity in leukocytes and cultured cells. After the purification of GALC in 1993, the cDNA and genes were cloned. Over 260 disease-causing variants as well as activity lowering benign variants have been identified. While some pathogenic variants can be considered “severe,” others can be considered “mild.” The combination of alleles determines the type of Krabbe disease a person will have. To identify patients earlier, newborn screening (NBS) has been implemented in several states. Low GALC activity in this screening test may indicate a diagnosis of Krabbe disease. Second tier testing as well as neuro-diagnostic studies may be required to identify those individuals needing immediate treatment. Treatment of pre-symptomatic or mildly symptomatic patients at this time is limited to hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Treatment studies using the mouse and dog models have shown that combining bone marrow transplantation with intra-venous gene therapy provides the best outcomes in terms of survival, behavior, and preservation of normal myelination in the central and peripheral nervous systems. With earlier diagnosis of patients through newborn screening and advances in treatment, it is hoped that more patients will have a much better quality of life.

scholarly journals The Role of Extended CFTR Gene Sequencing in Newborn Screening for Cystic Fibrosis

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 23 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anne Bergougnoux ◽  
Maureen Lopez ◽  
Emmanuelle Girodon
Keyword(s):  
Cystic Fibrosis ◽  
Newborn Screening ◽  
Dna Analysis ◽  
Genetic Diseases ◽  
Major Drawback ◽  
Coding Regions ◽  
Sequencing Technologies ◽  
Second Tier ◽  
Real Challenge

There has been considerable progress in the implementation of newborn screening (NBS) programs for cystic fibrosis (CF), with DNA analysis being part of an increasing number of strategies. Thanks to advances in genomic sequencing technologies, CFTR-extended genetic analysis (EGA) by sequencing its coding regions has become affordable and has already been included as part of a limited number of core NBS programs, to the benefit of admixed populations. Based on results analysis of existing programs, the values and challenges of EGA are reviewed in the perspective of its implementation on a larger scale. Sensitivity would be increased at best by using EGA as a second tier, but this could be at the expense of positive predictive value, which improves, however, if EGA is applied after testing a variant panel. The increased detection of babies with an inconclusive diagnosis has proved to be a major drawback in programs using EGA. The lack of knowledge on pathogenicity and penetrance associated with numerous variants hinders the introduction of EGA as a second tier, but EGA with filtering for all known CF variants with full penetrance could be a solution. The issue of incomplete knowledge is a real challenge in terms of the implemention of NBS extended to many genetic diseases.

scholarly journals Newborn Screening for Pompe Disease: Pennsylvania Experience

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 89
Author(s):  
Can Ficicioglu ◽  
Rebecca C. Ahrens-Nicklas ◽  
Joshua Barch ◽  
Sanmati R. Cuddapah ◽  
Brenda S. DiBoscio ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Enzyme Activity ◽  
Newborn Screening ◽  
Pompe Disease ◽  
Late Onset ◽  
Compound Heterozygous ◽  
Variant Of Unknown Significance ◽  
Unknown Significance ◽  
Second Tier ◽  
Alpha Glucosidase ◽  
Gaa Gene

Pennsylvania started newborn screening for Pompe disease in February 2016. Between February 2016 and December 2019, 531,139 newborns were screened. Alpha-Glucosidase (GAA) enzyme activity is measured by flow-injection tandem mass spectrometry (FIA/MS/MS) and full sequencing of the GAA gene is performed as a second-tier test in all newborns with low GAA enzyme activity [<2.10 micromole/L/h]. A total of 115 newborns had low GAA enzyme activity and abnormal genetic testing and were referred to metabolic centers. Two newborns were diagnosed with Infantile Onset Pompe Disease (IOPD), and 31 newborns were confirmed to have Late Onset Pompe Disease (LOPD). The incidence of IOPD + LOPD was 1:16,095. A total of 30 patients were compound heterozygous for one pathogenic and one variant of unknown significance (VUS) mutation or two VUS mutations and were defined as suspected LOPD. The incidence of IOPD + LOPD + suspected LOPD was 1: 8431 in PA. We also found 35 carriers, 15 pseudodeficiency carriers, and 2 false positive newborns.

A single mutation in the GALC gene is responsible for the majority of late onset Krabbe disease patients in the Catania (Sicily, Italy) region

2007 ◽  
Vol 28 (7) ◽  
pp. 742-742 ◽  
Author(s):  
Willy Lissens ◽  
Alessia Arena ◽  
Sara Seneca ◽  
Mohammad Rafi ◽  
Giovanni Sorge ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Late Onset ◽  
Krabbe Disease ◽  
Single Mutation ◽  
Galc Gene

Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation for Late-Onset Krabbe Disease

2015 ◽  
Vol 46 (S 01) ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Bley ◽  
U. Löbel ◽  
M. Nickel ◽  
A. Ohlenbusch ◽  
J. Denecke ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cell ◽  
Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation ◽  
Stem Cell Transplantation ◽  
Cell Transplantation ◽  
Hematopoietic Stem Cell ◽  
Late Onset ◽  
Krabbe Disease ◽  
Hematopoietic Stem

MR imaging and single proton spectroscopy in siblings with late onset krabbe disease

2008 ◽  
Vol 39 (01) ◽  
Author(s):  
U Gruber-Sedlmayr ◽  
M Brunner-Krainz ◽  
E Sorantin ◽  
W Sauseng ◽  
B Plecko
Keyword(s):  
Mr Imaging ◽  
Late Onset ◽  
Krabbe Disease ◽  
Proton Spectroscopy ◽  
Single Proton

Exploring the Role of Aggregated Proteomes in the Pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s Disease

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (12) ◽  
pp. 1164-1173
Author(s):  
Siju Ellickal Narayanan ◽  
Nikhila Sekhar ◽  
Rajalakshmi Ganesan Rajamma ◽  
Akash Marathakam ◽  
Abdullah Al Mamun ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Alzheimer’S Disease ◽  
Alzheimer's Disease ◽  
Amyloid Precursor Protein ◽  
Early Onset ◽  
Late Onset ◽  
Precursor Protein ◽  
Brain Disorder ◽  
Amyloid Aβ ◽  
T Tau

: Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a progressive brain disorder and one of the most common causes of dementia and death. AD can be of two types; early-onset and late-onset, where late-onset AD occurs sporadically while early-onset AD results from a mutation in any of the three genes that include amyloid precursor protein (APP), presenilin 1 (PSEN 1) and presenilin 2 (PSEN 2). Biologically, AD is defined by the presence of the distinct neuropathological profile that consists of the extracellular β-amyloid (Aβ) deposition in the form of diffuse neuritic plaques, intraneuronal neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs) and neuropil threads; in dystrophic neuritis, consisting of aggregated hyperphosphorylated tau protein. Elevated levels of (Aβ), total tau (t-tau) and phosphorylated tau (ptau) in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) have become an important biomarker for the identification of this neurodegenerative disease. The aggregation of Aβ peptide derived from amyloid precursor protein initiates a series of events that involve inflammation, tau hyperphosphorylation and its deposition, in addition to synaptic dysfunction and neurodegeneration, ultimately resulting in dementia. The current review focuses on the role of proteomes in the pathogenesis of AD.

scholarly journals DNA methylation and lipid metabolism: an EWAS of 226 metabolic measures

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Monica del C. Gomez-Alonso ◽  
Anja Kretschmer ◽  
Rory Wilson ◽  
Liliane Pfeiffer ◽  
Ville Karhunen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dna Methylation ◽  
Lipid Metabolism ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Total Serum ◽  
Resonance Spectroscopy ◽  
Metabolic Disturbances ◽  
Cpg Sites ◽  
Gene Transcripts

Abstract Background The discovery of robust and trans-ethnically replicated DNA methylation markers of metabolic phenotypes, has hinted at a potential role of epigenetic mechanisms in lipid metabolism. However, DNA methylation and the lipid compositions and lipid concentrations of lipoprotein sizes have been scarcely studied. Here, we present an epigenome-wide association study (EWAS) (N = 5414 total) of mostly lipid-related metabolic measures, including a fine profiling of lipoproteins. As lipoproteins are the main players in the different stages of lipid metabolism, examination of epigenetic markers of detailed lipoprotein features might improve the diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment of metabolic disturbances. Results We conducted an EWAS of leukocyte DNA methylation and 226 metabolic measurements determined by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy in the population-based KORA F4 study (N = 1662) and replicated the results in the LOLIPOP, NFBC1966, and YFS cohorts (N = 3752). Follow-up analyses in the discovery cohort included investigations into gene transcripts, metabolic-measure ratios for pathway analysis, and disease endpoints. We identified 161 associations (p value < 4.7 × 10−10), covering 16 CpG sites at 11 loci and 57 metabolic measures. Identified metabolic measures were primarily medium and small lipoproteins, and fatty acids. For apolipoprotein B-containing lipoproteins, the associations mainly involved triglyceride composition and concentrations of cholesterol esters, triglycerides, free cholesterol, and phospholipids. All associations for HDL lipoproteins involved triglyceride measures only. Associated metabolic measure ratios, proxies of enzymatic activity, highlight amino acid, glucose, and lipid pathways as being potentially epigenetically implicated. Five CpG sites in four genes were associated with differential expression of transcripts in blood or adipose tissue. CpG sites in ABCG1 and PHGDH showed associations with metabolic measures, gene transcription, and metabolic measure ratios and were additionally linked to obesity or previous myocardial infarction, extending previously reported observations. Conclusion Our study provides evidence of a link between DNA methylation and the lipid compositions and lipid concentrations of different lipoprotein size subclasses, thus offering in-depth insights into well-known associations of DNA methylation with total serum lipids. The results support detailed profiling of lipid metabolism to improve the molecular understanding of dyslipidemia and related disease mechanisms.

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