scholarly journals How Much Space Is Required? Effect of Distance, Content, and Color on External Human–Machine Interface Size

Information ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (7) ◽  
pp. 346 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Rettenmaier ◽  
Jonas Schulze ◽  
Klaus Bengler
Keyword(s):  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Human Machine Interface ◽  
Human Detection ◽  
Human Interaction ◽  
Minimum Size ◽  
Detection Range ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Repeated Measures Design ◽  
Road Users ◽  
Machine Interface

The communication of an automated vehicle (AV) with human road users can be realized by means of an external human–machine interface (eHMI), such as displays mounted on the AV’s surface. For this purpose, the amount of time needed for a human interaction partner to perceive the AV’s message and to act accordingly has to be taken into account. Any message displayed by an AV must satisfy minimum size requirements based on the dynamics of the road traffic and the time required by the human. This paper examines the size requirements of displayed text or symbols for ensuring the legibility of a message. Based on the limitations of available package space in current vehicle models and the ergonomic requirements of the interface design, an eHMI prototype was developed. A study involving 30 participants varied the content type (text and symbols) and content color (white, red, green) in a repeated measures design. We investigated the influence of content type on content size to ensure legibility from a constant distance. We also analyzed the influence of content type and content color on the human detection range. The results show that, at a fixed distance, text has to be larger than symbols in order to maintain legibility. Moreover, symbols can be discerned from a greater distance than text. Color had no content overlapping effect on the human detection range. In order to ensure the maximum possible detection range among human road users, an AV should display symbols rather than text. Additionally, the symbols could be color-coded for better message comprehension without affecting the human detection range.

scholarly journals Evaluation of Multimodal External Human–Machine Interface for Driverless Vehicles in Virtual Reality

Symmetry ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 687
Author(s):  
Jinzhen Dou ◽  
Shanguang Chen ◽  
Zhi Tang ◽  
Chang Xu ◽  
Chengqi Xue
Keyword(s):  
New Technology ◽  
Pedestrian Safety ◽  
Human Machine Interface ◽  
Visual Features ◽  
Visual Modality ◽  
Human Voice ◽  
Road Users ◽  
Machine Interface ◽  
Interaction Efficiency ◽  
Physical Features

With the development and promotion of driverless technology, researchers are focusing on designing varied types of external interfaces to induce trust in road users towards this new technology. In this paper, we investigated the effectiveness of a multimodal external human–machine interface (eHMI) for driverless vehicles in virtual environment, focusing on a two-way road scenario. Three phases of identifying, decelerating, and parking were taken into account in the driverless vehicles to pedestrian interaction process. Twelve eHMIs are proposed, which consist of three visual features (smile, arrow and none), three audible features (human voice, warning sound and none) and two physical features (yielding and not yielding). We conducted a study to gain a more efficient and safer eHMI for driverless vehicles when they interact with pedestrians. Based on study outcomes, in the case of yielding, the interaction efficiency and pedestrian safety in multimodal eHMI design was satisfactory compared to the single-modal system. The visual modality in the eHMI of driverless vehicles has the greatest impact on pedestrian safety. In addition, the “arrow” was more intuitive to identify than the “smile” in terms of visual modality.

scholarly journals Technology acceptance comparison between on-road dynamic message sign and on-board human machine interface for connected vehicle-based variable speed limit in fog area

2019 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 33-40
Author(s):  
Jia Li ◽  
Wenxiang Xu ◽  
Xiaohua Zhao
Keyword(s):  
Technology Acceptance ◽  
Influencing Factors ◽  
Human Machine Interface ◽  
Speed Limit ◽  
Connected Vehicle ◽  
Variable Speed ◽  
Variable Speed Limit ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Machine Interface ◽  
Fog Density

Purpose Connected vehicle-based variable speed limit (CV-VSL) systems in fog area use multi-source detection data to indicate drivers to make uniform change in speed when low visibility conditions suddenly occur. The purpose of the speed limit is to make the driver's driving behavior more consistent, so as to improve traffic safety and relieve traffic congestion. The on-road dynamic message sign (DMS) and on-board human–machine interface (HMI) are two types of warning technologies for CV-VSL systems. This study aims to analyze drivers’ acceptance of the two types of warning technologies in fog area and its influencing factors. Design/methodology/approach This study developed DMS and on-board HMI for the CV-VSL system in fog area on a driving simulator. The DMS and on-board HMI provided the driver with weather and speed limit information. In all, 38 participants participated in the experiment and completed questionnaires on drivers’ basic information, perceived usefulness and ease of use of the CV-VSL systems. Technology acceptance model (TAM) was developed to evaluate the drivers’ acceptance of CV-VSL systems. A variance analysis method was used to study the influencing factors of drivers’ acceptance including drivers’ characteristics, technology types and fog density. Findings The results showed that drivers’ acceptance of on-road DMS was significantly higher than that of on-board HMI. The fog density had no significant effect on drivers’ acceptance of on-road DMS or on-board HMI. Drivers’ gender, age, driving year and driving personality were associated with the acceptance of the two CV-VSL technologies differently. This study is beneficial to the functional improvement of on-road DMS, on-board HMI and their market prospects. Originality/value Previous studies have been conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of CV-VSL systems. However, there were rare studies focused on the drivers’ attitude toward using which was also called as acceptance of the CV-VSL systems. Therefore, this research calculated the drivers’ acceptance of two normally used CV-VSL systems including on-road DMS and on-board HMI using TAM. Furthermore, variance analysis was conducted to explore whether the factors such as drivers’ characteristics (gender, age, driving year and driving personality), technology types and fog density affected the drivers’ acceptance of the CV-VSL systems.

Adult protection training for community nurses: evaluating knowledge following delivery using participant-favoured training methods

2014 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 17-28 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin Campbell
Keyword(s):  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Training Methods ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Repeated Measures Design ◽  
Training Activities ◽  
The Impact ◽  
And Training ◽  
Adult Protection ◽  
Adult Support

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to measure nurses’ knowledge about Adult Support and Protection (Scotland) Act 2007 before and after a one-day training course using participants’ favoured methods of training activities. Design/methodology/approach – A repeated measures design was used to evaluate the impact of a one-day Adult Support and Protection training on pre-training knowledge of community nurses across one NHS area. Participants’ favoured methods of training activities were used in the training. Participants were community nurses working in learning disability, mental health, older people's services, acute services, substance misuse, and accident and emergency. All completed a training needs analysis and training preferences study. Individual and group scores on an Adult Support and Protection knowledge questionnaire were analysed pre- and post-training. Findings – There was a statistically significant increase in scores post-training (Wilcoxon's signed-ranks test). Individual increases ranged from 2.5 to 27.5 per cent, with a mean score of 15 per cent. Evaluation of the impact of nationally approved Adult Support and Protection training is needed and training should take account of participants’ existing knowledge and preferred methods of training delivery to improve the transfer of learning into practice. Research limitations/implications – Participants were self-selecting. Existing knowledge was not controlled for in the sample. No longitudinal follow up to measure retention of any improvements in knowledge. No control group. Training methods used were based on the expressed preferences of 40 nursing staff, but only 18 of these staff participated in the training day. Originality/value – There is a dearth of research in evaluating the impact of the adult protection training on staff knowledge and understanding. Designing training activities and content to take account of participant preferences, and areas where knowledge is weakest may enhance the effectiveness of training in this area. This research was funded as a Queens Nursing Institute Community Project. It builds on a pilot project

Training in positive behavioural support: increasing staff self-efficacy and positive outcome expectations

2016 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 95-102 ◽  
Author(s):  
Greg Stocks ◽  
Sean Slater
Keyword(s):  
Self Efficacy ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Outcome Expectations ◽  
Training Model ◽  
Training Programme ◽  
Positive Outcome ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Repeated Measures Design ◽  
Training Programmes ◽  
The Impact

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to investigate the impact of a six-and-a-half day, Positive Behaviour Support (PBS) informed training course on staff’s self-efficacy and outcome expectations of managing challenging behaviour (CB). Training programmes for other non-psychology staff were deemed necessary due to the high demand for services and the specialist knowledge held by other professionals or carers. Design/methodology/approach – A repeated measures design was used to capture changes in specific self-efficacy and outcome expectations before and after the training programme. A questionnaire methodology was employed. Findings – Staff self-efficacy and positive outcome expectations increased on all four measured variables following training: understanding of CB, working out the functions of CB, developing and implementing a PBS plan, and managing CB for the benefit of the service user. Research limitations/implications – These findings are considered in light of previous research suggesting an impact on staff practice and burnout. Practical implications – The findings suggest that the training model delivers changes in staff cognition and may be useful in other locations where demand for services is likely to increase in the future. Originality/value – This research considers the impact of a medium length PBS training on staff cognition, evidencing the model’s utility in the current service context.

The effects of craving on implicit cognitive mechanisms involved in risk behavior: can dialectical behavior therapy in therapeutic communities make a difference? A pilot study

2018 ◽  
Vol 39 (2) ◽  
pp. 83-92 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sharon Rabinovitz ◽  
Maayan Nagar
Keyword(s):  
Dialectical Behavior Therapy ◽  
Response Inhibition ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Female Adolescents ◽  
Stop Signal Task ◽  
Residential Setting ◽  
Cognitive Mechanisms ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Repeated Measures Design

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to examine pre- to post-change in two components of implicit cognitive functioning following craving induction – attentional bias (AB) and executive control – of patients in a long-term drug-free residential treatment center that incorporated dialectical behavioral therapy (DBT) with usual therapeutic community (TC) practices.Design/methodology/approachThree groups of alcohol and cannabis dependent female adolescents were compared: pre-treatment (n=12), following four months of treatment (n=11), and following 12 months of treatment (n=7).FindingsThe results indicate significantly lower AB (as measured by visual probe task) and improved response inhibition (as measured by stop signal task) under craving conditions, after 12 months of DBT.Research limitations/implicationsNaturalistic character of the study did not allow the use of repeated measures design, drug using control groups, randomized clinical trial, or performing a longitudinal follow-up. However, the findings show that DBT for drug abusing female adolescents in a long-term residential setting may be an effective intervention to enhance cognitive and executive functions critical to the risk chain involved in relapse and recidivism, supporting the implementation of DBT in TC residential settings.Originality/valueThis is the first research paper that examined effects of DBT+TC on substance dependent female adolescents’ cognitive mechanisms using well-validated behavioral tasks. The research provides some empirical evidence for the improvement in AB and response inhibition under craving conditions following treatment.

Caring with confidence for Huntington's disease

2014 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
pp. 191-200 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Dale ◽  
Dawn Freire-Patino ◽  
Helen Matthews
Keyword(s):  
Huntington's Disease ◽  
Huntington’S Disease ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Clinical Intervention ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Repeated Measures Design ◽  
New Information ◽  
Potential Benefits ◽  
Informal Carers ◽  
The Impact

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to describe the development of a psychoeducational support group for informal carers of people with Huntington's disease (HD). Design/methodology/approach – A clinical intervention was designed by a specialist HD service in consultation with HD carers, building on resources from a generic programme for carers, to meet the specific needs of HD families. A mixed methods, repeated measures design was used to examine any potential benefits this had on carer confidence and quality of life, and to ascertain the most beneficial aspects of the programme. Findings – At the end of the group, participants reported feeling more confident in caring for relatives with HD. Carers reported that gaining new information and being with other carers was helpful. Research limitations/implications – Although participant numbers were small, this pilot indicates that informal carers of HD patients appear to value psychoeducational support delivered in a group format. Evaluation of this type of intervention for carers warrants more rigorous investigation. Originality/value – There is a paucity of research that evaluates the impact of HD-specific carer interventions. This offers a description of a unique intervention that was aimed to increase knowledge and confidence among HD carers and to help provide the basis for more comprehensive services to be offered to carers of this devastating genetic illness.

The cognitive and behavioral impact of a culinary education program on schoolchildren

2020 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Nur Al Ali ◽  
Andres Arriaga ◽  
Margarita Rubio
Keyword(s):  
Diet Quality ◽  
Education Program ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Statistical Power ◽  
Statistical Significance ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Repeated Measures Design ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Culinary Education

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to design a culinary education program and ascertain its impact on knowledge, phobias, culinary skills and diet quality in schoolchildren. Design/methodology/approach Repeated measures design to determine changes after the implementation of the culinary education program in a pre-school and primary school located in a Madrid (Spain) neighborhood with a low socioeconomic level. A total of 58 children agreed to participate in the program and 40 parents authorized the evaluation of the effect of the program. Variables were measured with Student’s t-test or Wilcoxon-signed range test for quantitative variables. Effect size was calculated by Cohen’s d. Findings The mean scores in knowledge and beliefs improved from 5.0 to 7.8 (P < 0.001; Cohen’s d = 1), the mean value obtained in the food phobias test decreased from 24.6 to 20.7 (P = 0.01; Cohen’s d = 0.53), diet quality on Kid Med Test score increased from 7.4 to 8.2 (P = 0.06; Cohen’s d = 0.38), and the children improved their culinary skills from 21.2 to 27.9 (P < 0.001; Cohen’s d = 0.66). Research limitations/implications Self-declared data could lead to information biases. Other limitations were the lack of control group and a scarce statistical power that could explain the absence of statistical significance in the results on diet quality. To observe the effects of this change on eating habits, long-term evaluations would have to be carried out. Originality/value The brand-new culinary education program had a positive effect on children’s knowledge of nutrition and culinary skills as well as reducing food phobias. This proposal is beyond the state-of-the-art and could be implemented elsewhere with a robust effect on children, parents and educators.

scholarly journals Analysis of a Human-Machine Interface for Cooperative Truck Overtaking Maneuvers on Freeways: Increase Success Rate and Assess Driving Behavior during System Failures

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (11) ◽  
pp. 69
Author(s):  
Jana Fank ◽  
Christian Knies ◽  
Frank Diermeyer
Keyword(s):  
Success Rate ◽  
Driving Simulator ◽  
Road Traffic ◽  
Human Machine Interface ◽  
Truck Drivers ◽  
System Failure ◽  
System Failures ◽  
Road Users ◽  
Potential System ◽  
Machine Interface

Cooperation between road users based on V2X communication has the potential to make road traffic safer and more efficient. The exchange of information enables the cooperative orchestration of critical traffic situations, such as truck overtaking maneuvers on freeways. With the benefit of such a system, questions arise concerning system failure or the abrupt and unexpected behavior of road users. A human-machine interface (HMI) organizes and negotiates the cooperation between drivers and maintains smooth interaction, trust, and system acceptance, even in the case of a possible system failure. A study was conducted with 30 truck drivers on a dynamic truck driving simulator to analyze the negotiation of cooperation requests and the reaction of truck drivers to potential system failures. The results show that an automated cooperation request does not translate into a significantly higher cooperation success rate. System failures in cooperative truck passing maneuvers are not considered critical by truck drivers in this simulated environment. The next step in the development process is to investigate how the success rate of truck overtaking maneuvers on freeways can be further increased as well as the implementation of the system in a real vehicle to investigate the reaction behavior of truck drivers in case of system failures in a real environment.

Changes in posttraumatic stress disorders symptoms during and after therapeutic community drug and alcohol treatment

2016 ◽  
Vol 37 (4) ◽  
pp. 170-183 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cassandra Perryman ◽  
Genevieve Dingle ◽  
David Clark
Keyword(s):  
Posttraumatic Stress ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Therapeutic Community ◽  
Specific Treatment ◽  
Post Treatment ◽  
Stress Disorders ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Repeated Measures Design ◽  
Drug And Alcohol ◽  
Ptsd Symptomatology

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to investigate the changes in posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptomatology during treatment in a drug and alcohol therapeutic community. Design/methodology/approach A repeated measures design was employed that looked at PTSD, depression, anxiety, and stress at a pre- and post-timepoint. A second sample was then evaluated at time of program completion to seven months post-treatment. Findings PTSD symptomatology significantly decreased in individuals who had undertaken treatment, and continued to decline post-treatment. This finding was irrespective of any PTSD-specific treatment. Research limitations/implications PTSD specific treatment is not necessary to lower the symptomatology. Furthermore, this provides evidence that PTSD and substance use disorders are so highly intertwined that the comorbidity can almost be considered a single, diagnosis. Originality/value This is a partial replication of previous research which had not previously been replicated. This research also adds to the limited research which looks at PTSD from the perspective of drug and alcohol rehabilitation.

scholarly journals Promoting pre-service teachers' engagement in an online professional learning community

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 129-146
Author(s):  
Enas Mohammad Alwafi ◽  
Chris Downey ◽  
Gary Kinchin
Keyword(s):  
Learning Community ◽  
Professional Learning Community ◽  
Professional Learning ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Knowledge Construction ◽  
Teaching Practice ◽  
Online Activity ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Repeated Measures Design ◽  
Experimental Group

PurposeThis study investigated the role of experienced practitioners in promoting pre-service teachers' knowledge construction and social interaction in an online professional learning community.Design/methodology/approachA repeated measures design with control and experimental groups was adopted. Two practitioners supported pre-service teachers in the experimental group to discuss issues around teaching practice. Social network analysis (SNA) and content analysis (CA) were used in the analytical approach.FindingsCA revealed that the practitioners increased pre-service teachers' levels of knowledge construction and high-cognitive discourse. SNA showed that the practitioners enhanced pre-service teachers' professional ties. Though collaboration in high-level knowledge building occurred predominantly in peers in the same discipline, the presence of the practitioners facilitated the development of more cross-disciplinary ties in the experimental group.Practical implicationsThe practitioners can be considered as a pedagogical tool to enhance pre-service teachers' engagement in the process of professional learning. This study suggests that in order to enhance the collaboration among pre-service teachers from different departments, the online activity should be designed to enhance interdisciplinary collaboration.Originality/valueThe study contributes new knowledge about the ways in which practitioners can enhance the collaboration among pre-service teachers in an online PLC. It also provides insight on how to combine CA and SNA, to examine professional learning.

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