scholarly journals Biosynthesis of metal nanoparticles and metal oxidesand their use as components of fertilizers and preparations for plant growing (literature review)

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (5) ◽  
pp. 627-640
Author(s):  
G. Yu. Rabinovich ◽  
N. A. Lyubimova
Keyword(s):  
Metal Nanoparticles ◽  
Plant Extracts ◽  
United States Of America ◽  
The United States ◽  
Nanometer Scale ◽  
Agricultural Crops ◽  
Biochemical Processes ◽  
China And India ◽  
Positive Effect

A promising direction in agriculture is the use of metal nanoparticles as nanofertilizers, which can increase the yield of agricultural crops and, at the same time, minimize the frequency of fertilization due to the long-term release of nutrients. One of the environmentally safest and cheapest methods of synthesizing metal nanoparticles is biosynthesis using plant extracts. During the redox reaction, proteins, carbohydrates, organic acids, phenols and other metabolites are able to transfer electrons to metal cations, restoring their charge to zero on the nanometer scale. This article, based on publications on the issue under study by authors from the United States of America, Europe and the Middle East, China and India, describes the biosynthesis of nanoparticles of zinc oxide, copper and copper oxide, iron and iron oxide, as well as manganese and manganese oxide using the formation of plant extracts, and data on the use of these metals and their oxides as nanofertilizers and preparations for plant growing are presented. It has been shown that the use of metal nanoparticles and their oxides as fertilizers is more effective than conventional compounds used as fertilizers. This is probably due to the fact that it is easier for nanoparticles to penetrate through the plant membrane, as well as to pass into a form accessible to plants in comparison with conventional analogs. The positive effect of the influence of nanoparticles on plants is expressed in the elongation of the roots and shoots of model plants and an increase in the biomass of seedlings. In addition, the amount of chlorophyll in the leaves increases, and some biochemical processes also change, for example, the amount of antioxidant enzymes increases, which makes it possible to increase the stress resistance of plants.

A Comparative Historical Analysis of the Evolution of the Venture Capital Industry in the Economic Regions of the United States of America, Europe, and China

2020 ◽  
pp. 244-264
Author(s):  
Som Sekhar Bhattacharyya ◽  
Bibhash Laik ◽  
Divya Sharma ◽  
Tirthankar Bose
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Venture Capital ◽  
United States Of America ◽  
Business Models ◽  
Historical Analysis ◽  
The United States ◽  
China And India ◽  
Firm Investments ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Market Opportunities

Venture capital (VC) provides a platform to empowered individuals with financial constraints to transform their ideas into business models and attain commercial success. This article reviewed the growth and trends of VC industry across various regions such as the United States of America (USA), Europe, China, and India. Initially, VC firms flourished and developed in the USA and still it harbors the largest VC industry. From the USA, VC firms spread to Europe and then much later to emerging economies like China and India. Although the VC ecosystem had started late in China, it had registered higher growth when compared to Europe in terms of VC investment. China has become the second largest VC market. It was backed by government initiatives, vast market opportunities, and home-grown technology firm investments. India has started observing growth in VC space later than China but had ample opportunities to allow for a surge in VC activities.

People's Republic of China as an Engine of Growth for Developing Asia?

2011 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 120-163 ◽  
Author(s):  
Donghyun Park ◽  
Kwanho Shin
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Global Financial Crisis ◽  
The United States ◽  
People’S Republic Of China ◽  
Industrialized Countries ◽  
People's Republic Of China ◽  
Asian Countries ◽  
Republic Of China ◽  
Positive Effect

Developing Asia has traditionally relied on exports to the United States and other industrialized countries for demand and growth. As a result, the collapse of exports to the United States and other industrialized countries during the 2008–09 global financial crisis has sharply curtailed GDP growth across the region. The emergence of the People's Republic of China (PRC) as a globally influential economic force is fueling hopes that it can supplement the United States as an additional source of demand and growth. The central objective of this paper is to investigate whether exports to the PRC has a significant and positive effect on the GDP of eight developing Asian countries. Although the study's results indicate that exports to the PRC contributed to developing Asian countries' recovery from the global crisis, it is far too early to make well-informed judgments about the PRC's ability to support Asia's growth in the medium and long term.

Social and cultural policies to confront the Takfiri speech in Iraq after the year 2003

2020 ◽  
pp. 37
Author(s):  
Ahmed Ghaleb Mohi
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Middle East ◽  
United States Of America ◽  
Political System ◽  
The United States ◽  
Cultural Policies ◽  
American Occupation ◽  
East Region ◽  
Middle East Region

The American occupation of Iraq in 2003 represented a detailed event whose repercussions and repercussions affected not only the level of changing the Iraqi political system, but this event had geo-political and strategic long-term dimensions, as the United States of America was able to redraw the paths of the Middle East region again, in line with The strategic dimensions that I planned to achieve.

Inverse Problem for Identification of Infectivity and Recovery Rates in SIR Epidemic Models as Functions of Time Illustrated  with Corona Virus Dynamics  up to July 09, 2020

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tchavdar Marinov ◽  
Rossitza Marinova
Keyword(s):  
Inverse Problem ◽  
United States Of America ◽  
Real Data ◽  
The United States ◽  
Sir Model ◽  
Recovery Rates ◽  
Sir Epidemic ◽  
Term Evolution ◽  
Sir Epidemic Models

Abstract This work deals with the inverse problem in epidemiology based on a SIR model with time-dependent infectivity and recovery rates, allowing for a better prediction of the long term evolution of a pandemic. The method is used for investigating the COVID-19 spread by first solving an inverse problem for estimating the infectivity and recovery rates from real data. Then, the estimated rates are used to compute the evolution of the disease. The time-depended parameters are estimated for the World and several countries (The United States of America, Canada, Italy, France, Germany, Sweden, Russia, Brazil, Bulgaria, Japan, South Korea, New Zealand) and used for investigating the COVID-19 spread in these countries.

Properties of Pavement Bitumens Assessed Using European and American Approach

2017 ◽  
Vol 737 ◽  
pp. 554-559
Author(s):  
Pavel Coufalik ◽  
Ondrej Dasek ◽  
Petr Hyzl ◽  
Iva Krcmova
Keyword(s):  
United States Of America ◽  
Fatigue Behavior ◽  
Asphalt Binder ◽  
The United States ◽  
Asphalt Binders ◽  
Short Term ◽  
European Standards ◽  
Unites States ◽  
Key Parameter

This paper compares the different approaches to assessing asphalt binders used in Europe and the Unites States. A series of pavement bitumens is assessed using European standards and also by the Performance Graded Asphalt Binder Specification based on AASHTO MP 1, which was developed as part of the Strategic Highway Research Program (SHRP) in the United States of America. The results show that the European approach places high requirements on the pavement bitumens in relation to their behavior at low-temperatures, while in case of the American approach, the key parameter is fatigue behavior after short-term and long-term aging. It is evident that it is necessary to evaluate properties of pavement bitumens after long-term aging in Europe, too.

Modeling Approach to Determine Short- and Long-Term Thermal and Thermomechanical Effects of Waste Emplacement in a Repository in Basalt

1981 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Terry F. Lehnhoff ◽  
K. Thirumalai ◽  
Alan D. Krug
Keyword(s):  
Pacific Northwest ◽  
United States Of America ◽  
The United States ◽  
Department Of Energy ◽  
Nuclear Waste Repository ◽  
Columbia River Basalts ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
Short And Long Term ◽  
Selection Of

The Columbia River basalts, which underlie a large portion of the Pacific Northwest of the United States of America, are being investigated as one of the candidate media for a nuclear waste repository. The Basalt Waste Isolation Project (BWIP) of Rockwell Hanford Operations (Rockwell) is conducting these investigations for the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE). Since the inception of the program in 1976, a number of studies have led to the selection of a reference repository location and the start of construction of an exploratory shaft.1-3

scholarly journals The United States of America – A Declining World Hegemon?

2018 ◽  
Vol 14 (17) ◽  
pp. 46
Author(s):  
Benjamin Klasche
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Natural Resources ◽  
United States Of America ◽  
The United States ◽  
The Other ◽  
Global Politics ◽  
Global Commons ◽  
China And India ◽  
The World ◽  
The Usa

In this article the alleged demise of the United States of America (USA) and the ability of its challengers will be discussed and analyzed. Based on George Modelski’s concept of Long-Cycles in Global Politics we can anticipate a disruption in the hegemonic position – currently held by the USA. Considering, the possibility of this scenario, the author executed a pragmatic comparative study and sketches out the chances for the two main competitors – China and India – which struggle mightily with domestic issues and on the other side presents four arguments, why the decline of the USA is not as apparent and looming as partly presumed. The arguments are: (i) the independence supply of natural resources; (ii) its supremacy over the world seas; (iii) reinstated activity in the Rimland and (iiii) control over the Global Commons.

scholarly journals THE EFFECT OF GOVERNMENT MACROECONOMIC POLICY ON INDONESIA'S FISHERIES EXPORT TO THE UNITED STATES IN 1989-2019

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 267
Author(s):  
Akhmad Jayadi ◽  
Tanto Firmansyah
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Exchange Rate ◽  
Exchange Rates ◽  
Interest Rates ◽  
Government Spending ◽  
The United States ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
Positive Effect

Indonesia is a maritime country that has huge potential in fisheries sector. The average of indonesian fisheries production and export volumes always increase every year. This study aims to analyze the effect of exchange rates, government spending, inflation, interest rates, and sanitation policies to Indonesia fishery export to the United States in 1989-2019. Data were obtained from the Indonesian Ministry of Finance, the World Bank, UN COMTRADE, and the Indonesian Ministry of Maritime Affairs and Fisheries. This study uses the Error Coerrection Model (ECM) method to examine the effect of the independent variables on the dependent variable in the long term and short term. This study explains that in the long-term, government spending and exchange rate have positive effect, and interest rates have negative effect on export. In short-term, government spending and exchange rate have positive effect on export. Inflation and sanitation policy do not affect export in the long-term or short-term, while interest rates in the short-term do not affect Indonesian fishery exports. Keywords: Exports, Government Spending, Exchange Rates, Non-Tariff Barriers, Error Correction Model.JEL: F10, F13, C32

scholarly journals A century of decoupling size and structure of urban spaces in the United States

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Johannes H. Uhl ◽  
Dylan S. Connor ◽  
Stefan Leyk ◽  
Anna E. Braswell
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
United States Of America ◽  
Metropolitan Areas ◽  
The United States ◽  
Present Form ◽  
Urban Spaces ◽  
Development Trajectories ◽  
Similar Development ◽  
Over Time

AbstractMost cities in the United States of America are thought to have followed similar development trajectories to evolve into their present form. However, data on spatial development of cities are limited prior to 1970. Here we leverage a compilation of high-resolution spatial land use and building data to examine the evolving size and form (shape and structure) of US metropolitan areas since the early twentieth century. Our analysis of building patterns over 100 years reveals strong regularities in the development of the size and density of cities and their surroundings, regardless of timing or location of development. At the same time, we find that trajectories regarding shape and structure are harder to codify and more complex. We conclude that these discrepant developments of urban size- and form-related characteristics are driven, in part, by the long-term decoupling of these two sets of attributes over time.

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