Pro/Antioxidant State as a Potential Biomarker of Schizophrenia

To allow better diagnosis and management of psychiatric illnesses, the use of easily accessible biomarkers are proposed. Therefore, recognition of some diseases by a set of related pathogenesis biomarkers is a promising approach. The study aims to assess the usefulness of examining oxidative stress (OS) in schizophrenia as a potential biomarker of illness using the commonly used data mining decision tree method. The study group was comprised of 147 participants: 98 patients with schizophrenia (SZ group), and the control group (n = 49; HC). The patients with schizophrenia were divided into two groups: first-episode schizophrenia (n = 49; FS) and chronic schizophrenia (n = 49; CS). The assessment included the following biomarkers in sera of patients: catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), superoxide dismutase-1 (SOD-1), glutathione reductase (GR), reduced glutathione (GSH), total antioxidant capacity (TAC), ferric reducing ability of plasma (FRAP), advanced glycation end products (AGEs), advanced oxidation protein products (AOPP), dityrosine (DITYR), kynurenine (KYN), N-formylkynurenine (NFK), tryptophan (TRY), total oxidant status (TOS), nitric oxide (NO) and total protein. Maximum accuracy (89.36%) for distinguishing SZ from HC was attained with TOS and GPx (cut-off points: 392.70 and 15.33). For differentiating between FS and CS, the most promising were KYN, AOPP, TAC and NO (100%; cut-off points: 721.20, 0.55, 64.76 and 2.59). To distinguish FS from HC, maximum accuracy was found for GSH and TOS (100%; cut-off points: 859.96 and 0.31), and in order to distinguish CS from HC, the most promising were GSH and TOS (100%; cut-off points: 0.26 and 343.28). Using redox biomarkers would be the most promising approach for discriminating patients with schizophrenia from healthy individuals and, in the future, could be used as an add-on marker to diagnose and/or respond to treatment.

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Cognitive heterogeneity in first-episode schizophrenia

The British Journal of Psychiatry ◽

10.1192/bjp.187.6.516 ◽

2005 ◽

Vol 187 (6) ◽

pp. 516-522 ◽

Cited By ~ 79

Author(s):

Eileen M. Joyce ◽

Sam B. Hutton ◽

Stanley H. Mutsatsa ◽

Thomas R. E. Barnes

Keyword(s):

Working Memory ◽

Cognitive Decline ◽

Spatial Working Memory ◽

Age At Onset ◽

Chronic Schizophrenia ◽

First Episode ◽

Entire Group ◽

Illness Onset ◽

Cognitive Heterogeneity ◽

First Episode Schizophrenia

BackgroundStudies of chronic schizophrenia suggest that there are subgroups with different profiles of cognitive impairment.AimsTo determine whether such heterogeneity is present at illness onset and any relationship to clinical variables.MethodNinety-three community patients with first-episode schizophrenia and 50 healthy volunteers were assessed for premorbid (Revised National Adult Reading Test) and current IQ, memory and executive function.ResultsHalf of those with schizophrenia had preserved IQ in the normal range but there was evidence of a specific impairment in spatial working memory even in those with high/average IQ; 37 out of 93 (40%) had generalised cognitive decline. Those with low premorbid IQ were significantly younger at illness onset. For the entire group, age at onset correlated positively with premorbid but not current IQ.ConclusionsAt illness onset, cognitive heterogeneity is present in people with schizophrenia, with a high proportion having undergone general cognitive decline. However, working memory impairment may be a common feature. Lower premorbid IQ is a risk factor for an earlier onset.

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An fMRI study of face encoding and recognition in first-episode schizophrenia

Acta Neuropsychiatrica ◽

10.1111/j.1601-5215.2008.00280.x ◽

2008 ◽

Vol 20 (3) ◽

pp. 129-138 ◽

Cited By ~ 10

Author(s):

Anantha P. P. Anilkumar ◽

Veena Kumari ◽

Ravi Mehrotra ◽

Ingrid Aasen ◽

Martina T. Mitterschiffthaler ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Face Recognition ◽

Brain Activity ◽

Chronic Schizophrenia ◽

First Episode ◽

Functional Magnetic Resonance ◽

Resonance Imaging ◽

Social Situations ◽

Fmri Study ◽

On Line ◽

First Episode Schizophrenia

Background:Schizophrenia has been associated with limited abilities to interact effectively in social situations. Face perception and ability to recognise familiar faces are critical for social interaction. Patients with chronic schizophrenia are known to show impaired face recognition. Studying first-episode (FE) patients allows the exclusion of confounding effects of chronicity, medication and institutionalisation in this deficit.Objective:To determine brain (dys)functions during a face encoding and recognition paradigm in FE schizophrenia.Methods:Thirteen antipsychotic-naïve FE schizophrenia patients and 13 age- and sex-matched healthy controls underwent functional magnetic resonance imaging during a face encoding and recognition paradigm. Behavioural responses were recorded on line.Results:Patients recognised significantly fewer of previously presented faces than the controls (p = 0.008). At the neural level, both groups activated a network of regions including the fusiform area, occipital, temporal and frontal regions. In brain activity, the two groups did not differ in any region during encoding or recognition conditions (p > 0.05, corrected or uncorrected).Conclusions:Our findings show impaired face recognition without a significant alteration of related brain activity in FE schizophrenia patients. It is possible that neural changes become more strongly evident with progression of the illness, and manifest themselves as behavioural impairments during the early course.

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Antioxidant Barrier, Redox Status, and Oxidative Damage to Biomolecules in Patients with Colorectal Cancer. Can Malondialdehyde and Catalase Be Markers of Colorectal Cancer Advancement?

Biomolecules ◽

10.3390/biom9100637 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 9 (10) ◽

pp. 637 ◽

Cited By ~ 14

Author(s):

Zińczuk ◽

Maciejczyk ◽

Zaręba ◽

Romaniuk ◽

Markowski ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Colorectal Cancer ◽

Oxidative Damage ◽

Redox Status ◽

Control Group ◽

Tumour Invasion ◽

Reducing Ability ◽

Glycation End Products ◽

Total Antioxidant ◽

Oxidative Damage To Proteins ◽

Oxidant Status

This study is the first to assess the diagnostic utility of redox biomarkers in patients with colorectal cancer (CRC). Antioxidant barrier (Cu,Zn-superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), glutathione reductase (GR), uric acid (UA), reduced glutathione (GSH)), redox status (total antioxidant (TAC)/oxidant status (TOS), ferric reducing ability (FRAP)), and oxidative damage products (advanced glycation end products (AGE), advanced oxidation protein products (AOPP), malondialdehyde (MDA)) were measured in serum/plasma samples of 50 CRC patients. The activity of SOD was significantly higher whereas the activity of CAT, GPx and GR was considerably lower in CRC patients compared to the control group (p < 0.0001). Levels of UA, TOS, and OSI and concentrations of AGE, AOPP, and MDA were significantly higher, and the levels of GSH, TAC, and FRAP were considerably lower in CRC patients compared to the healthy controls (p < 0.0001). AUC for CAT with respect to presence of lymph node metastasis was 0.7450 (p = 0.0036), whereas AUC for MDA according to the depth of tumour invasion was 0.7457 (p = 0.0118). CRC is associated with enzymatic/non-enzymatic redox imbalance as well as increased oxidative damage to proteins and lipids. Redox biomarkers can be potential diagnostic indicators of CRC advancement.

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Morphology of the corpus callosum at different stages of schizophrenia: Cross-sectional study in first-episode and chronic illness

The British Journal of Psychiatry ◽

10.1192/bjp.bp.107.041251 ◽

2008 ◽

Vol 192 (6) ◽

pp. 429-434 ◽

Cited By ~ 56

Author(s):

Mark Walterfang ◽

Amanda G. Wood ◽

David C. Reutens ◽

Stephen J. Wood ◽

Jian Chen ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Corpus Callosum ◽

Chronic Schizophrenia ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

First Episode ◽

Schizophrenia Spectrum Disorders ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Size And Shape ◽

Schizophrenia Spectrum ◽

First Episode Schizophrenia ◽

Parietal Cortices

BackgroundThe shape of the corpus callosum may differ in schizophrenia, although no study has compared first-episode with established illness.AimsTo investigate the size and shape of the corpus callosum in a large sample of people with first-episode and established schizophrenia.MethodCallosal size and shape were determined using highresolution magnetic resonance imaging on 76 patients with first-episode schizophrenia-spectrum disorders, 86 patients with established schizophrenia and 55 healthy participants.ResultsThere were no significant differences in total area across groups. Reductions in callosal width were seen in the region of the anterior genu in first-episode disorder (P<0.005). Similar reductions were seen in the chronic schizophrenia group in the anterior genu, but also in the posterior genu and isthmus (P = 0.0005).ConclusionsReductions in anterior callosal regions connecting frontal cortex are present at the onset of schizophrenia, and in established illness are accompanied by changes in other regions of the callosum connecting cingulate, temporal and parietal cortices.

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Cognitive deficits and white matter abnormalities in never-treated first-episode schizophrenia

Translational Psychiatry ◽

10.1038/s41398-020-01049-0 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 10 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Mi Yang ◽

Shan Gao ◽

Xiangyang Zhang

Keyword(s):

Cognitive Impairment ◽

White Matter ◽

Diffusion Tensor ◽

Internal Capsule ◽

First Episode ◽

Control Group ◽

Pathophysiological Mechanism ◽

Healthy Controls ◽

Healthy Control ◽

First Episode Schizophrenia

Abstract Cognitive impairment is viewed as a core symptom of schizophrenia (SCZ), but its pathophysiological mechanism remains unclear. White matter (WM) disruption is considered to be a central abnormality that may contribute to cognitive impairment in SCZ patients. However, few studies have addressed the association between cognition and WM integrity in never-treated first-episode (NTFE) patients with SCZ. In this study, we used the MATRICS Consensus Cognitive Battery (MCCB) to evaluate cognitive function in NTFE patients (n = 39) and healthy controls (n = 30), and associated it with whole-brain fractional anisotropy (FA) values obtained via voxel-based diffusion tensor imaging. We found that FA was lower in five brain areas of SCZ patients, including the cingulate gyrus, internal capsule, corpus callosum, cerebellum, and brainstem. Compared with the healthy control group, the MCCB’s total score and 8 out of 10 subscores were significantly lower in NTFE patients (all p < 0.001). Moreover, in patients but not healthy controls, the performance in the Trail Making Test was negatively correlated with the FA value in the left cingulate. Our findings provide evidence that WM disconnection is involved in some cognitive impairment in the early course of SCZ.

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Altered Expression of Glucocorticoid Receptor and Neuron-Specific Enolase mRNA in Peripheral Blood in First-Episode Schizophrenia and Chronic Schizophrenia

Frontiers in Psychiatry ◽

10.3389/fpsyt.2020.00760 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 11 ◽

Author(s):

Yong Liu ◽

Yamei Tang ◽

Cunyan Li ◽

Huai Tao ◽

Xiudeng Yang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Glucocorticoid Receptor ◽

Peripheral Blood ◽

Neuron Specific Enolase ◽

Chronic Schizophrenia ◽

First Episode ◽

Altered Expression ◽

First Episode Schizophrenia

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Study on the executive function and learning ability in first-episode schizophrenia patients

European Psychiatry ◽

10.1016/s0924-9338(11)73232-1 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 26 (S2) ◽

pp. 1528-1528

Author(s):

H. Wang ◽

X. Liu ◽

Y. Fang

Keyword(s):

Executive Function ◽

Cognitive Dysfunction ◽

Negative Symptoms ◽

Psychiatric Symptoms ◽

Reaction Times ◽

Learning Ability ◽

First Episode ◽

Control Group ◽

First Episode Schizophrenia ◽

First Session

IntroductionCognitive dysfunction was thought to be one of the core features of schizophrenia. And the executive function of the patients was paid more attention by more and more researchers and clinicians.ObjectivesTo investigate the executive function and the learning ability of the patients with first-episode schizophrenia, and their relationships with psychiatric symptoms.MethodsFifty cases of first-episode schizophrenia patients and fifty age- and gender-matched healthy controls were tested by a computerized version of Tower of London (TOL) test. The scores of the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale(PANSS) in the group of schizophrenia patients were over 60.ResultsThe numbers of the correct answer [x1 :(14.62 ± 4.12), x2: (14.80 ± 4.70)] during the first session and the second session of the TOL test of the patients group were significantly lower than that of the control group [x1: (17.48 ± 3.79), x2:(18.68 ± 3.19)], and the reaction times [t1: (9.27 ± 4.37) seconds, t2: (9.51 ± 5.58) seconds] of the two sessions of TOL were longer than the control group [t1: (7.28 ± 2.04) seconds, t2: (6.67 ± 1.51) seconds], P < 0.01. For the control group, x2 was significantly greater than x1, and t2 shorter than t1 (P < 0.01), while for the patients group, there was no difference between the performances of the first session and the second session. The scores of TOL in the schizophrenia patients were correlated with the negative symptom score of PANSS (P < 0.05) and were not correlated with the scores of other subscales of PANSS (P > 0.05).ConclusionsThe executive function and the learning ability of schizophrenia are impaired and the cognitive dysfunction is correlated with negative symptoms.

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