Biocontrol of Melolontha spp. Grubs in Organic Strawberry Plantations by Entomopathogenic Fungi as Affected by Environmental and Metabolic Factors and the Interaction with Soil Microbial Biodiversity

The efficacy of two strains of two Beauveria species (B. bassiana and B. brongniartii), individually or as co-inoculants, to control Melolontha sp. grubs was assessed in two organic strawberry plantations in relation to the environmental conditions, their abundance after soil inoculation, and their in vitro chitinolytic activity, thereby also verifying their impact on soil microbial communities. A reduction of the grubs’ damage to strawberry plants was observed when compared to the untreated control in one plantation, irrespective of the strain used and whether they were applied as single or as co-inoculum. The metabolic pattern expressed by the two fungi in vitro was different: B. bassiana showed a higher metabolic versatility in the use of different carbon sources than B. brongniartii, whose profile was partly overlapped in the co-inoculum. Similar differences in the chitinolytic activity of each of the fungi and the co-inoculum were also pointed out. A higher abundance of B. bassiana in the soils receiving this species in comparison to those receiving B. brongniartii, together with its in vitro metabolic activity, could account for the observed diverse efficacy of pest damage control of the two species. However, environmental and climatic factors also affected the overall efficacy of the two bioinocula. According to the monitoring of the two species in soil, B. bassiana could be considered as a common native species in the studied locations in contrast to B. brongniartii, which seemed to be a non-endemic species. Nevertheless, the inoculation with both species or the co-inoculum did not consistently affect the soil microbial (fungi and bacteria) biodiversity, as expressed by the operational taxonomic unit (OTU) number and Shannon–Wiener diversity index based on terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism (TRFLP) data. A small transient increase of the share of the inoculated species to the total fungal community was noted by the analysis of genes copy numbers only for B. brongniartii at the end of the third growing season.

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Characteristics of the Soil Microbial Communities in Different Slope Positions along an Inverted Stone Slope in a Degraded Karst Tiankeng

Biology ◽

10.3390/biology10060474 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 (6) ◽

pp. 474

Author(s):

Cong Jiang ◽

Jie Feng ◽

Su-Feng Zhu ◽

Wei Shui

Keyword(s):

Microbial Community ◽

Microbial Communities ◽

Diversity Index ◽

Soil Microbial Communities ◽

Ecological Value ◽

Soil Microbial ◽

Wiener Diversity Index ◽

The Us ◽

And Function ◽

Topographic Heterogeneity

The underground forests developed on inverted stone slopes in degraded karst tiankengs are important areas for biodiversity conservation, but the microbial community profiles have not been sufficiently characterized. Thus, we investigated the soil microbial communities at four sites (at the bottom of the slope (BS), in the middle of the slope (MS), in the upper part of the slope (US) and outside the tiankeng (OT)) in the Shenxiantang tiankeng. The dominant phyla in the inverted stone slope were Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria, and Acidobacteria, and the relative abundance were different in different slope positions. The Shannon–Wiener diversity index of the microbial community was significantly greater for the US site than for the MS or BS sites. The metabolism functional pathways (including C/N cycle) were more abundant at the BS site. Total nitrogen and pH were the dominant factors in determining the distribution of the microbial community along an inverted stone slope. These results suggest that topographic heterogeneity can influence the variations in the soil microbial structure, diversity, and function in degraded karst tiankengs and emphasized the ecological value of inverted stone slopes within karst tiankengs.

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Continuous monocropping highly affect the composition and diversity of microbial communities in peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.)

Notulae Botanicae Horti Agrobotanici Cluj-Napoca ◽

10.15835/nbha49412532 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 49 (4) ◽

pp. 12532

Author(s):

Ali I. MALLANO ◽

Xianli ZHAO ◽

Yanling SUN ◽

Guangpin JIANG ◽

Huang CHAO

Keyword(s):

Microbial Communities ◽

Management Practices ◽

Rhizosphere Soil ◽

Diversity Index ◽

Cropping Systems ◽

Soil Microbial Communities ◽

Pathogenic Fungi ◽

Continuous Cropping ◽

Bacterial Phyla ◽

Soil Microbial

Continuous cropping systems are the leading cause of decreased soil biological environments in terms of unstable microbial population and diversity index. Nonetheless, their responses to consecutive peanut monocropping cycles have not been thoroughly investigated. In this study, the structure and abundance of microbial communities were characterized using pyrosequencing-based approach in peanut monocropping cycles for three consecutive years. The results showed that continuous peanut cultivation led to a substantial decrease in soil microbial abundance and diversity from initial cropping cycle (T1) to later cropping cycle (T3). Peanut rhizosphere soil had Actinobacteria, Protobacteria, and Gemmatimonadetes as the major bacterial phyla. Ascomycota, Basidiomycota were the major fungal phylum, while Crenarchaeota and Euryarchaeota were the most dominant phyla of archaea. Several bacterial, fungal and archaeal taxa were significantly changed in abundance under continuous peanut cultivation. Bacterial orders, Actinomycetales, Rhodospirillales and Sphingomonadales showed decreasing trends from T1>T2>T3. While, pathogenic fungi Phoma was increased and beneficial fungal taxa Glomeraceae decreased under continuous monocropping. Moreover, Archaeal order Nitrososphaerales observed less abundant in first two cycles (T1&T2), however, it increased in third cycle (T3), whereas, Thermoplasmata exhibit decreased trends throughout consecutive monocropping. Taken together, we have shown the taxonomic profiles of peanut rhizosphere communities that were affected by continuous peanut monocropping. The results obtained from this study pave ways towards a better understanding of the peanut rhizosphere soil microbial communities in response to continuous cropping cycles, which could be used as bioindicator to monitor soil quality, plant health and land management practices.

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Evaluation of functional diversity of soil microbial communities – a case study

Plant Soil and Environment ◽

10.17221/4074-pse ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 50 (No. 4) ◽

pp. 141-148 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

J. Hofman ◽

J. Švihálek ◽

I. Holoubek

Keyword(s):

Microbial Communities ◽

Functional Diversity ◽

Diversity Index ◽

Soil Microbial Communities ◽

Natural Area ◽

Multivariate Statistical ◽

Soil Microbial ◽

Routine Monitoring ◽

Best Parameter

In our case study, we measured the functional diversity of the microbial communities of twelve soils from the small natural area to assess if this assay is suitable for routine monitoring of soil biological quality. We found the BIOLOG assay meets especially practical benefits in routine monitoring of soils being simple and quick assay. However, we confirmed the ambiguity about the most appropriate analysis of the BIOLOG multivariate data and about the best parameter, which can be derived from the assay. The different analyses of the data were examined and various parameters derived from the BIOLOG assay were comparatively used to contribute to the discussion of how the data should be evaluated. We showed that not-normalized raw absorbances or trapezoid areas should be used for calculation of diversity index if the inoculum was standardized. There was no single answer to what parameter provided more correct results in the multivariate statistical analysis. Evaluating at least one not-normalized (e.g. trapezoid area) and one normalized parameter (e.g. absorbances read in fixed AWCD) was strongly suggested keeping in mind that they reveal different information.

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Soil microbial biomass, community level physiological profiles relate to tree species and its state in urban environment

10.5194/egusphere-egu2020-1064 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Alexandra Seleznyova ◽

Alexey Yaroslavtcev ◽

Olga Gavrichkova ◽

Alexey Ryazanov ◽

Julia Kovaleva ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Microbial Biomass ◽

Microbial Diversity ◽

Carboxylic Acids ◽

Tree Species ◽

Diversity Index ◽

Soil Microbial Communities ◽

Community Level ◽

Soil Microbial ◽

Vertical Stability ◽

Wide Range

Urban trees and soil microbial communities are the key ecosystem components to provide the supporting, provisioning and regulating services that define citizen&#8217;s well-being. Understanding the relationships between physiological states, age, species of trees and microbial functional properties are needed for a management of urban areas and landscapes' engineering. The research focuses on finding linkages between a wide range of trees&#8217; properties monitored by smart TreeTalker technology and soil functional microbial indexes in Moscow megapolis.The study was carried out on the RUDN University campus area (Moscow, Russia), where six tree species were selected (Pinus sylvestris, Populus tremula, Acer platanoides, Tilia cordata, Picea abies, Betula pendula). TreeTalker device was installed on the preselected five trees of each species for monitoring the sap flux, vertical stability (according to digital accelerometer), spectrums of canopy reflectance, trunk and canopy air temperature and humidity. Monitoring started in May 2019. The composite soil samples (0-10) were taken under each tree at the 0.5 m distance from its stand by augering in October 2019. In the samples, the microbial biomass carbon (MBC, SIR-method), basal respiration (BR), community level physiological profile (CLPP, MicroResp) and Shannon microbial diversity index (H&#8217;) based on CLPP were determined.Soil MBC content was significantly depended on tree species, increasing from A.platanoides to T.cordata (from 538 to 1445 &#181;g C g-1). The microbial diversity index was lowest in soil under A.platanoides (H&#8217;=2.1) and the highest for B.pendula (H&#8217;=2.4). The soil CLPP for A.platanoides was mainly shifted to microbial response on carboxylic acids with the low reaction on amino and phenolic acids compared to other trees species (e.g. B.pendula). Soil qCO2 (BR/MBC ratio) was positively related to trees&#8217; age (r=0.8). Response to carboxylic acids (especially oxalic) had the highest correlation with physiological properties of the trees: trunk moisture, photochemical reflectance index and vertical stability (r > -0.5).Current research was financially supported by Russian Science Foundation [No 19-77-30012].

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Mechanisms Underlying Nonindigenous Plant Impacts: A Review of Recent Experimental Research

Invasive Plant Science and Management ◽

10.1614/ipsm-d-13-00099.1 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 7 (3) ◽

pp. 432-444 ◽

Cited By ~ 25

Author(s):

Tanya C. Skurski ◽

Lisa J. Rew ◽

Bruce D. Maxwell

Keyword(s):

Experimental Research ◽

Native Species ◽

Incident Light ◽

Soil Microbial Communities ◽

Native Plant ◽

Soil Microbial ◽

The Past ◽

Single Mechanism ◽

Mycorrhizal Associations ◽

Species Survival

AbstractNonindigenous plant species (NIS) can affect individuals, communities, and ecosystems through numerous direct and indirect mechanisms. To synthesize the current understanding of how NIS cause impacts, we reviewed experimental research from the past decade. We found alteration of the microenvironment, such as incident light and air and soil temperature, was much more often a mechanism underlying NIS impacts than competition for soil water and nutrients. NIS litter frequently caused the alteration of microenvironments, and litter effects were often of greater consequence than the effects of live NIS plants. Results supported altered soil microbial communities and mycorrhizal associations as mechanisms underlying NIS impacts on native plant growth, community structure, and nutrient cycling. Impacts often could not be attributed to a single mechanism, highlighting the need for multi-factor studies that identify and distinguish between multiple, concurrently operating mechanisms. Overall, our synthesis indicates that effective management will require attention to legacy effects of NIS, that removing live NIS may not ameliorate impacts, and that removal of dead NIS biomass may be necessary for native species' survival. Furthermore, rehabilitating soil microbial and mycorrhizal communities may be crucial for successful post-NIS management revegetation.

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Evaluation of the diversity of Scolitids (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) in the forest plantations of the central zone of the Ecuadorian littoral

Ciencia y Tecnología ◽

10.18779/cyt.v10i2.204 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 10 (2) ◽

pp. 25-32

Author(s):

Malena Martínez ◽

Jessenia Castro ◽

Ronald Villamar-Torres ◽

Mercedes Carranza ◽

Julio Muñoz-Rengifo ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Native Species ◽

Diversity Index ◽

Similarity Index ◽

Central Zone ◽

The Other ◽

Dry Period ◽

Tropical Zone ◽

Worldwide Distribution ◽

Wiener Diversity Index ◽

Wood Borer

The species of Scolytinae subfamily have a worldwide distribution, and are found mainly in the Neo-tropic regions. They usually dominate the communities of wood borer insects. The aim of the present study was to determine the diversity among Scolytinae species associated with balsa, teak, rubber and gamhar plantations located in the humid tropical zone of the Ecuadorian littoral. In each plantation seven flight interception traps containing an ethanol / gel mixture were installed, with a collection frequency of 15 days for three months in the dry period. A total of 1437 specimens were collected, represented by Xyleborini, Cryphalini, Corthylini and Ipini tribes. In the four plantations, 18 species of Scolitids were collected, of which 16 were recorded in the balsa plantation, while in the other plantations 10 to 12 species were found. The most abundant Scolitids were Hypothenemus spp., Corthylus spp., Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborinus bicornatulus and Premnobium cavipennis. The Shannon-Wiener diversity index was higher in the balsa culture (H’= 2.37) and lower in Teak (H’= 1.57). The Jaccard similarity index was higher among the teak and rubber plantations (Cj = 0.9090) while the balsa plantation obtained less similarity with respect to the other three plantations. The greatest diversity of Scolitids was recorded in the balsa plantation, which is a native species, unlike the other forest species, which are exotic, indicating that the diversity would be influenced by the host tree and the location where they are found.

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Inhibition of select actinobacteria by the organophosphate pesticide chlorpyrifos

10.1101/2021.03.18.436105 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Nathan D. McDonald ◽

Courtney E. Love ◽

Rushyannah Killens-Cade ◽

Jason Werth ◽

Matthew Gebert ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Soil Microbes ◽

Organophosphorus Compounds ◽

Crop Protection ◽

Soil Microbial Communities ◽

Soil Microbiome ◽

Transient Effects ◽

Soil Microbial ◽

Agricultural Pesticides ◽

Solid Media

ABSTRACTOrganophosphorus compounds have an extensive history as both agricultural pesticides as well as chemical nerve agents. Decades of research have demonstrated numerous links between these chemicals and their direct and indirect effects on humans and other organisms. The inhibitory effects of organophosphate pesticides (OPPs) on metazoan physiology, are well-characterized; however, the effects of organophosphorus compounds on soil microbes - essential contributors to key agricultural processes - are poorly understood. Chlorpyrifos (CPF) is an OPP that is used globally for crop protection. Studies of CPF application to soils have shown transient effects on soil microbial communities with conflicting data. Here, we directly test the effect of CPF on a panel of 196 actinobacteria strains, examining the effects of CPF on their growth and in vitro phenotypes on solid media. Strains were grown and replica-plated onto media containing CPF or a vehicle control and grown at 28°C. CPF dramatically inhibited the growth of most strains and/or altered colony morphologies, with 13 strains completely inhibited by CPF. In disk diffusion assays with CPF, its degradation product 3,5,6-trichloropyridinol (TCP), malathion, parathion, monocrotophos and mevinphos, only CPF exhibited direct antimicrobial activity suggesting that the observed effects were due to CPF itself.IMPORTANCEChlorpyrifos is a globally used pesticide with documented neurological effects on non-target organisms in the environment. Finding that chlorpyrifos can inhibit the growth of some soil microbes in vitro may have implications for the composition, stability, and health of the soil microbiome. Due to the importance of soil microbes to numerous biogeochemical processes in agricultural systems, additional investigations into the non-target effects of CPF on soil microbes are clearly needed.

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Land use and climatic factors structure regional patterns in soil microbial communities

Global Ecology and Biogeography ◽

10.1111/j.1466-8238.2009.00486.x ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 19 (1) ◽

pp. 27-39 ◽

Cited By ~ 151

Author(s):

Rebecca E. Drenovsky ◽

Kerri L. Steenwerth ◽

Louise E. Jackson ◽

Kate M. Scow

Keyword(s):

Land Use ◽

Microbial Communities ◽

Climatic Factors ◽

Soil Microbial Communities ◽

Regional Patterns ◽

Soil Microbial

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Soil Microbial Functional Diversity Responses to Different Vegetation Types in the Heilongjiang Zhongyangzhan Black-billed Capercaillie Nature Reserve

10.21203/rs.3.rs-388852/v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Xiaohong Weng ◽

Jiayi Li ◽

xin sui ◽

Mengsha Li ◽

Weiping Yin ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Functional Diversity ◽

Nature Reserve ◽

Forest Type ◽

Diversity Index ◽

Soil Microbial Communities ◽

Principal Component ◽

Terrestrial Ecosystems ◽

Vegetation Types ◽

Microbial Functional Diversity ◽

Soil Microbial

Abstract Purpose: The soil microbial community is an important bioactive component of terrestrial ecosystems. Its structural and functional diversity directly affects carbon and nitrogen processes. This study aimed to investigate the variations in the functional diversity of soil microbial communities in forests with different types of vegetation. Methods: We selected three typical vegetation types, larch (LG), black birch (BD), and larch and black birch mixed (LGBD) forests, located in the Heilongjiang Zhongyangzhan Black-billed Capercaillie Nature Reserve. The Biolog-Eco microplate technology was selected to perform these analyses. Result: Our results showed clear differences between microorganisms in the three typical forests. The average well-colour development (AWCD) change rate gradually increased with incubation time. The BD type had the highest AWCD value, followed by LGBD; the LG forest type had the lowest value. The difference in the soil microbial alpha diversity index between BD and LG was significant. A principal component analysis showed that PC1 and PC2 respectively explained 62.77% and 13.3% of the variance observed. The differences in the soil microbial carbon-source utilization patterns under different vegetation types were mainly caused by esters and carbohydrates. Redundancy analysis showed that soil microbial functional diversity was strongly affected by soil physicochemistrical properties (e.g. organic carbon, total nitrogen, and pH). Conclusion: These results provide a reference for further exploring the relationship between forest communities and soil microbes during the process of forest succession.

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Unravelling the Functional Diversity of the Soil Microbial Community of Chinese Fir Plantations of Different Densities

Forests ◽

10.3390/f9090532 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 9 (9) ◽

pp. 532 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Chaoqun Wang ◽

Lin Xue ◽

Yuhong Dong ◽

Yihui Wei ◽

Ruzhen Jiao

Keyword(s):

Microbial Community ◽

Microbial Communities ◽

Functional Diversity ◽

Soil Microbial Community ◽

Diversity Index ◽

Carbon Sources ◽

Soil Microbial Communities ◽

Stand Density ◽

Chinese Fir ◽

Soil Microbial

The structure and function of forest ecosystems are directly or indirectly affected by their stand density. However, what effect the density of Chinese fir plantations has on the functional diversity of the soil microbial community remains unclear. The microbial metabolic functional diversity of soils sampled at the topsoil (0–20 cm) of 35-year-old Chinese fir plantations of five initial densities (D1: 1667 stems∙hm−2, D2: 3333 stems∙hm−2, D3: 5000 stems∙hm−2, D4: 6667 stems∙hm−2, and D5: 10,000 stems∙hm−2) was studied by using Biolog ECO technology. The results showed that the soil pH, oxidizable organic carbon (SOOC), available N (AN), available P (AP), and available K (AK) contents all showed a gradual increase from D1 to D4 and a decrease from D4 to D5, while the number of culturable bacteria and total microorganisms, the average well color development (AWCD) values for the single carbon substrate and six types of carbon sources used by the microbial community, as well as the Shannon-Wiener diversity index (H’), Pielou evenness index (J), and McIntosh Diversity Index (U), were the opposite, suggesting that low-densities favored C and N mineralization and the nutrient cycle. The density of Chinese fir plantations had a significant effect on the use of carbohydrates, amino acids, carboxylic acids, and phenolic acids by the soil microbial community, but it had no significant effect on the use of polymers (p < 0.05). Principal component analysis (PCA) revealed that carbohydrates, polymers, and phenolic acids were sensitive carbon sources that caused differences in the metabolic functions of soil microbial communities in Chinese fir plantations. Redundancy analysis (RDA) showed that physicochemical factors have a significant influence on the metabolic function of soil microbial communities (RDA1 and RDA2 explained >85% variance). The changes in density affected the soil physicochemical properties, the composition, and the metabolic functional diversity of microbial communities in Chinese fir plantations, which is certainly useful for the stand density regulation of Chinese fir plantations.

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