scholarly journals Modified Atmosphere Does Not Reduce the Efficacy of Phytosanitary Irradiation Doses Recommended for Tephritid Fruit Flies

Insects ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 371 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vanessa S. Dias ◽  
Guy J. Hallman ◽  
Olga Y. Martínez-Barrera ◽  
Nick V. Hurtado ◽  
Amanda A. S. Cardoso ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Adult Emergence ◽  
Fruit Fly ◽  
Agricultural Trade ◽  
Fruit Flies ◽  
Bactrocera Dorsalis ◽  
Modified Atmosphere ◽  
Radiation Doses ◽  
Low Oxygen ◽  
Oxygen Levels ◽  
Tephritid Fruit Flies

Phytosanitary irradiation (PI) has been successfully used to disinfest fresh commodities and facilitate international agricultural trade. Critical aspects that may reduce PI efficacy must be considered to ensure the consistency and effectiveness of approved treatment schedules. One factor that can potentially reduce PI efficacy is irradiation under low oxygen conditions. This factor is particularly important because storage and packaging of horticultural commodities under low oxygen levels constitute practices widely used to preserve their quality and extend their shelf life. Hence, international organizations and regulatory agencies have considered the uncertainties regarding the efficacy of PI doses for insects infesting fresh commodities stored under low oxygen levels as a rationale for restricting PI application under modified atmosphere. Our research examines the extent to which low oxygen treatments can reduce the efficacy of phytosanitary irradiation for tephritids naturally infesting fruits. The effects of normoxia (21% O2), hypoxia (~5% O2), and severe hypoxia (< 0.5% O2) on radiation sensitivity of third instars of Anastrepha fraterculus (sensu lato), A. ludens (Loew), Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel), and Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann) were evaluated and compared at several gamma radiation doses. Our findings suggest that, compared to normoxia, hypoxic and severe-hypoxic conditioning before and during irradiation can increase adult emergence and contribute to advancement of larval development of tephritid fruit flies only at low radiation doses that are not used as phytosanitary treatments. With phytosanitary irradiation doses approved internationally for several tephritids, low oxygen treatments applied before and during irradiation did not increase the emergence rates of any fruit fly species evaluated, and all treated insects died as coarctate larvae. Thus, the findings of our research support a re-evaluation of restrictions related to phytosanitary irradiation application under modified atmospheres targeting tephritid fruit flies.

scholarly journals Host Suitability Index for Polyphagous Tephritid Fruit Flies

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter A Follett ◽  
Fay E M Haynes ◽  
Bernard C Dominiak
Keyword(s):  
Fruit Fly ◽  
Fruit Production ◽  
General Purpose ◽  
Fruit Flies ◽  
Host Suitability ◽  
Bactrocera Dorsalis ◽  
Infestation Rate ◽  
Suitability Index ◽  
Host Status ◽  
Tephritid Fruit Flies

Abstract Tephritid fruit flies are major economic pests for fruit production and are an impediment to international trade. Different host fruits are known to vary in their suitability for fruit flies to complete their life cycle. Currently, international regulatory standards that define the likely legal host status for tephritid fruit flies categorize fruits as a natural host, a conditional host, or a nonhost. For those fruits that are natural or conditional hosts, infestation rate can vary as a spectrum ranging from highly attractive fruits supporting large numbers of fruit flies to very poor hosts supporting low numbers. Here, we propose a Host Suitability Index (HSI), which divides the host status of natural and conditional hosts into five categories based on the log infestation rate (number of flies per kilogram of fruit) ranging from very poor (&lt;0.1), poor (0.1–1.0), moderately good (1.0–10.0), good (10–100), and very good (&gt;100). Infestation rates may be determined by field sampling or cage infestation studies. We illustrate the concept of this index using 21 papers that examine the host status of fruits in five species of polyphagous fruit flies in the Pacific region: Bactrocera tryoni Froggatt, Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel), Bactrocera latifrons (Hendel), Zeugodacus cucurbitae (Coquillett), and Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann) (Diptera: Tephritidae). This general-purpose index may be useful in developing systems approaches that rely on poor host status, for determining surveillance and detection protocols for potential incursions, and to guide the appropriate regulatory response during fruit fly outbreaks.

Efficiency of Food-Based Attractants for Monitoring Tephritid Fruit Flies Diversity and Abundance in Mango Systems Across Three West African Agro-Ecological Zones

2019 ◽  
Vol 113 (2) ◽  
pp. 860-871
Author(s):  
Rachid Hanna ◽  
Désiré Gnanvossou ◽  
Georg Goergen ◽  
Aimé H Bokonon-Ganta ◽  
Samira A Mohamed ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Relative Efficiency ◽  
Native Species ◽  
Rank Order ◽  
Fruit Fly ◽  
Fruit Flies ◽  
Bactrocera Dorsalis ◽  
Ecological Zones ◽  
Torula Yeast ◽  
Tephritid Fruit Flies ◽  
Agro Ecological Zones

Abstract Food baits are effective and widely used tools for monitoring diversity and abundance of tephritid fruit flies. Four food-baits—Nulure, BioLure, Mazoferm at 3 and 6%, and Torula yeast—were used in multi-lure traps over a 4-yr period in mango orchards in three Benin agro-ecological zones (AEZ) representing a large swath of environments in western Africa. Twelve tephritid fruit fly species were captured during the trials, with the highest richness in the Forest Savannah Mosaic (FSM), followed by the Southern Guinea Savannah (SGS), and the Northern Guinea Savannah (NGS) AEZ. Despite previous reports of displacement, the native species Ceratitis cosyra remained the dominant tephritid species in mango orchards in the NGS, with the invasive and exotic species Bactrocera dorsalis dominating the tephritid fauna in the SGS and FSM. Torula yeast captured the greatest number of fruit flies in each AEZ. Mazoferm-3% captures were similar to Torula yeast, except for lower captures in the NGS where it tended to harden. The rank order of relative efficiency indices (REI) of the food baits (relative to Torula yeast) is Mazoferm-3% &gt; Nulure &gt; Mazoferm-6% and BioLure. The latter captured more Ceratitis spp. than all the other baits, particularly at very low Ceratitis spp. abundance. To our knowledge, the study is the first to report relative efficiency indices for the selection of food baits in monitoring diversity and abundance of fruit flies. Ecological and practical implications for the use of food baits in comparison with male lures are discussed.

scholarly journals Natural Field Infestation of Mangifera casturi and Mangifera lalijiwa by Oriental Fruit Fly, Bactrocera dorsalis (Diptera: Tephritidae)

2017 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
pp. 117954331771773
Author(s):  
Grant T McQuate ◽  
Charmaine D Sylva ◽  
Nicanor J Liquido
Keyword(s):  
Mangifera Indica ◽  
Fruit Fly ◽  
Fruit Flies ◽  
Bactrocera Dorsalis ◽  
Oriental Fruit Fly ◽  
Limited Data ◽  
Breeding Programs ◽  
Natural Field ◽  
Tephritid Fruit Flies

Mango, Mangifera indica (Anacardiaceae), is a crop cultivated pantropically. There are, however, many other Mangifera spp (“mango relatives”) which have much more restricted distributions and are poorly known but have potential to produce mango-like fruits in areas where mangoes do not grow well or could be tapped in mango breeding programs. Because of the restricted distribution of many of the Mangifera spp, there has also been limited data collected on susceptibility of their fruits to infestation by tephritid fruit flies which is important to know for concerns both for quality of production and for quarantine security of fruit exports. Here, we report on natural field infestation by the oriental fruit fly, Bactrocera dorsalis (Diptera: Tephritidae), of two mango relatives native to Indonesia: Mangifera casturi and Mangifera lalijiwa. Rates of infestation of fruits of these two Mangifera spp by tephritid fruit flies have not previously been reported.

scholarly journals Establishing criteria for the management of tephritid fruit fly outbreaks

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael D. Ormsby
Keyword(s):  
Cost Benefit ◽  
Fruit Fly ◽  
Economic Benefits ◽  
Fruit Flies ◽  
International Standards ◽  
Trade Restrictions ◽  
Export Restriction ◽  
Fly Control ◽  
Financial Impacts ◽  
Tephritid Fruit Flies

AbstractTephritid fruit flies (Diptera; Tephritidae) represent a group of insects that include some of the most economically important pests in horticulture. Because of their economic importance, the financial impacts of an incursion of tephritid fruit flies into a new area can often result in restrictions to trade. The economic impacts of any trade restrictions imposed by importing countries are confounded by the current absence of consistent and accepted criteria for the strength and extent of any trade restrictions and declaring the end of an incursion. The author has developed models that can be used to establish criteria for the management of tephritid fruit fly outbreaks as outlined in international standards. A model enables criteria on when to recognise an incursion has occurred and establish export restrictions. Another model determines what area or radius an export restriction zone (ERZ) should cover. And a third model establishes criteria for the conditions required to enable an ERZ to be rescinded and the area’s pest free status reinstated. The models rely primarily on fruit fly biology and the effectiveness of surveillance trapping systems. The adoption of these proposed criteria internationally for establishing a control system and responding to fruit fly outbreaks would provide considerable economic benefits to international trade. Additionally, these criteria would enable countries to make more informed cost–benefit decisions on the level of investment in fruit fly control systems that better reflects the economic risks fruit flies represent to their economy.

Non-host status of papaya cultivars to the oriental fruit fly, Bactrocera dorsalis (Diptera: Tephritidae), in relation to the degree of fruit ripeness

2016 ◽  
Vol 37 (01) ◽  
pp. 19-29 ◽  
Author(s):  
Domingos Cugala ◽  
João Jone Jordane ◽  
Sunday Ekesi
Keyword(s):  
Fruit Ripening ◽  
Market Access ◽  
Fruit Fly ◽  
Fruit Flies ◽  
Bactrocera Dorsalis ◽  
Laboratory Evaluation ◽  
Ripening Stage ◽  
Field Cage ◽  
Major Barrier ◽  
Ripening Stages

AbstractPhytosanitary measures are a major barrier to trade in papaya. We assessed the infestation of tephritid fruit flies on different stages of maturity of papaya, to determine its non-host stage of maturity, for market access. Papaya fruits were collected from Kilifi and Embu counties, Kenya from March 2013 to December 2014, to assess the level of infestation by fruit flies according to the degree of fruit ripening. In all locations, no fruit fly infestation was recorded on papaya when fruits were at the 0, 25 and 50% yellow fruit ripening stage.Bactrocera dorsalis(Hendel) was, however, observed attacking fruits when papaya fruits were at 75 and 100% all yellow (fully ripe fruit ripening stage) with infestations of 0.19−0.51B. dorsalis/kg fruit and 0.24−1.24B. dorsalis/kg fruit, respectively, in all locations. Field cage exposure ofB. dorsalisto fruits of five papaya cultivars—‘Papino’, ‘Neo Essence’, ‘Sunrise Solo’, ‘Tainung No. 1’ and ‘Tainung No. 2’ in Manica Province, Mozambique—showed thatB. dorsalisdid not infest fruits at 0, 25 and 50% yellow ripening stages at the densities of 50 and 100 flies per cage. However, at 75% yellow ripening stage, up to 13.1 pupae/kg of fruits was recorded at a density of 150 flies per cage in Tainung No. 1, and infestation ranged from 4.5 to 136 pupae/kg fruits at 100% yellow ripening stage across all the cultivars and infestation densities. Laboratory evaluation of volatiles emanating from freshly crushed papaya pulp of four cultivars: ‘Sunrise Solo’, ‘Red Lady’, ‘Papayi’ and ‘Apoyo’ on egg viability ofB. dorsalisshowed that at 0, 25 and 50% yellow, egg hatchability was inhibited, suggesting that semiochemical compounds present in green tissues of papaya prevent egg development, although this effect was variable across the four cultivars and ripening stages. Export papaya is harvested at less than 40% yellow ripening stage. Our results, therefore, suggest that quarantine treatment for fruits at this ripening stage is inconsequential, asB. dorsalisdoes not infest papaya fruits at this stage; thus, authorities should permit entry of these papaya cultivars of less than 40% yellow ripening stage to quarantine-sensitive markets.

Field response of three Tephritid fruit flies to three food-based attractants and suppression of Bactrocera zonata (Saunders) using Mazoferm–Spinosad in guava ecosystem in Sudan

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohammed E. E. Mahmoud ◽  
Mohammed ◽  
Fathya M. Khamis and ◽  
Sunday Ekesi ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Fruits And Vegetables ◽  
Fruit Flies ◽  
Bactrocera Dorsalis ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Horticultural Crops ◽  
Torula Yeast ◽  
Bactrocera Zonata ◽  
Male Annihilation ◽  
Environmentally Friendly Approach ◽  
Tephritid Fruit Flies

Abstract Fruit flies of the genus Bactrocera are the most damaging pests of horticultural crops, leading to severe economic losses hindered exportation. Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel) and Bactrocera zonata (Saunders) were reported in Sudan in 2005 and 2011 respectively affecting most of the fruits and vegetables in Sudan threatening income of poor farmers. Only Male Annihilation Technique (MAT) is applied in Sudan to manage the two Bactrocera species. A filed experiment was conducted to evaluate the response of B. dorsalis, B. zonata and Zeugodacus cucurbitae to three food-based attractants using McPhail traps in two sites in Gezira state, Sudan. Also, other trial was undertaken to determine the effect of spray of Mazoferm and Spinosad combination to control B. zonata. The results showed that food-based attractants lured both sexes of the above mentioned fruit flies and females represented (55-86%). At the first site, B. zonata responded in high numbers to Mazoferm followed by Torula yeast and GF-120 respectively while it responded equally to the Mazoferm and Torula yeast in the second site. B. dorsalis responded positively to Mazoferm followed by Torula yeast and GF-120 while Z. cucurbitae was attracted to Mazoferm, GF-120 and Torula for each attractant respectively. Spray of Mazoferm combined with Spinosad significantly reduced population of B. zonata (FTD) population and suppressed infestation level of guava fruits (fruit flies/Kg of fruits) when compared to unsprayed orchard. Bait Application Technique is an environmentally friendly approach that reduces infestation levels, lessen contamination and safeguard produce.

scholarly journals Biological Control of Tephritid Fruit Flies in the Americas and Hawaii: A Review of the Use of Parasitoids and Predators

Insects ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (10) ◽  
pp. 662
Author(s):  
Flávio R. M. Garcia ◽  
Sérgio M. Ovruski ◽  
Lorena Suárez ◽  
Jorge Cancino ◽  
Oscar E. Liburd
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
Fruit Fly ◽  
Fruit Flies ◽  
Economic Importance ◽  
Parasitoid Species ◽  
Control Programs ◽  
First Time ◽  
Tephritid Fruit Flies

Biological control has been the most commonly researched control tactic within fruit fly management programs. For the first time, a review is carried out covering parasitoids and predators of fruit flies (Tephritidae) from the Americas and Hawaii, presenting the main biological control programs in this region. In this work, 31 species of fruit flies of economic importance are considered in the genera Anastrepha (11), Rhagoletis (14), Bactrocera (4), Ceratitis (1), and Zeugodacus (1). In this study, a total of 79 parasitoid species of fruit flies of economic importance are listed and, from these, 50 are native and 29 are introduced. A total of 56 species of fruit fly predators occur in the Americas and Hawaii.

scholarly journals Mediterranean Fruit Fly Ceratitis capitata (Diptera: Tephritidae) Eggs and Larvae Responses to a Low-Oxygen/High-Nitrogen Atmosphere

Insects ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (11) ◽  
pp. 802
Author(s):  
Farhan J.M. Al-Behadili ◽  
Manjree Agarwal ◽  
Wei Xu ◽  
Yonglin Ren
Keyword(s):  
Ceratitis Capitata ◽  
Insect Pests ◽  
Sex Ratios ◽  
Adult Emergence ◽  
Fruit Fly ◽  
Nitrogen Atmosphere ◽  
Mediterranean Fruit Fly ◽  
Low Oxygen ◽  
High Nitrogen ◽  
Complete Control

The Mediterranean fruit fly, Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann) (Diptera: Tephritidae), is one of the most damaging horticultural insect pests. This study used a low-oxygen/high-nitrogen bioassay to control C. capitata. Two low-oxygen treatments were applied (0.5% O2 + 99.5 N2 and 5% O2 + 95% N2) to C. capitata eggs and 1st, 2nd and 3rd instar larvae from 0 to nine days on a carrot diet at 25 °C; 70—75% RH. The pupariation, adult emergence, and sex ratios of survived flies were examined. The results demonstrate that increased mortality of all tested life stages correlated with increased exposure times at both levels of low-oxygen treatments. Complete control of eggs was achieved after eight days and nine days for larvae using 0.5% O2 at 25 °C; 70–75% RH. The 3rd instar was the most tolerant stage, while the egg was the most susceptible stage to the low-oxygen environment. There were no significant differences in sex ratios between emerged adults after low-oxygen and control treatments. The present work demonstrates and confirms the mortalities of C. capitata caused by low-oxygen treatment, which may help develop new postharvest strategies to control this destructive fruit fly pest.

scholarly journals Oviposition Preference of Bactrocera dorsalis Hendel (Diptera: Tephritidae) on Different Fruit in Snake Fruit Orchard

2021 ◽  
Vol 24 (2) ◽  
pp. 224
Author(s):  
Rahmi Fitrah ◽  
Deni Pranowo ◽  
Suputa Suputa
Keyword(s):  
Plant Protection ◽  
Oviposition Preference ◽  
Fruit Fly ◽  
Psidium Guajava ◽  
Fruit Flies ◽  
Bactrocera Dorsalis ◽  
Trap Crops ◽  
Guava Fruit ◽  
Star Fruit ◽  
Fruit Orchard

The oriental fruit fly Bactocera dorsalis (Hendel) is an important pest of snake fruit (Salacca zalacca) in Sleman District. Due to the high level of damage by the fruit flies, it is necessary to do. The aim of this research was to find out suitable fruit traps, by testing the oviposition preferences of the fruit flies in the orchard to lay eggs on several types of fruit. The research was done in snake fruit orchard located at Sleman Yogyakarta and owned by farmers, while the Lab works were done at the Laboratory of Entomology, Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Universitas Gadjah Mada. All researches were done between April-June 2019. Guava (Psidium guajava), watery rose apples (Syzygium aqueum), starfruit (Averrhoa carambolae), and snake fruit (Salacca zalacca) were used as trap crops. Each fruit, with the same maturity level, was hung 1.5 m above the ground for 4 days with 12 days total trapping at intervals of 3 times. After the test, each fruit was taken and the insects in it were reared in the laboratory. The number of pupae and flies that emerged from each fruit was counted and compared. The results showed that in the orchard 1 as well as  2, of guava fruit produced the highest number of (151 pupae) followed by salak (94 pupae), star fruit (83 pupae), and water guava (2 pupae). The finding of seeds shows that guava fruit is the most suitable host for the fruit flies to be used in the trapping, followed by star fruit and watery guava.

scholarly journals Effectiveness of Selected Parapheromones for Mass Trapping of Mango Fruit Fly, Ceratitis cosyra Walker and Oriental Fruit Fly, Bactrocera dorsalis Hendel (Diptera: Tephritidae) on Mango

2020 ◽  
Vol 36 (1) ◽  
pp. 118-129
Author(s):  
C. Ebi
Keyword(s):  
Mangifera Indica ◽  
Fruit Fly ◽  
Fruit Flies ◽  
Methyl Eugenol ◽  
Bactrocera Dorsalis ◽  
Economic Damage ◽  
Special Focus ◽  
Mass Trapping ◽  
Male Annihilation ◽  
Ceratitis Cosyra

Mango (Mangifera indica L.) is an important fruit crop in Nigeria. It is a source of essential vitamins and is also cultivated for its nutritional, medicinal and industrial uses. Fruit flies infest various commercial fruit crops and cause economic damage. Mass trapping and male annihilation technique (MAT) has been the most useful and common means of controlling fruit flies with special focus on Bactrocera dorsalis Hendel (Diptera: Tephritidae) on mangoes. The study evaluated the effectiveness of four types of parapheromones namely, methyl eugenol (liquid and solid forms), cuelure, terpinyl acetate and trimedlure for mass trapping of fruit flies on Mango. Modified Lynfield traps containing the parapheromones were randomly set on the mango orchards in three replicates in Nigeria Horticultural Research Institute (NIHORT) orchard, Okigwe, Imo state, Southeast Nigeria. This study was conducted during the mango fruiting period of 2019 season, when the density of fruit flies peaked. Effect of parapheromones on mean number of damaged dropped fruits was also evaluated. The mean population of B. dorsalis and Ceratitis cosyra was significantly higher (P>0.05) in liquid methyl eugenol traps when compared to other parapheromones. Bactrocera dorsalis recorded more than 90% of the fruit flies that were trapped especially in the first 3 weeks of trapping. In orchard I, Liquid methyl eugenol significantly (P<0.05) trapped highest number of B. dorsalis (270.20) in week I and similar trends were observed in orchard II. There was steady decline in damaged dropped mango fruits as the study progressed (Fig. 1 and 2). Use of liquid methyl eugenol was most effective in trapping B. dorsalis and C. cosyra, and it can be incorporated in Integrated Pest Management (IPM) programmes for the control of fruit flies.

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