scholarly journals Encapsulated Entomopathogenic Nematodes Can Protect Maize Plants from Diabrotica balteata Larvae

Insects ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 27 ◽  
Author(s):  
Geoffrey Jaffuel ◽  
Ilham Sbaiti ◽  
Ted C. J. Turlings
Keyword(s):  
Entomopathogenic Nematodes ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
Alginate Beads ◽  
Cultivated Plants ◽  
Diabrotica Balteata ◽  
Alginate Capsules ◽  
Root Herbivores ◽  
Maize Plants ◽  
Favorable Conditions ◽  
Chemical Pesticides

To face the environmental problems caused by chemical pesticides, more ecologically friendly alternative pest control strategies are needed. Entomopathogenic nematodes (EPN) have great potential to control soil-dwelling insects that cause critical damage to the roots of cultivated plants. EPN are normally suspended in water and then sprayed on plants or onto the soil, but the inconsistent efficiency of this application method has led to the development of new formulations. Among them is the use of alginate capsules or beads that encapsulate the EPN in favorable conditions for later application. In this study, we evaluated whether alginate beads containing EPN are able to kill larvae of the banded cumber beetle Diabrotica balteata LeConte and thereby protect maize plants from damage by these generalist rootworms. EPN formulated in beads were as effective as sprayed EPN at killing D. balteata. They were found to protect maize plants from D. balteata damage, but only if applied in time. The treatment failed when rootworm attack started a week before the EPN beads were applied. Hence, the well-timed application of EPN-containing alginate beads may be an effective way to control root herbivores.

scholarly journals Efficiency of entomopathogenic nematodes on chamomile smooth beetle Olibrus aeneus and chamomile stem weevil Microplontus rugulosus under greenhouse conditions

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nabil El-Wakeil ◽  
Nawal Gaafar ◽  
Abdellah Abdel-Moniem ◽  
Christa Volkmar
Keyword(s):  
Entomopathogenic Nematodes ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Insect Pests ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Effective Management ◽  
Insect Management ◽  
Ecological Requirements ◽  
High Reduction ◽  
Adequate Management

Chamomile Matricaria recutita (L) is an ancient healing plant; it is used for a sore stomach, a mild laxative, anti-inflammatory and a gentle sleep aid. Chamomile plants are infected by many insect pests. The flower heads are infested by chamomile smooth beetle Olibrus aeneus (Fabricius 1792). The dangerous insect is infestation with chamomile stem-weevil Microplontus rugulosus (Autumn 1795). Their infestations lead to a high reduction in chamomile yield. This work aimed to determine the adequate management strategies of Microplontus rugulosus and Olibrus aeneus, especially using entomopathogenic nematodes. Management of chamomile insects was conducted on plants moved from field to greenhouse using entomopathogenic nematodes; while the control plants were sprayed only with water. The efficiency of three types of entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs) was evaluated; each strain replicated 3 times; each was 50 chamomile plants (totally is 150 for each strain). Three treatment dates were carried out in May, June and July; the first one was mainly for controlling stem weevil, while the other two dates were for smooth beetle. Steinernema carpocapsae had more efficiency than S. feltiae and Heterorhabditis bacteriophora. The lived larvae were higher in the untreated than treated plants. EPNS could be one of the most effective management strategies to control such insects to keep the environment clean and should be one of the suitable control strategies for integrated insect management practices which would be developed with the ecological requirements of insects in different chamomile fields.

scholarly journals Genome and transcriptome analysis of the beet armyworm Spodoptera exigua reveals targets for pest control

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sabrina Simon ◽  
Thijmen Breeschoten ◽  
Hans J Jansen ◽  
Ron P Dirks ◽  
M. Eric Schranz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pest Control ◽  
Genome Assembly ◽  
Spodoptera Exigua ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
Beet Armyworm ◽  
Cultivated Plants ◽  
Comparative Genomic ◽  
Supporting Evidence ◽  
Pest Species ◽  
Hybrid Genome

Background: The genus Spodoptera (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) includes some of the most infamous insect pests of cultivated plants including Spodoptera frugiperda, Spodoptera litura and Spodoptera exigua. To effectively develop targeted pest control strategies for diverse Spodoptera species, genomic resources are highly desired. To this aim, we provide the genome assembly and developmental transcriptome comprising all major life stages of S. exigua, the beet armyworm. Spodoptera exigua is a polyphagous herbivore that can feed from > 130 host plants including several economically important crops. Results: The 419 Mb beet armyworm genome was sequenced from a female S. exigua pupa. Using a hybrid genome sequencing approach (Nanopore long read data and Illumina short read), a high-quality genome assembly was achieved (N50=1.1 Mb). An official gene set (OGS, 18,477 transcripts) was generated by automatic annotation and by using transcriptomic RNA-seq data sets of 18 S. exigua samples as supporting evidence. In-depth analyses of developmental stage-specific expression in combination with gene tree analyses of identified homologous genes across Lepidoptera genomes revealed potential Spodoptera-specific genes of interest such as mg7 and REPAT46 upregulated during 1st and 3rd instar larval stages for targeted pest-outbreak management. Conclusions: The beet armyworm genome sequence and developmental transcriptome covering all major developmental stages provides critical insights into the biology of this devastating polyphagous insect pest species with a worldwide distribution. In addition, comparative genomic analyses across Lepidoptera significantly advance our knowledge to further control other invasive Spodoptera species and reveals potential lineage-specific target genes for pest control strategies.

scholarly journals Formulation of entomopathogenic nematodes for crop pest control – a review

2017 ◽  
Vol 53 (No. 1) ◽  
pp. 15-24 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cruz-Martínez Heriberto ◽  
Ruiz-Vega Jaime ◽  
Matadamas-Ortíz Pastor T ◽  
Cortés-Martínez Carlos I ◽  
Rosas-Diaz Jesusita
Keyword(s):  
Pest Control ◽  
Entomopathogenic Nematodes ◽  
Priority Areas ◽  
Water Dispersible ◽  
Alginate Capsules ◽  
Great Progress ◽  
Field Efficacy ◽  
Systems Modelling ◽  
Invertebrate Physiology

The different materials and methods used to develop biopesticides with entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs) still limit the quality of the final product, reducing field efficacy and complicating application strategies. Therefore, the objective of this review is to identify priority areas to improve the EPN formulation process based on the scientific and technological research developed so far. The results show great progress in the EPN survival time, from 7 days to 180 days, through two types of formulations: water dispersible granules and calcium alginate capsules. Also, EPNs formulated and applied as insect cadavers showed higher efficacy for the pest control than the EPNs applied in an aqueous solution. We consider that the priority areas of research are: automated massive formulation and exploration of new additives with better properties that may lead to increase the infectivity in the field. It is concluded that the study of these aspects requires a systemic approach with greater involvement of the invertebrate physiology and systems modelling disciplines.

scholarly journals A Consortium of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Trichoderma harzianum for Improving Growth and Induced Biochemical Changes in Fusarium Wilt Infected Bananas

2021 ◽  
Vol 32 (1) ◽  
pp. 23-45
Author(s):  
Clement Kiing Fook Wong ◽  
◽  
Dzarifah Zulperi ◽  
Noor Baity Saidi ◽  
Ganesan Vadamalai ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pseudomonas Aeruginosa ◽  
Fusarium Wilt ◽  
Trichoderma Harzianum ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
Alginate Beads ◽  
Current Control ◽  
Biochemical Changes ◽  
Pgp Traits ◽  
Banana Production ◽  
Mda Content

Fusarium wilt of banana cannot be effectively controlled by current control strategies. The most virulent form that caused major losses in the banana production is Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense Tropical Race 4 (Foc-TR4). Biocontrol of Foc-TR4 using microbial antagonists offers a sustainable and eco-friendly alternative. A consortium of biocontrol agents (BCAs), Pseudomonas aeruginosa DRB1 and Trichoderma harzianum CBF2 was formulated into pesta granules, talc powder, alginate beads and liquid bioformulations. Previous study indicated bioformulations containing both BCAs successfully reduced the disease severity of Foc-TR4. To date, the biocontrol mechanism and plant growth promoting (PGP) traits of a consortium of BCAs on infected bananas have not been explored. Therefore, the study was undertaken to investigate the effect of a consortium of DRB1 and CBF2 in the growth and biochemical changes of Foc-TR4 infected bananas. Results indicated pesta granules formulation produced bananas with higher biomass (fresh weight – 388.67 g), taller plants (80.95 cm) and larger leaves (length – 39.40 cm, width – 17.70 cm) than other bioformulations. Applying bioformulations generally produced plants with higher chlorophyll (392.59 μg/g FW–699.88 μg/g FW) and carotenoid contents (81.30 μg/g FW–120.01 μg/g FW) compared to pathogen treatment (chlorophyll – 325.96 μg/g FW, carotenoid – 71.98 μg/g FW) which indicated improved vegetative growth. Bioformulation-treated plants showed higher phenolic (49.58–93.85 μg/g FW) and proline contents (54.63 μg/g FW–89.61 μg/g FW) than Foc-TR4 treatment (phenolic – 46.45 μg/g FW, proline – 28.65 μg/g FW). The malondialdehylde (MDA) content was lower in bioformulation treatments (0.49 Nm/g FW–1.19 Nm/g FW) than Foc-TR4 treatment (3.66 Nm/g FW). The biochemical changes revealed that applying bioformulations has induced host defense response by increasing phenolic and proline contents which reduced root damage caused by Foc-TR4 resulting in lower MDA content. In conclusion, applying bioformulations containing microbial consortium is a promising method to improve growth and induce significant biochemical changes in bananas leading to the suppression of Foc-TR4.

scholarly journals Organic Control Strategies for Use in IPM of Invertebrate Pests in Apple and Pear Orchards

Insects ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (12) ◽  
pp. 1106
Author(s):  
Bethan Shaw ◽  
Csaba Nagy ◽  
Michelle T. Fountain
Keyword(s):  
Broad Spectrum ◽  
Plant Protection ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
Crop Protection ◽  
Cultural Control ◽  
Environmentally Sustainable ◽  
Tree Fruit ◽  
Invertebrate Pests ◽  
Chemical Pesticides ◽  
Organic Orchards

Growers of organic tree fruit face challenges in controlling some pests more easily suppressed by broad-spectrum insecticides in conventionally managed orchards. In recent decades, there has been a move towards organically growing varieties normally reliant on synthetic chemical pesticides (e.g., Gala), often to meet retailer/consumer demands. This inevitably makes crop protection in organic orchards more challenging, as modern varieties can be less tolerant to pests. In addition, there have been substantial reductions in plant protection product (PPP) approvals, resulting in fewer chemical options available for integrated pest management (IPM)-maintained orchards. Conversely, the organic management of fruit tree pests involves many practices that could be successfully implemented in conventionally grown crops, but which are currently not. These practices could also be more widely used in IPM-maintained orchards, alleviating the reliance on broad-spectrum PPP. In this review, we evaluate organic practices, with a focus on those that could be incorporated into conventional apple and pear production. The topics cover cultural control, biological control, physical and pest modifications. While the pests discussed mainly affect European species, many of the methods could be used to target other global pests for more environmentally sustainable practices.

scholarly journals Genome Structure and Organization in Plant Viruses

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nihan Güneş ◽  
Mustafa Gümüş
Keyword(s):  
Nucleic Acid ◽  
Plant Pathogens ◽  
Molecular Level ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
Genome Structure ◽  
Plant Viruses ◽  
Cultivated Plants ◽  
Direct Role ◽  
Genetic Changes ◽  
Viral Genomes

Viral agents that are obligate plant pathogens have different shapes and sizes and usually consist of nucleic acid and protein coat. They are different from other plant pathogens due to their unique structure. Viral genomes contain information necessary for replication of viruses and expression of their genes in plant. Many viral agents that cause disease in plants contain RNA as nucleic acid. Viral genome, which plays a direct role in the mechanism of disease in plants, plays an important role in evolutionary processes due to various external factors. It is known that genomes of viruses which cause problem on cultivated plants undergo genetic changes quite frequently. A variety of molecular biology techniques that are advancing day by day allow us to analyze and modify genomes on molecular level. Since genomes of plant viruses are small in size, they are suitable for researches on molecular level and great number of researches have been done in the last 50 years. Thus, it is possible to have better understanding of the organization of genomes. Understanding the genome structure of viruses offers an insight into their identification and development of control strategies.

scholarly journals The Results Obtained on Production of Alfalfa on Sandy Soils of Field Dabuleni by Administration of Loess and Chemical Fertilizers

2020 ◽  
Vol 71 (2) ◽  
pp. 30-34
Author(s):  
Anca-Luiza Stanila ◽  
Iulian Ratoi ◽  
Aurelia Diaconu ◽  
Catalin Cristian Simota
Keyword(s):  
Animal Species ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Sandy Soils ◽  
Quality Parameters ◽  
Cultivated Plants ◽  
Forage Crops ◽  
Phenological Stages ◽  
Plant Life ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
Favorable Conditions

Recovery sandy soils top was a major concern, sandy soil cultivation with the crop plants had the main goal need to increase the agricultural production. Sands in southern Oltenia offers less favorable conditions of plant life, which is why the range of cultivated plants is much lower than in other areas.Seed plants that require small and early seed (alfalfa) are affected by the negative effect of the wind, which blows away the sand particles, lesion rooted young plants or compromising their culture. On sandy soils in southern Oltenia (Field Dabuleni), forage crops help to improve physical, hydro-chemical properties, change the living conditions for plants, animals and humans, create an ecological balance that preserves the environment, partly destroyed by abolishing plantations of Robinia pseudocacia and leveling dunes relief for arranging irrigation.Among perennial leguminous pure culture, alfalfa is the most valuable forage plant feed all animal species, both for its output, especially for forage quality. Achieving quality parameters alfalfa is conditional, namely the establishment of the following technologies, namely: mowing standing of the optimal phenological stages of the plant, the establishment range of mowing or the number of harvest in a year.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document