scholarly journals Inconsistent Definitions of Money and Currency in Financial Legislation as a Threat to Innovation and Sustainability

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 55
Author(s):  
Leander Bindewald
Keyword(s):  
United States Of America ◽  
The United States ◽  
Vantage Point ◽  
External Shocks ◽  
Economic Stability ◽  
Financial Systems ◽  
Complementary Currencies ◽  
Bad Debt ◽  
Laws And Regulations

External shocks, like the climate catastrophe or the COVID-19 pandemic, as well as intrinsic fallacies like the securitization of bad debt leading up to the financial crisis in 2008, point to the need for updating our monetary and financial systems. Ensuring their adequacy and resilience is an important factor for sustainability at large. This paper examines the definitions of “money” and “currency” in financial legislation as a foundational factor in achieving systemic resilience by allowing or hampering monetary innovation and diversity. From the unencumbered vantage point that the practice of complementary currencies offers, definitions of the terms “money” and “currency” are here traced through the laws and regulations of the United States of America, from the beginnings of modern banking to the recent rulings on crypto-currencies. They are both found to be used and defined in contradictory ways that are inapt even in regard to conventional modern banking practices, let alone when applied to novelty in payment, issuance and valuation. Consequently, this paper argues that basic legal definitions need to be reviewed and consolidated to enable the innovation and diversification in monetary systems needed for long term macro-economic stability. With this in mind, a terminology that is consistent with monetary practice—current, past and future—as well as the procedural difficulties of reforming laws and regulations is proposed.

scholarly journals Biosynthesis of metal nanoparticles and metal oxidesand their use as components of fertilizers and preparations for plant growing (literature review)

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (5) ◽  
pp. 627-640
Author(s):  
G. Yu. Rabinovich ◽  
N. A. Lyubimova
Keyword(s):  
Metal Nanoparticles ◽  
Plant Extracts ◽  
United States Of America ◽  
The United States ◽  
Nanometer Scale ◽  
Agricultural Crops ◽  
Biochemical Processes ◽  
China And India ◽  
Positive Effect

A promising direction in agriculture is the use of metal nanoparticles as nanofertilizers, which can increase the yield of agricultural crops and, at the same time, minimize the frequency of fertilization due to the long-term release of nutrients. One of the environmentally safest and cheapest methods of synthesizing metal nanoparticles is biosynthesis using plant extracts. During the redox reaction, proteins, carbohydrates, organic acids, phenols and other metabolites are able to transfer electrons to metal cations, restoring their charge to zero on the nanometer scale. This article, based on publications on the issue under study by authors from the United States of America, Europe and the Middle East, China and India, describes the biosynthesis of nanoparticles of zinc oxide, copper and copper oxide, iron and iron oxide, as well as manganese and manganese oxide using the formation of plant extracts, and data on the use of these metals and their oxides as nanofertilizers and preparations for plant growing are presented. It has been shown that the use of metal nanoparticles and their oxides as fertilizers is more effective than conventional compounds used as fertilizers. This is probably due to the fact that it is easier for nanoparticles to penetrate through the plant membrane, as well as to pass into a form accessible to plants in comparison with conventional analogs. The positive effect of the influence of nanoparticles on plants is expressed in the elongation of the roots and shoots of model plants and an increase in the biomass of seedlings. In addition, the amount of chlorophyll in the leaves increases, and some biochemical processes also change, for example, the amount of antioxidant enzymes increases, which makes it possible to increase the stress resistance of plants.

scholarly journals Financial Innovation: A Permanent Agenda in Finance

2017 ◽  
Vol 1 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Wesley Mendes-Da-Silva
Keyword(s):  
Financial Market ◽  
Financial Innovation ◽  
The United States ◽  
Economic Stability ◽  
Financial Systems ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Financial Products ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Technology Market ◽  
New Challenges

The Journal of Financial Innovation (JoFI), which is totally independent and completely free to anyone who is interested in reading it, has been establishing itself as one of the first periodicals dedicated to financial innovation, a subject that has been growing in importance in various spheres of interest, from academia to industry, including policy makers. Economic stability and growth are closely linked to financial innovation in its various formats, i.e. products, processes and financial institutions.At the end of the 1980s the financial market in the United States and its institutions were facing changes that were seen as revolutionary at the time. In other words, at that particular moment in time we witnessed the rise of financial instruments and institutions that did not even exist at the end of the 1970s. As Mishkin (1990) points out, there is still an interest in understanding better the dynamic of the changes in financial systems and the proliferation of financial products. In this regard, the forces behind financial innovation are increasing in relevance. These include the conditions required for changes in the market, advances in technology, market (de)regulation, different types of crisis that are relevant to the market, new challenges facing banks, and other such matters.

Social and cultural policies to confront the Takfiri speech in Iraq after the year 2003

2020 ◽  
pp. 37
Author(s):  
Ahmed Ghaleb Mohi
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Middle East ◽  
United States Of America ◽  
Political System ◽  
The United States ◽  
Cultural Policies ◽  
American Occupation ◽  
East Region ◽  
Middle East Region

The American occupation of Iraq in 2003 represented a detailed event whose repercussions and repercussions affected not only the level of changing the Iraqi political system, but this event had geo-political and strategic long-term dimensions, as the United States of America was able to redraw the paths of the Middle East region again, in line with The strategic dimensions that I planned to achieve.

Inverse Problem for Identification of Infectivity and Recovery Rates in SIR Epidemic Models as Functions of Time Illustrated  with Corona Virus Dynamics  up to July 09, 2020

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tchavdar Marinov ◽  
Rossitza Marinova
Keyword(s):  
Inverse Problem ◽  
United States Of America ◽  
Real Data ◽  
The United States ◽  
Sir Model ◽  
Recovery Rates ◽  
Sir Epidemic ◽  
Term Evolution ◽  
Sir Epidemic Models

Abstract This work deals with the inverse problem in epidemiology based on a SIR model with time-dependent infectivity and recovery rates, allowing for a better prediction of the long term evolution of a pandemic. The method is used for investigating the COVID-19 spread by first solving an inverse problem for estimating the infectivity and recovery rates from real data. Then, the estimated rates are used to compute the evolution of the disease. The time-depended parameters are estimated for the World and several countries (The United States of America, Canada, Italy, France, Germany, Sweden, Russia, Brazil, Bulgaria, Japan, South Korea, New Zealand) and used for investigating the COVID-19 spread in these countries.

Properties of Pavement Bitumens Assessed Using European and American Approach

2017 ◽  
Vol 737 ◽  
pp. 554-559
Author(s):  
Pavel Coufalik ◽  
Ondrej Dasek ◽  
Petr Hyzl ◽  
Iva Krcmova
Keyword(s):  
United States Of America ◽  
Fatigue Behavior ◽  
Asphalt Binder ◽  
The United States ◽  
Asphalt Binders ◽  
Short Term ◽  
European Standards ◽  
Unites States ◽  
Key Parameter

This paper compares the different approaches to assessing asphalt binders used in Europe and the Unites States. A series of pavement bitumens is assessed using European standards and also by the Performance Graded Asphalt Binder Specification based on AASHTO MP 1, which was developed as part of the Strategic Highway Research Program (SHRP) in the United States of America. The results show that the European approach places high requirements on the pavement bitumens in relation to their behavior at low-temperatures, while in case of the American approach, the key parameter is fatigue behavior after short-term and long-term aging. It is evident that it is necessary to evaluate properties of pavement bitumens after long-term aging in Europe, too.

Modeling Approach to Determine Short- and Long-Term Thermal and Thermomechanical Effects of Waste Emplacement in a Repository in Basalt

1981 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Terry F. Lehnhoff ◽  
K. Thirumalai ◽  
Alan D. Krug
Keyword(s):  
Pacific Northwest ◽  
United States Of America ◽  
The United States ◽  
Department Of Energy ◽  
Nuclear Waste Repository ◽  
Columbia River Basalts ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
Short And Long Term ◽  
Selection Of

The Columbia River basalts, which underlie a large portion of the Pacific Northwest of the United States of America, are being investigated as one of the candidate media for a nuclear waste repository. The Basalt Waste Isolation Project (BWIP) of Rockwell Hanford Operations (Rockwell) is conducting these investigations for the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE). Since the inception of the program in 1976, a number of studies have led to the selection of a reference repository location and the start of construction of an exploratory shaft.1-3

scholarly journals A century of decoupling size and structure of urban spaces in the United States

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Johannes H. Uhl ◽  
Dylan S. Connor ◽  
Stefan Leyk ◽  
Anna E. Braswell
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
United States Of America ◽  
Metropolitan Areas ◽  
The United States ◽  
Present Form ◽  
Urban Spaces ◽  
Development Trajectories ◽  
Similar Development ◽  
Over Time

AbstractMost cities in the United States of America are thought to have followed similar development trajectories to evolve into their present form. However, data on spatial development of cities are limited prior to 1970. Here we leverage a compilation of high-resolution spatial land use and building data to examine the evolving size and form (shape and structure) of US metropolitan areas since the early twentieth century. Our analysis of building patterns over 100 years reveals strong regularities in the development of the size and density of cities and their surroundings, regardless of timing or location of development. At the same time, we find that trajectories regarding shape and structure are harder to codify and more complex. We conclude that these discrepant developments of urban size- and form-related characteristics are driven, in part, by the long-term decoupling of these two sets of attributes over time.

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