scholarly journals A Review of the Evolution of Termite Control: A Continuum of Alternatives to Termiticides in the United States with Emphasis on Efficacy Testing Requirements for Product Registration

Insects ◽  
2022 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 50
Author(s):  
Faith Oi
Keyword(s):  
The United States ◽  
Building Construction ◽  
Effective Control ◽  
Subterranean Termites ◽  
Termite Control ◽  
Technological Advances ◽  
Unrestricted Access ◽  
Science Educators ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
And Control

The global economic impact of termites is estimated to be approximately USD 40 billion annually, and subterranean termites are responsible for about 80% of the total impact. Twenty-eight species of termites have been described as invasive, and these termites are spreading, partially due to global trade, making effective control methods essential. Termite control is complex, as is the biology and behavior of this social insect group. In the U.S., termite prevention and control (with claims of structural protection) is regulated by more than one industry (pest control and building construction), and at the federal and state levels. Termite prevention has historically relied on building construction practices that do not create conducive conditions for termite infestations, but as soil termiticides developed, heavy reliance on pesticides became the standard for termite control. The concern for human and environmental health has driven the development of termite control alternatives and regulation for products claiming structural protection. Product development has also provided unprecedented opportunities to study the biology and behavior of cryptobiotic termites. Technological advances have allowed for the re-examination of questions about termite behavior. Advances in communications via social media provide unrestricted access to information, creating a conundrum for consumers and science educators alike.

scholarly journals Dynamics of bed bug infestations and control under disclosure policies

2019 ◽  
Vol 116 (13) ◽  
pp. 6473-6481 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sherrie Xie ◽  
Alison L. Hill ◽  
Chris R. Rehmann ◽  
Michael Z. Levy
Keyword(s):  
Cost Benefit ◽  
Control Policy ◽  
Spillover Effects ◽  
The United States ◽  
Effective Control ◽  
Bed Bugs ◽  
Bed Bug ◽  
Highly Nonlinear ◽  
Public Health Practitioners ◽  
And Control

Bed bugs have reemerged in the United States and worldwide over recent decades, presenting a major challenge to both public health practitioners and housing authorities. A number of municipalities have proposed or initiated policies to stem the bed bug epidemic, but little guidance is available to evaluate them. One contentious policy is disclosure, whereby landlords are obligated to notify potential tenants of current or prior bed bug infestations. Aimed to protect tenants from leasing an infested rental unit, disclosure also creates a kind of quarantine, partially and temporarily removing infested units from the market. Here, we develop a mathematical model for the spread of bed bugs in a generalized rental market, calibrate it to parameters of bed bug dispersion and housing turnover, and use it to evaluate the costs and benefits of disclosure policies to landlords. We find disclosure to be an effective control policy to curb infestation prevalence. Over the short term (within 5 years), disclosure policies result in modest increases in cost to landlords, while over the long term, reductions of infestation prevalence lead, on average, to savings. These results are insensitive to different assumptions regarding the prevalence of infestation, rate of introduction of bed bugs from other municipalities, and the strength of the quarantine effect created by disclosure. Beyond its application to bed bugs, our model offers a framework to evaluate policies to curtail the spread of household pests and is appropriate for systems in which spillover effects result in highly nonlinear cost–benefit relationships.

From “Ward of the State” to “Revolutionary Without a Movement”: The Political Development of William C. Norris and Control Data Corporation, 1957–1986

2005 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 197-223
Author(s):  
David M. Hart
Keyword(s):  
Political Development ◽  
Chief Executive ◽  
The United States ◽  
The Political ◽  
Political Strategy ◽  
Control Data ◽  
The Times ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
And Control ◽  
Policy Communities

This article traces the political development of the Control Data Corporation (CDC) and its founder and chief executive officer, William C. Norris, from the firm’s formation in 1957 until his departure from its leadership in 1986. Norris was entrepreneurial in his political strategy, taking large risks to pursue what he perceived to be large opportunities in such areas as antitrust, trade policy, and poverty alleviation. Indeed, his perceptions of these opportunities often diverged substantially from those of others in the computer industry and the broader corporate and policy communities. The article links these differences to Norris’s personal circumstances, the business situation of CDC, and the broader political currents of the times. The experiences of Norris and CDC suggest that business historians need a more expansive and flexible conception of the political attitudes and behavior of business leaders and of the business-government relationship in the United States.

scholarly journals Individual-based modeling of COVID-19 transmission in college communities

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Qimin Huang ◽  
Martial Ndeffo-Mbah ◽  
Anirban Mondal ◽  
Sara Lee ◽  
David Gurarie
Keyword(s):  
Risk Reduction ◽  
Disease Transmission ◽  
Herd Immunity ◽  
The United States ◽  
Transmission Risk ◽  
Effective Control ◽  
Social Activities ◽  
Modeling Framework ◽  
Risk Reduction Measures ◽  
And Control

The ongoing COVID-19 pandemic has created major public health and socio-economic challenges across the United States. Among them are challenges to the educational system where college administrators are struggling with the questions of how to reopen in-person activities while prioritizing student safety. To help address this challenge, we developed a flexible computational framework to model the spread and control of COVID-19 on a residential college campus. The modeling framework accounts for heterogeneity in social interactions, activities, disease progression, and control interventions. The relative contribution of classroom, dorm, and social activities to disease transmission were explored. We observed that the dorm has the highest contribution to disease transmission followed by classroom and social activities. Without vaccination, frequent (weekly) random testing coupled with risk reduction measures (e.g. facial mask,) in classroom, dorm, and social activities is the most effective control strategy to mitigate the spread of COVID-19 on college campuses. Moreover, since random screening testing allows for the successful and early detection of both asymptomatic and symptomatic individuals, it successfully reduces the transmission rate such that the maximum quarantine capacity is far lower than expected to further reduce the economic burden caused from quarantine. With vaccination, herd immunity is estimated to be achievable by 50% to 80% immunity coverage. In the absence of herd immunity, simulations indicate that it is optimal to keep some level of transmission risk reduction measures in classroom, dorm, and social activities, while testing at a lower frequency. Though our quantitative results are likely provisional on our model assumptions, extensive sensitivity analysis confirms the robustness of their qualitative nature.

Erythritol Ingestion Causes Concentration-Dependent Mortality in Eastern Subterranean Termites (Blattodea: Rhinotermitidae)

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Virginia Caponera ◽  
Meghan Barrett ◽  
Daniel R Marenda ◽  
Sean O’donnell
Keyword(s):  
Reticulitermes Flavipes ◽  
Subterranean Termites ◽  
Human Consumption ◽  
Safe Alternative ◽  
Lethal Effects ◽  
Termite Control ◽  
And Control ◽  
Further Development ◽  
Treatment Concentration ◽  
Dependent Mortality

Abstract Damage from termite infestations is economically significant and control can be costly when requiring the widespread use of conventional insecticides. Erythritol, a polyalcohol sweetener that is safe for human consumption, causes increased mortality when ingested by some insects, indicating potential as a safe alternative insecticide. Here, we investigated the applicability of erythritol as a novel toxicant method of termite control. Eastern subterranean termites, Reticulitermes flavipes Kollar (Blattodea: Rhinotermitidae), were fed paper foods treated with increasing concentrations of erythritol and were assessed for mortality and bait consumption. Termite survival to 8 d (the duration of the experiment) significantly decreased as erythritol treatment concentration increased, indicating that the lethal effects of erythritol were concentration-dependent. Termites consumed erythritol-treated paper at all concentrations and did not display avoidance in choice assays, suggesting that erythritol may be practical for use as an ingestible bait. These results provide a basis for further development of erythritol as a safe alternative method of termite control.

Study on Pine Wilt Disease and its Control Situation

2011 ◽  
Vol 55-57 ◽  
pp. 567-572
Author(s):  
He Li ◽  
Guo Ying Zhou ◽  
Ju Nang Liu ◽  
Huai Yun Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Southern China ◽  
Pine Wilt Disease ◽  
Distribution Patterns ◽  
The United States ◽  
Wilt Disease ◽  
Effective Control ◽  
Pine Wood Nematode ◽  
Pine Wood ◽  
Pine Wilt ◽  
And Control

The pine is an important tree species in China, while the pine wilt disease is a devastating disease of pine trees. Pine wood nematode (Bursaphelechus xylophilus Steiner & Buhere, 1934 Nickle, 1981) is a world recognized major alien species in the world. It’s from the United States, but pine wood nematode does not seriously endanger the pine in China; the most endangered place is Japan, after several decades of research and control, it has been basically able to control the occurrence of pine wilt disease. The spread trend of pine wilt disease in China grows more and more obvious, which has become an important intrusion pathogenic organism. It not only causes a devastating threats the million hectares pine forest in southern China, but also affects China’s economy and social sustainable development, what’s more, it will damage some of famous scenic spots and cultural heritage sites in China. Meanwhile, the pine wood nematode is a technical barrier, which seriously impacts on China’s import and export trade. The pathogen, pathogenesis, modes of transmission and means of distribution patterns, rapid detection and control methods of pine wilt disease are reviewed in this paper, and we hope that it can provide references for effective control of pine wilt disease in China.

A Cellular Automata Model for Dynamics and Control of Cardiac Arrhythmias

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Danny Gallenberger ◽  
Min Xiong ◽  
Tony Z. Zhuang ◽  
Kai Sun ◽  
Elena G. Tolkacheva ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cellular Automata ◽  
Cardiac Arrhythmias ◽  
Control Method ◽  
Sudden Cardiac Arrest ◽  
Significant Proportion ◽  
The United States ◽  
Effective Control ◽  
Dynamics And Control ◽  
Ca Model ◽  
And Control

Abstract As a leading cause of death in 325,000 adults per year in the United States, a significant proportion of sudden cardiac arrest (SCA) result from arrhythmias. To better understand the onset of arrhythmias and its potential treatment with more rapid and effective control approaches, a two-dimensional 50 × 50 cellular automata (CA) model is used in this study to illustrate the propagation of electrical waves across its tissue, and a constant diastolic interval (DI) control mechanism is adopted to help stabilize and prevent cardiac arrhythmias. Simulations of various scenarios including normal conduction and spiral waves in the presence of scar, normal conduction and alternans under control conditions are shown. The results validate that the CA model and constant DI control method are very efficient and effective in the study of dynamics and control of cardiac arrhythmias.

scholarly journals Modeling the COVID-19 Epidemic With Multi-Population and Control Strategies in the United States

2022 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Deshun Sun ◽  
Xiaojun Long ◽  
Jingxiang Liu
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Mathematical Model ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
The United States ◽  
Basic Reproductive Number ◽  
Effective Control ◽  
Model Parameters ◽  
Cumulative Number ◽  
And Control ◽  
Sensitive Parameters

As of January 19, 2021, the cumulative number of people infected with coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) in the United States has reached 24,433,486, and the number is still rising. The outbreak of the COVID-19 epidemic has not only affected the development of the global economy but also seriously threatened the lives and health of human beings around the world. According to the transmission characteristics of COVID-19 in the population, this study established a theoretical differential equation mathematical model, estimated model parameters through epidemiological data, obtained accurate mathematical models, and adopted global sensitivity analysis methods to screen sensitive parameters that significantly affect the development of the epidemic. Based on the established precise mathematical model, we calculate the basic reproductive number of the epidemic, evaluate the transmission capacity of the COVID-19 epidemic, and predict the development trend of the epidemic. By analyzing the sensitivity of parameters and finding sensitive parameters, we can provide effective control strategies for epidemic prevention and control. After appropriate modifications, the model can also be used for mathematical modeling of epidemics in other countries or other infectious diseases.

Viral Cancers and Behavior

2021 ◽  
pp. 43-50
Author(s):  
Susan T. Vadaparampil ◽  
Lindsay N. Fuzzell ◽  
Shannon M. Christy ◽  
Monica L. Kasting ◽  
Julie Rathwell ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Prevention And Control ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
The United States ◽  
Lifestyle Behaviors ◽  
Antiretroviral Medications ◽  
B Virus ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Infectious Cancer ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
And Control

One in every six cancers globally can be attributed to an infection. Human papillomavirus (HPV), hepatitis B virus (HBV), and hepatitis C virus (HCV) play a role in the development of over 1.2 million new cancers each year and are responsible for nearly 50% of the infectious cancer burden in the United States. Virus-attributable cancers occur more frequently in those living with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). The chapter reviews high-risk lifestyle behaviors, including high number of lifetime sexual partners and injection drug use, that increase the risk of acquiring HPV, HBV, HCV, and HIV. It reviews prevention and control strategies for these viruses and associated cancers, including lifestyle behaviors, vaccination, screening, and/or appropriate use of antiretroviral medications.

scholarly journals Non-Bovine Species and the Risk to Effective Control of Bovine Viral Diarrhoea (BVD) in Cattle

Pathogens ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (10) ◽  
pp. 1263
Author(s):  
Caitlin A. Evans ◽  
Michael P. Reichel
Keyword(s):  
The United States ◽  
Effective Control ◽  
Border Disease Virus ◽  
Control Methods ◽  
Bovine Viral Diarrhoea ◽  
Border Disease ◽  
Diarrhoea Virus ◽  
And Control ◽  
Bovine Species ◽  
Control And Eradication

Bovine viral diarrhoea virus (BVDV) is an economically important and highly prevalent virus of domestic cattle. Infections with BVDV may lead to both, reproductive and immunological effects that can result in widespread calf losses and increased susceptibility to diseases, such as mastitis and respiratory disease. While BVDV is generally considered to be host specific, it and other Pestivirus species, such as Border disease virus (BDV) in sheep, have been shown to be infecting species other than those from which they were originally isolated from. Recently BVDV was placed on the OIE’s list of notifiable disease and control and eradication programmes for BVDV have been developed throughout much of Europe, the United States, and the United Kingdom. While some countries, including Sweden and Ireland have successfully implemented eradication programmes, other countries such as New Zealand and Australia are still in the early stages of BVDV control. Despite effective control methods, incursions of BVDV into previously cleared herds still occur. While the cause of these incursions is often due to lapses in control methods, the ability of ruminant pestiviruses to infect species other than cattle poses the question as to whether non-bovine species could be impeding the success of BVDV eradication and control. As such, the aim of this review is to make mention of what is known about the cross-species transmission of BVDV, BDV and other pestiviruses between cattle and non-bovine ungulate species and draw conclusions as to the risk non-bovine species pose to the successful control and eradication of BVDV from cattle.

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