The Mycorrizal Status in Vineyards Affected by Esca

In this work we analyzed the relationship among native arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) and vine roots affected by esca, a serious grapevine trunk disease. The AMF symbiosis was analyzed on the roots of neighboring plants (symptomatic and asymptomatic to esca) in 14 sites of three vineyards in Marche region (central–eastern Italy). The AMF colonization intensity, identified by non-vital staining, showed higher value in all esca symptomatic plants (ranging from 24.6% to 61.3%) than neighboring asymptomatic plants (from 17.4% to 57.6%). The same trend of Glomeromycota phylum abundance was detected by analyzing fungal operational taxonomic units (OTUs) linked to the AMF community, obtained by amplicon high throughput analysis of ITS 1 region. Overall, the highest amount of OTUs was detected on roots from symptomatic plants (0.42%), compared to asymptomatic roots (0.29%). Specific primer pairs for native Rhizophagus irregularis and Funneliformis mosseae AMF species, were designed in 28S rRNA and large subunit (LSU) ribosomal RNA, respectively, and droplet digital PCR protocol for absolute quantification was set up. A higher number of DNA copies of both fungal species were detected more frequently in symptomatic than asymptomatic vines. Our study suggests a relationship between esca and native AMF in grapevine. These results underline the importance of native rhizosphere microbial communities for a better knowledge of grapevine esca disease.

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Occurrence of Vesicular-Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi in Alberta, Canada

Zeitschrift für Naturforschung C ◽

10.1515/znc-1993-11-1216 ◽

1993 ◽

Vol 48 (11-12) ◽

pp. 923-929 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

S. M. Boyetchko ◽

J. P. Tewari

Keyword(s):

Electron Microscopy ◽

Scanning Electron Microscopy ◽

Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽

Arbuscular Mycorrhizal ◽

Fungal Species ◽

Glomus Aggregatum ◽

X Ray ◽

Vesicular Arbuscular ◽

Spore Walls ◽

Scanning Electron

Abstract Three V A mycorrhizal fungal species were isolated from soils in Alberta, Canada and examined by scanning electron microscopy and energy-dispersive X-ray microanalysis. Mature spores of Glomus aggregatum developed an outer hyaline wall which contained lower levels of calcium than the middle wall. Examination of G. pansihalos spores revealed a lower level of calcium in the outer evanescent wall as compared to the ornamented wall. When spores of Entrophospora infrequens were examined, the wall of the vesicle was found to contain similar levels of calcium as the ornamented wall of the spore. The significance of the results concerning the presence of calcium in mycorrhizal spore walls is discussed, as is the occurrence of the mycorrhizal species.

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Seasonal Diversity of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi in Mangroves of Goa, India

International Journal of Biodiversity ◽

10.1155/2013/196527 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 2013 ◽

pp. 1-7 ◽

Cited By ~ 12

Author(s):

James D’Souza ◽

Bernard Felinov Rodrigues

Keyword(s):

Species Richness ◽

Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽

Monsoon Season ◽

Arbuscular Mycorrhizal ◽

Fungal Spore ◽

Fungal Species ◽

Spore Density ◽

Species Variation ◽

Fungal Community Composition ◽

Mangrove Plant

Seasonal dynamics of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungal community composition in three common mangrove plant species, namely, Acanthus ilicifolius, Excoecaria agallocha, and Rhizophora mucronata, from two sites in Goa, India, were investigated. In all three species variation in AM fungal spore density was observed. Maximum spore density and AM species richness were recorded in the premonsoon season, while minimum spore density and richness were observed during monsoon season at both sites. A total of 11 AM fungal species representing five genera were recorded. Acaulospora laevis was recorded in all seasons at both sites. Multivariate analysis revealed that season and host coaffected AM spore density and species richness with the former having greater influence than the latter.

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Mycorrhizal fungi inoculation and phosphorus fertilizer on growth, essential oil production and nutrient uptake in peppermint (Mentha piperita L.)

Revista Brasileira de Plantas Medicinais ◽

10.1590/s1516-05722012000400018 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 14 (4) ◽

pp. 692-699 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

M.C. Arango ◽

M.F. Ruscitti ◽

M.G. Ronco ◽

J. Beltrano

Keyword(s):

Essential Oil ◽

Plant Growth ◽

Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽

Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽

Glomus Intraradices ◽

Arbuscular Mycorrhizal ◽

Fungal Species ◽

Mentha Piperita ◽

Essential Oil Yield ◽

Essential Oil Production

This study evaluated the effects of inoculation with the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi Glomus mosseae, Glomus intraradices A4 and Glomus intraradices B1 and two phosphorus levels (10 and 40 mg kg-1) on root colonization, plant growth, nutrient uptake and essential oil content in Mentha piperita L. The experiment was carried out in a greenhouse, in 4x2 factorial arrangement, in completely randomized design. At sixty days after transplanting, the mycorrhizal plants had significantly higher fresh matter, dry matter and leaf area compared to non-mycorrhizal plants. The inoculation increased P, K and Ca levels in the shoot which were higher under 40 mg P kg-1 of soil. Plants grown with 40 mg P kg-1 soil increased the essential oil yield per plant by about 40-50% compared to those cultivated with 10 mg P kg-1, regardless of the mycorrhizal treatment. Among the studied fungal species, inoculation with G. intraradices A4 and a high level of P significantly increased plant growth and essential oil yield, compared to the other studied mycorrhizal fungal species. In conclusion, inoculation of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi into peppermint plants is a feasible alternative to increase the essential oil production and reduce the use of fertilizers required to obtain economic production of peppermint under phosphorus-deficient soil condition.

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Fungos micorrízicos arbusculares influenciam o desempenho hortícola de cultivares de morangueiro

Research Society and Development ◽

10.33448/rsd-v10i7.16972 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 (7) ◽

pp. e45410716972

Author(s):

José Luís Trevizan Chiomento ◽

João Eduardo Carniel de Paula ◽

Fabiola Stockmans De Nardi ◽

Thomas dos Santos Trentin ◽

Fernando Brollo Magro ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Root System ◽

Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽

Arbuscular Mycorrhizal ◽

Fungal Species ◽

Mycorrhizal Colonization ◽

Total Flavonoids ◽

Plant Host ◽

Dual Purpose ◽

Total Anthocyanins ◽

Strawberry Cultivars

The inoculation of strawberry cultivars with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) is a profitable and viable biotechnological tool, with potential to improve the horticultural performance of plants. However, this biotechnology is lacking and unknown to producers. The aim of the research was to investigate whether strawberry cultivars in the absence and presence of inoculation with AMF differ in their horticultural performance. The treatments, delineated in a bifactorial scheme, were four strawberry cultivars in the absence and presence of two AMF-based inoculants. The experiment was designed in randomized blocks, with three replications. The root system of ‘Albion’ cultivar showed the highest mycorrhizal colonization. Claroideoglomus etunicatum showed greater capacity to infect plant roots. ‘Portola’ was the most productive cultivar and ‘Albion’ and ‘Aromas’ produced strawberries with the highest levels of total anthocyanins. It is concluded that the use of mycorrhizal biotechnology enhances the levels of total flavonoids in fruits of the ‘Albion’ cultivar inoculated with the fungal species C. etunicatum. The root system of ‘Albion’ cultivar has greater mycorrhizal colonization. The fungal species C. etunicatum is more effective in colonizing the roots of the plant host. It is suggested to use the ‘Portola’ cultivar to obtain higher fruit yields and the ‘Albion’ and ‘Aromas’ cultivars for producers who aim to obtain strawberries with higher levels of total anthocyanins. ‘Aromas’ is recommended for those seeking a dual purpose (production and quality).

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Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (Glomeromycota) of the Vistula Bar

Acta Mycologica ◽

10.5586/am.2002.005 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 37 (1-2) ◽

pp. 39-62 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Janusz Błaszkowski ◽

Iwona Adamska ◽

Beata Czerniawska

Keyword(s):

Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽

Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽

Sand Dunes ◽

Arbuscular Mycorrhizal ◽

Fungal Species ◽

Field Samples ◽

North Eastern ◽

Dry Soil ◽

Soil Mixtures ◽

Plant Families

The occurrence of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) of the, phylum Glomeromycota associated with plants of maritime sand dunes of the Vistula Bar localed in north-eastern Poland was investigated. The presence of AMF was revealed based on spores isolated from field-collected root-rhizosphere soil mixtures and two-cycle pot trap cultures established with parts of these mixtures. The mixtures came from under five species in four plant families. Spores of AMF occurred in 54.8% of the field samples and belonged to eight species. Additionally, culturing of root-soil mixtures in trap cultures revealed nine species and three undescribed morphotypes carlier not found in the field samples. Considering the number of records of species and morphotypes in the field samples and trap cultures, the fungal species most frequently occurring in dunes of the Vistula Bar is Scutellospora dipurpurescens, followed by Archaeospora trappei, Glomus laccatum, and Scu. armeniaca. The overall average spore abundance in the field samples is low (4.48, range O-3l in 100g dry soil). The ovcrall average species richness determined based on spores from both the field and trap cultures was 2 l and ranged from 0 lo 7 in 100g dry soil. The plant harbouring the highest number of species of AMF was Festuca rubra. Of the maritime dune sites of Poland examined to date, the species composition of AMF of the Vistula Bar is most similar to that of the Słowiński National Park. When the comparisons included 15 maritime dune areas located outside Poland, the highest similarity occurred in the Vistula Bar/Canada comparison.

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Interspecific differences in the tolerance of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi to freezing and drying

Canadian Journal of Botany ◽

10.1139/b01-099 ◽

2001 ◽

Vol 79 (10) ◽

pp. 1161-1166 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

John N Klironomos ◽

Miranda M Hart ◽

Jane E Gurney ◽

Peter Moutoglis

Keyword(s):

Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽

Plant Species ◽

Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽

Arbuscular Mycorrhizal ◽

Fungal Species ◽

Drought Treatment ◽

Interspecific Differences ◽

The Difference ◽

One Year ◽

Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungal

Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal communities in northern temperate ecosystems must function during extremes in environmental conditions. However, it is not known if arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi that co-exist in soil communities have similar tolerances to stresses such as drought and freezing. The phenology of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi was determined over one year in a community in southern Ontario, Canada. Five fungal species from the same community were then used to inoculate five plant species, in all possible combinations, and were subjected to either a freezing treatment or a drought treatment after which new seedlings were transplanted into the treated pots. The percent colonization of roots of each plant species was measured as the difference in mean colonization from the control. Freezing reduced percent colonization in almost every case, whereas drought resulted in both increased and decreased percent colonization. Fungal species responded differently to the treatments, and there was a pronounced plant × fungus effect. These results support the hypothesis that distinct functional groups of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi exist, and these may determine plant community structure.Key words: arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, freezing, drying, functional diversity.

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Detection of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi associated with pecan (Carya illinoinensis) trees by molecular and morphological approaches

MycoKeys ◽

10.3897/mycokeys.42.26118 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 42 ◽

pp. 73-88 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

L. Fernández Bidondo ◽

R. P. Colombo ◽

M. Recchi ◽

V. A. Silvani ◽

M. Pérgola ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Fungal Community ◽

Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽

Sequence Similarity ◽

Arbuscular Mycorrhizal ◽

Soil Disturbance ◽

Fungal Species ◽

Fungal Community Composition ◽

Molecular Approaches ◽

Field Samples ◽

Fungal Specificity

Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungal community associated with pecan (Caryaillinoinensis) roots and rhizospheric soils was assessed by spore isolation and morphological characterisation and by pyrosequencing of AM molecular markers. The AM fungal community associated with pecan growing in the field, was always more diverse than that associated with pecan growing in containers. This was not observed when AM richness was studied, suggesting that soil disturbance by a reduction in host plant richness leads to a less equitable distribution of AM fungal species, in contrast to natural soils. The chosen primers (AMV4.5F/AMDGR) for pyrosequencing showed high AM fungal specificity. Based on 97% sequence similarity, 49 operational taxonomic units (MOTUs) were obtained and, amongst these, 41 MOTUs corresponded to the Glomeromycotaphylum. The number of obtained AM sequences ranged from 2164, associated with field samples, to 5572 obtained from pecan trap pot culture samples, defining 30 and 29 MOTUs, respectively. Richness estimated by conventional species identification was 6 and 9 AM fungal species in soil and pot samples, respectively. Claroideoglomuslamellosum, Funneliformismosseae and Entrophosporainfrequens were the only taxa detected using both techniques. Predominant sequences in the pecan rhizosphere samples, such as Rhizoglomusirregulare and other less abundant (Dominikiairanica, Dominikiaindica, Sclerocystissinuosa, Paraglomuslaccatum), were detected only by pyrosequencing. Detection of AM fungal species based on spore morphology, in combination with molecular approaches, provides a more comprehensive estimate of fungal community composition.

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Different Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi Cocolonizing on a Single Plant Root System Recruit Distinct Microbiomes

mSystems ◽

10.1128/msystems.00929-20 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 5 (6) ◽

pp. e00929-20

Author(s):

Jiachao Zhou ◽

Xiaofen Chai ◽

Lin Zhang ◽

Timothy S. George ◽

Fei Wang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Community Structure ◽

Root System ◽

Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽

Arbuscular Mycorrhizal ◽

Fungal Species ◽

Plant Roots ◽

Content Type ◽

Single Root ◽

Am Fungus ◽

And Function

ABSTRACTPlant roots are usually colonized by various arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungal species, which vary in morphological, physiological, and genetic traits. This colonization constitutes the mycorrhizal nutrient uptake pathway (MP) and supplements the pathway through roots. Simultaneously, the extraradical hyphae of each AM fungus is associated with a community of bacteria. However, whether the community structure and function of the microbiome on the extraradical hyphae differ between AM fungal species remains unknown. In order to understand the community structure and the predicted functions of the microbiome associated with different AM fungal species, a split-root compartmented rhizobox cultivation system, which allowed us to inoculate two AM fungal species separately in two root compartments, was used. We inoculated two separate AM fungal species combinations, (i) Funneliformis mosseae and Gigaspora margarita and (ii) Rhizophagus intraradices and G. margarita, on a single root system of cotton. The hyphal exudate-fed, active microbiome was measured by combining 13C-DNA stable isotope probing with MiSeq sequencing. We found that different AM fungal species, which were simultaneously colonizing a single root system, hosted active microbiomes that were distinct from one another. Moreover, the predicted potential functions of the different microbiomes were distinct. We conclude that the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal component of the system is responsible for the recruitment of distinct microbiomes in the hyphosphere. The potential significance of the predicted functions of the microbial ecosystem services is discussed.IMPORTANCE Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi form tight symbiotic relationships with the majority of terrestrial plants and play critical roles in plant P acquisition, adding a further dimension of complexity. The plant-AM fungus-bacterium system is considered a continuum, with the bacteria colonizing not only the plant roots, but also the associated mycorrhizal hyphal network, known as the hyphosphere microbiome. Plant roots are usually colonized by different AM fungal species which form an independent phosphorus uptake pathway from the root pathway, i.e., the mycorrhizal pathway. The community structure and function of the hyphosphere microbiome of different AM species are completely unknown. In this novel study, we found that arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi cocolonizing on single plant roots recruit their own specific microbiomes, which should be considered in evaluating plant microbiome form and function. Our findings demonstrate the importance of understanding trophic interactions in order to gain insight into the plant-AM fungus-bacterium symbiosis.

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Growth model for arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi

Journal of The Royal Society Interface ◽

10.1098/rsif.2007.1250 ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 5 (24) ◽

pp. 773-784 ◽

Cited By ~ 33

Author(s):

A Schnepf ◽

T Roose ◽

P Schweiger

Keyword(s):

Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽

Trifolium Subterraneum ◽

Arbuscular Mycorrhizal ◽

Am Fungi ◽

Fungal Species ◽

Foraging Strategies ◽

Fungal Mycelium ◽

Hyphal Length ◽

Solute Uptake ◽

Acaulospora Laevis

In order to quantify the contribution of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi to plant phosphorus nutrition, the development and extent of the external fungal mycelium and its nutrient uptake capacity are of particular importance. We develop and analyse a model of the growth of AM fungi associated with plant roots, suitable for describing mechanistically the effects of the fungi on solute uptake by plants. The model describes the development and distribution of the fungal mycelium in soil in terms of the creation and death of hyphae, tip–tip and tip–hypha anastomosis, and the nature of the root–fungus interface. It is calibrated and corroborated using published experimental data for hyphal length densities at different distances away from root surfaces. A good agreement between measured and simulated values was found for three fungal species with different morphologies: Scutellospora calospora (Nicol. & Gerd.) Walker & Sanders; Glomus sp.; and Acaulospora laevis Gerdemann & Trappe associated with Trifolium subterraneum L. The model and findings are expected to contribute to the quantification of the role of AM fungi in plant mineral nutrition and the interpretation of different foraging strategies among fungal species.

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