scholarly journals Energy-Performance Scalability Analysis of a Novel Quasi-Stochastic Computing Approach

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 30
Author(s):  
Prashanthi Metku ◽  
Ramu Seva ◽  
Minsu Choi
Keyword(s):  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Computation Time ◽  
Energy Performance ◽  
Stochastic Computing ◽  
Detection Circuit ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Efficient Approximation ◽  
Conventional Counterpart ◽  
Computing Approach

Stochastic computing (SC) is an emerging low-cost computation paradigm for efficient approximation. It processes data in forms of probabilities and offers excellent progressive accuracy. Since SC’s accuracy heavily depends on the stochastic bitstream length, generating acceptable approximate results while minimizing the bitstream length is one of the major challenges in SC, as energy consumption tends to linearly increase with bitstream length. To address this issue, a novel energy-performance scalable approach based on quasi-stochastic number generators is proposed and validated in this work. Compared to conventional approaches, the proposed methodology utilizes a novel algorithm to estimate the computation time based on the accuracy. The proposed methodology is tested and verified on a stochastic edge detection circuit to showcase its viability. Results prove that the proposed approach offers a 12–60% reduction in execution time and a 12–78% decrease in the energy consumption relative to the conventional counterpart. This excellent scalability between energy and performance could be potentially beneficial to certain application domains such as image processing and machine learning, where power and time-efficient approximation is desired.

scholarly journals Moving Multiscale Modelling to the Edge: Benchmarking and Load Optimization for Cellular Automata on Low Power Microcomputers

Processes ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (12) ◽  
pp. 2225
Author(s):  
Piotr Hajder ◽  
Łukasz Rauch
Keyword(s):  
Energy Consumption ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Computation Time ◽  
Computing Power ◽  
Load Optimization ◽  
Multi Scale ◽  
Scale Modelling ◽  
Similar Computation ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Two Parameters

Numerical computations are usually associated with the High Performance Computing. Nevertheless, both industry and science tend to involve devices with lower power in computations. This is especially true when the data collecting devices are able to partially process them at place, thus increasing the system reliability. This paradigm is known as Edge Computing. In this paper, we propose the use of devices at the edge, with lower computing power, for multi-scale modelling calculations. A system was created, consisting of a high-power device—a two-processor workstation, 8 RaspberryPi 4B microcomputers and 8 NVidia Jetson Nano units, equipped with GPU processor. As a part of this research, benchmarking was performed, on the basis of which the computational capabilities of the devices were classified. Two parameters were considered: the number and performance of computing units (CPUs and GPUs) and the energy consumption of the loaded machines. Then, using the calculated weak scalability and energy consumption, a min–max-based load optimization algorithm was proposed. The system was tested in laboratory conditions, giving similar computation time with same power consumption for 24 physical workstation cores vs. 8x RaspberryPi 4B and 8x Jetson Nano. The work ends with a proposal to use this solution in industrial processes on example of hot rolling of flat products.

scholarly journals CoLocateMe: Aggregation-based, Energy, Performance and Cost Aware VM Placement and Consolidation in Heterogeneous IaaS Clouds

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Muhammad Zakarya ◽  
Lee Gillam ◽  
Khaled Salah ◽  
Omer F. Rana ◽  
Santosh Tirunagari ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Empirical Evaluation ◽  
Energy Performance ◽  
Vm Placement ◽  
Placement Decisions ◽  
New Directions ◽  
And Performance ◽  
And Migration ◽  
Placement Policies ◽  
The Impact

In many production clouds, with the notable exception of Google, aggregation-based VM placement policies are used to provision datacenter resources energy and performance efficiently. However, if VMs with similar workloads are placed onto the same machines, they might suffer from contention, particularly, if they are competing for similar resources. High levels of resource contention may degrade VMs performance, and, therefore, could potentially increase users' costs and infrastructure's energy consumption. Furthermore, segregation-based methods result in stranded resources and, therefore, less economics. The recent industrial interest in segregating workloads opens new directions for research. In this paper, we demonstrate how aggregation and segregation-based VM placement policies lead to variabilities in energy efficiency, workload performance, and users' costs. We, then, propose various approaches to aggregation-based placement and migration. We investigate through a number of experiments, using Microsoft Azure and Google's workload traces for more than twelve thousand hosts and a million VMs, the impact of placement decisions on energy, performance, and costs. Our extensive simulations and empirical evaluation demonstrate that, for certain workloads, aggregation-based allocation and consolidation is ~9.61% more energy and ~20.0% more performance efficient than segregation-based policies. Moreover, various aggregation metrics, such as runtimes and workload types, offer variations in energy consumption and performance, therefore, users' costs.<br>

scholarly journals ENERGY RETROFITS FOR IMPROVING ENERGY EFFICIENCY IN BUILDINGS: A REVIEW OF HVAC AND LIGHTING SYSTEMS

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
M.R. Amjath ◽  
◽  
H. Chandanie ◽  
S.D.I.A. Amarasinghe ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Energy Efficiency ◽  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Energy Use ◽  
Implementation Process ◽  
Energy Performance ◽  
Existing Buildings ◽  
Energy Auditing ◽  
Lighting Systems ◽  
Effective Decision Making ◽  
And Performance

It has been observed that inefficient buildings consume three to five times more energy than efficient buildings. Subsequently, improving the Energy Efficiency (EE) of existing buildings, which account for a significant portion of the energy consumption of the building sector, has become a top priority. Also, Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning (HVAC) and lighting systems typically account for three-quarters of a building's energy consumption. Hence, focus on the energy efficiency improvements associated with these subsystems is entailed to optimise the energy use of buildings in comparison to other energy consumers. Energy Retrofit (ER) is defined as the main approach in improving the energy efficiency of buildings to achieve energy reduction goals. Nevertheless, there is a general lack of awareness regarding ER. Thus, the purpose of this article is to bridge this research gap by critically reviewing the applicable literature on ER. The paper first analysed the role of retrofits in buildings concerning optimising energy performance. The paper also discusses the implementation process of ER, which includes five steps viz. pre-retrofit survey, energy auditing, and performance assessment, identification of suitable and feasible retrofit options, site implementation and commissioning, and validation and verification. Further, different types of ER applicable to HVAC and lighting systems are discussed. In their endeavor to enhance the EE of existing buildings, practitioners could apply the findings of this study, as a basis to understand the available ER types and as a measure to gauge the efficiency of existing buildings, which will facilitate effective decision-making.

scholarly journals Occupant behavior: a “new” factor in energy performance of buildings. Methods for its detection in houses and in offices.

2019 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Marilena De Simone ◽  
Gianmarco Fajilla
Keyword(s):  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Energy Performance ◽  
Office Buildings ◽  
Occupant Behavior ◽  
Energy Usage ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Energy Performance Of Buildings ◽  
And Performance

The role that occupants have on energy consumption and performance of buildings is known, but still requires a great deal of research. In this paper, the most common techniques to detect occupancy and occupant behavior in buildings are categorized with their advantages and disadvantages. Being the buildings characterized by different energy usage, the presentation of the studies that applied surveys and monitoring campaigns is conducted with a differentiation between residential and office buildings.

scholarly journals CoLocateMe: Aggregation-based, Energy, Performance and Cost Aware VM Placement and Consolidation in Heterogeneous IaaS Clouds

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Muhammad Zakarya ◽  
Lee Gillam ◽  
Khaled Salah ◽  
Omer F. Rana ◽  
Santosh Tirunagari ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Empirical Evaluation ◽  
Energy Performance ◽  
Vm Placement ◽  
Placement Decisions ◽  
New Directions ◽  
And Performance ◽  
And Migration ◽  
Placement Policies ◽  
The Impact

In many production clouds, with the notable exception of Google, aggregation-based VM placement policies are used to provision datacenter resources energy and performance efficiently. However, if VMs with similar workloads are placed onto the same machines, they might suffer from contention, particularly, if they are competing for similar resources. High levels of resource contention may degrade VMs performance, and, therefore, could potentially increase users' costs and infrastructure's energy consumption. Furthermore, segregation-based methods result in stranded resources and, therefore, less economics. The recent industrial interest in segregating workloads opens new directions for research. In this paper, we demonstrate how aggregation and segregation-based VM placement policies lead to variabilities in energy efficiency, workload performance, and users' costs. We, then, propose various approaches to aggregation-based placement and migration. We investigate through a number of experiments, using Microsoft Azure and Google's workload traces for more than twelve thousand hosts and a million VMs, the impact of placement decisions on energy, performance, and costs. Our extensive simulations and empirical evaluation demonstrate that, for certain workloads, aggregation-based allocation and consolidation is ~9.61% more energy and ~20.0% more performance efficient than segregation-based policies. Moreover, various aggregation metrics, such as runtimes and workload types, offer variations in energy consumption and performance, therefore, users' costs.<br>

scholarly journals Selecting and Installing Energy-Efficient Windows to Improve Dwelling Sustainability

2017 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 2
Author(s):  
Avi Friedman ◽  
Morgan Matheson
Keyword(s):  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Energy Efficient ◽  
Energy Performance ◽  
Poor Quality ◽  
Building Envelope ◽  
Heat Losses ◽  
The Other ◽  
Natural Light ◽  
Weakest Link ◽  
And Performance

<p>Windows play a significant role in achieving comfort in buildings by letting in natural light, solar warmth, fresh air and permitting outdoor views. On the other hand, poor quality windows can be the source of overheating or unwanted infiltration or exfiltration of air. Quality windows, therefore, influence the dwelling’s energy consumption and consequently its sustainability. Heat losses through the building envelope can occur in any of three mechanisms: conduction, convection and radiation. In all cases, windows are the “weakest link”. As such, windows represent the most important investment in the construction or renovation of any dwelling. They are also highly variable in price, appearance and performance, making their selection an ambiguous and sometimes difficult process. This paper examines a window unit’s energy performance and provides guidelines for its selection, installation and integration into the home’s design.</p>

Impact of roof shading on building energy performance in warm & humid climatic places of India

2020 ◽  
pp. 50-64
Author(s):  
Kuladeep Kumar Sadevi ◽  
Avlokita Agrawal
Keyword(s):  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Energy Conservation ◽  
Energy Performance ◽  
General Assumption ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Building Envelope ◽  
Passive Cooling ◽  
Base Case ◽  
U Value ◽  
The Impact

With the rise in awareness of energy efficient buildings and adoption of mandatory energy conservation codes across the globe, significant change is being observed in the way the buildings are designed. With the launch of Energy Conservation Building Code (ECBC) in India, climate responsive designs and passive cooling techniques are being explored increasingly in building designs. Of all the building envelope components, roof surface has been identified as the most significant with respect to the heat gain due to the incident solar radiation on buildings, especially in tropical climatic conditions. Since ECBC specifies stringent U-Values for roof assembly, use of insulating materials is becoming popular. Along with insulation, the shading of the roof is also observed to be an important strategy for improving thermal performance of the building, especially in Warm and humid climatic conditions. This study intends to assess the impact of roof shading on building’s energy performance in comparison to that of exposed roof with insulation. A typical office building with specific geometry and schedules has been identified as base case model for this study. This building is simulated using energy modelling software ‘Design Builder’ with base case parameters as prescribed in ECBC. Further, the same building has been simulated parametrically adjusting the amount of roof insulation and roof shading simultaneously. The overall energy consumption and the envelope performance of the top floor are extracted for analysis. The results indicate that the roof shading is an effective passive cooling strategy for both naturally ventilated and air conditioned buildings in Warm and humid climates of India. It is also observed that a fully shaded roof outperforms the insulated roof as per ECBC prescription. Provision of shading over roof reduces the annual energy consumption of building in case of both insulated and uninsulated roofs. However, the impact is higher for uninsulated roofs (U-Value of 3.933 W/m2K), being 4.18% as compared to 0.59% for insulated roofs (U-Value of 0.33 W/m2K).While the general assumption is that roof insulation helps in reducing the energy consumption in tropical buildings, it is observed to be the other way when insulation is provided with roof shading. It is due to restricted heat loss during night.

Programmable Integrated Photonics

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
José Capmany ◽  
Daniel Pérez
Keyword(s):  
Integrated Circuit ◽  
Performance Monitoring ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Limiting Factors ◽  
External Control ◽  
Integrated Photonics ◽  
New Paradigm ◽  
Photonic Integrated Circuit ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Application Fields

Programmable Integrated Photonics (PIP) is a new paradigm that aims at designing common integrated optical hardware configurations, which by suitable programming can implement a variety of functionalities that, in turn, can be exploited as basic operations in many application fields. Programmability enables by means of external control signals both chip reconfiguration for multifunction operation as well as chip stabilization against non-ideal operation due to fluctuations in environmental conditions and fabrication errors. Programming also allows activating parts of the chip, which are not essential for the implementation of a given functionality but can be of help in reducing noise levels through the diversion of undesired reflections. After some years where the Application Specific Photonic Integrated Circuit (ASPIC) paradigm has completely dominated the field of integrated optics, there is an increasing interest in PIP justified by the surge of a number of emerging applications that are and will be calling for true flexibility, reconfigurability as well as low-cost, compact and low-power consuming devices. This book aims to provide a comprehensive introduction to this emergent field covering aspects that range from the basic aspects of technologies and building photonic component blocks to the design alternatives and principles of complex programmable photonics circuits, their limiting factors, techniques for characterization and performance monitoring/control and their salient applications both in the classical as well as in the quantum information fields. The book concentrates and focuses mainly on the distinctive features of programmable photonics as compared to more traditional ASPIC approaches.

scholarly journals Normative Aspects of Nudging in the International Sphere

AJIL Unbound ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 115 ◽  
pp. 263-267
Author(s):  
Doron Teichman ◽  
Eyal Zamir
Keyword(s):  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Organ Donation ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
National Level ◽  
The Past ◽  
The People ◽  
Posthumous Organ Donation ◽  
Regulatory Problems

The use of nudges—“low-cost, choice-preserving, behaviorally informed approaches to regulatory problems”—has become quite popular at the national level in the past decade or so. Examples include changing the default concerning employees’ saving for retirement in a bid to encourage such saving; altering the default about consent to posthumous organ donation to increase the supply of organs for transplantation; and informing people about other people's energy consumption to spur them to reduce theirs. Nudges are therefore used to promote the welfare of the people being nudged, and of society at large. However, the use of nudges has sparked a lively normative debate. When turning to the international arena, new arguments for and against nudges can be raised. This essay focuses on the normative aspects of using nudges in the international arena.

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