Properties of Pavement Bitumens Assessed Using European and American Approach

2017 ◽  
Vol 737 ◽  
pp. 554-559
Author(s):  
Pavel Coufalik ◽  
Ondrej Dasek ◽  
Petr Hyzl ◽  
Iva Krcmova
Keyword(s):  
United States Of America ◽  
Fatigue Behavior ◽  
Asphalt Binder ◽  
The United States ◽  
Asphalt Binders ◽  
Short Term ◽  
European Standards ◽  
Unites States ◽  
Key Parameter

This paper compares the different approaches to assessing asphalt binders used in Europe and the Unites States. A series of pavement bitumens is assessed using European standards and also by the Performance Graded Asphalt Binder Specification based on AASHTO MP 1, which was developed as part of the Strategic Highway Research Program (SHRP) in the United States of America. The results show that the European approach places high requirements on the pavement bitumens in relation to their behavior at low-temperatures, while in case of the American approach, the key parameter is fatigue behavior after short-term and long-term aging. It is evident that it is necessary to evaluate properties of pavement bitumens after long-term aging in Europe, too.

The Powers and Role of the Prosecutor of the International Criminal Court in the Global Fight against Impunity

2004 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 121-139 ◽  
Author(s):  
CHRISTOPHER KEITH HALL
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
United States Of America ◽  
International Criminal Court ◽  
Rome Statute ◽  
International Criminal ◽  
The United States ◽  
Criminal Court ◽  
Short Term

On 16 June 2003, the first Prosecutor of the newly established International Criminal Court (Court), Luis Moreno Ocampo, was inaugurated. He faces enormous challenges ahead in the short term, including the need to increase the number of states ratifying and implementing the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court and to demonstrate that criticisms of the Court and his powers made by the current administration of the United States of America in the course of its campaign to undermine the Court are unwarranted. This article describes the background to the establishment of a permanent independent Prosecutor within the Court, able to open, subject to extensive statutory and judicial constraints, investigations on the Prosecutor's own initiative. It then describes the statutory provisions establishing the post and defining the powers and duties of the Prosecutor. The article concludes with a discussion of the imaginative way in which he is setting up the Office of the Prosecutor and his innovative overall strategy as a leader in the global fight against impunity. As the Prosecutor demonstrates his independence, impartiality, fairness, and effectiveness in conducting trials, and his ability to inspire states to fulfil their obligations to complement his efforts by investigating and prosecuting these crimes themselves, the long-term prospects for the Court will become increasingly promising.

scholarly journals An experimental study of the impact of aging on Gilsonite and Trinidad Epuré modified asphalt binders properties

2017 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 71-81 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mieczysław Słowik ◽  
Marcin Bilski
Keyword(s):  
Aging Process ◽  
Asphalt Binder ◽  
Asphalt Binders ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Bending Beam Rheometer ◽  
Modified Asphalt ◽  
Suitable Amount ◽  
Natural Asphalt ◽  
The Impact

The tests and analyses presented in the paper are related to the 20/30, 35/50 and 50/70 penetration grade road bitumens as well as the asphalt binders obtained through modification of the 35/50 and 50/70 bitumens. The latter were modified by adding to it 3%, 5% and 7% of the Gilsonite natural asphalt and 15%, 25% and 35% of the Trinidad Epuré Z 0/8 natural asphalt. The aim of the study was to assess the changes in the functional and rheological properties of theroad bitumens that were modified by adding to them the Gilsonite and Trinidad Epuré natural asphalts. The modified asphalt binders were subjected to the laboratory simulated short-term and long-term aging, where two methods, designed as part of the Strategic Highway Research Program, were used, i.e. the Rolling Thin Film Oven Test and the Pressure Aging Vessel, respectively. The study of the asphalt binders both those that were subjected to aging and those unaged includes thermal susceptibility (the Penetration Index) and resistance to cracking at low temperatures by tests carried out using the Bending Beam Rheometer. The analysis of the results revealed that the unfavourable impact of the aging process on the asphalt binder properties is limited if a suitable amount of the natural asphalt is used as a modifier.

The Future of Muslim Education in the United States: An Agenda for Research

2003 ◽  
Vol 20 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 46-82
Author(s):  
Fathi Malkawi
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
The United States ◽  
American Education ◽  
Future Trends ◽  
Muslim Community ◽  
Short Term ◽  
The Future ◽  
Muslim Education ◽  
Future Plans

This paper addresses some of the Muslim community’s concerns regarding its children’s education and reflects upon how education has shaped the position of other communities in American history. It argues that the future of Muslim education will be influenced directly by the present realities and future trends within American education in general, and, more importantly, by the well-calculated and informed short-term and long-term decisions and future plans taken by the Muslim community. The paper identifies some areas in which a wellestablished knowledge base is critical to making decisions, and calls for serious research to be undertaken to furnish this base.

Italy's politics without policy: Balancing Atlanticism and Europeanism in the Middle East

Modern Italy ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 135-153 ◽  
Author(s):  
Raffaella A. Del Sarto ◽  
Nathalie Tocci
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Policy ◽  
Middle East ◽  
The United States ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Short Term ◽  
The Government ◽  
Specific Interests ◽  
Policy Shifts ◽  
The Eu

Focusing on Italy's Middle East policies under the second Berlusconi (2001–2006) and the second Prodi (2006–2008) governments, this article assesses the manner and extent to which the observed foreign policy shifts between the two governments can be explained in terms of the rebalancing between a ‘Europeanist’ and a transatlantic orientation. Arguing that Rome's policy towards the Middle East hinges less on Italy's specific interests and objectives in the region and more on whether the preference of the government in power is to foster closer ties to the United States or concentrate on the European Union, the analysis highlights how these swings of the pendulum along the EU–US axis are inextricably linked to a number of underlying structural weaknesses of Rome's foreign policy. In particular, the oscillations can be explained by the prevalence of short-term political (and domestic) considerations and the absence of long-term, substantive political strategies, or, in short, by the phenomenon of ‘politics without policy’ that often characterises Italy's foreign policy.

scholarly journals Effects of WMA Additive on the Rheological Properties of Asphalt Binder and High Temperature Performance Grade

2015 ◽  
Vol 2015 ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jiupeng Zhang ◽  
Guoqiang Liu ◽  
Li Xu ◽  
Jianzhong Pei
Keyword(s):  
Critical Temperature ◽  
Rheological Properties ◽  
Asphalt Binder ◽  
Aging Effect ◽  
Asphalt Binders ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Performance Grade ◽  
Temperature Performance ◽  
Effects Of Temperature ◽  
Increasing Temperature

Sasobit additives with different dosages were added into 70# and 90# virgin asphalt binders to prepare WMA binders. The rheological properties, includingG∗andδ, were measured by using DSR at the temperature ranging from 46°C to 70°C, and the effects of temperature, additive dosage and aging onG∗/sin⁡δ, critical temperature, and H-T PG were investigated. The results indicate that WMA additive improvesG∗but reducesδ, and the improvement on 70# virgin binder is more significant.G∗/sin⁡δexponentially decreases with the increasing temperature but linearly increases with the increasing additive dosage. Aging effect weakens the interaction between binder and additive but significantly increases the binder’s viscosity; that is whyG∗/sin⁡δis higher after short-term aging. In addition, the critical temperature increases with the increasing additive dosage, and the additive dosage should be more than 3% and 5% to improve H-T PG by one grade for 70# and 90# virgin binder, respectively.

“The Death of Liberal Internationalism?: Donald Trump, Walmart, and the Two Koreas”

2018 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
pp. 169-197
Author(s):  
Mitchell B. Lerner
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
The United States ◽  
Business Practices ◽  
Short Term ◽  
New Approach ◽  
Liberal Internationalism ◽  
The People ◽  
Modern Business ◽  
Short Time

The election of Donald J. Trump unsettled many areas of U.S. foreign policy, but few more than the nation’s relationship with Korea. This article argues that the Trump administration’s vision for the world represents a stark break from the tradition of liberal internationalism and instead seeks to take the United States down a path that reflects the modern business practices of giant American corporations. A suitable label for this vision, as the following pages will show, is “Walmart unilateralism.” This framework abandons the traditional American policies of nation building and alliances based on shared ideological values. Instead, it embraces a more short-term approach rooted in financial bottom lines, flexible alliances and rivalries, and the ruthless exploitation of power hierarchies. This new approach, this article concludes, may dramatically transform the American relationship with Korea. Walmart unilateralism in Korea almost certainly will have some short-time positive ramifications for the United States, but its larger failure to consider the history and values of the people living on the Korean Peninsula may generate serious long-term problems for the future experience of the United States in the region.

The Treatment of Germany

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Franz Neumann
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
United Nations ◽  
The United States ◽  
German Society ◽  
Military Government ◽  
Short Term ◽  
The Third ◽  
The World ◽  
Probationary Period

This chapter considers a variety of methods of treating Germany. The main objective of the United Nations in the treatment of Germany is to prevent it from ever again becoming a threat to the security of the world. The problem of securing this objective could be approached through destruction of Germany's industrial potential, destruction of Germany as a political entity, and removal from German society of the causes of aggression. The chapter shows that the first two solutions should be deferred until it is clear that the third alternative proves unworkable. In order to eliminate the causes of aggressiveness in German society, temporary and long-term disabilities should be imposed upon Germany. The chapter also examines the causes of German aggression, the United States' policy toward Germany, short-term measures during the period of military government, conditional measures during the probationary period, and permanent impositions upon Germany.

Overeducation, persistence and unemployment in Spanish labour market

2020 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Nuria Sánchez-Sánchez ◽  
Adolfo Cosme Fernández Puente
Keyword(s):  
Education Reform ◽  
Labour Market ◽  
The United States ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Unemployment Rates ◽  
High Elasticity ◽  
The One ◽  
Term Labour

PurposeThe phenomenon of overeducation and the magnitude and persistence of the imbalance impact are analysed for the Spanish labour market from 2006 to 2013.Design/methodology/approachThe authors present random-effects probit estimations comparing individuals and their short-term and long-term labour mismatches.FindingsThe results support the existence of long-term persistence (status in the previous year) and short-term persistence (status at the beginning of the observed period) in overeducation. Precariousness in the labour market, measured by temporality or by the strong destruction of employment, could force individuals to choose a job below their qualification. Additionally, the phenomenon of overeducation is shown to have increased in the period 2010–2013 in relation to the period 2006–2009 independently of the region considered, though those regions with higher unemployment rates display greater imbalances.Research limitations/implicationsAlthough the results come from two different samples, it is possible to conclude that overeducation is a phenomenon that tends to perpetuate over time in Spain.Practical implicationsOne of the issues of greatest interest that is crucial to assess the relevance of the spreading of overeducation is whether overeducation can be considered as a temporal mismatch, in which case the seriousness of the problem would not be so important, or, on the contrary, as a persistent one, in which case, governments should take it into account in their education reform programmes.Originality/valueOvereducation persistence has been studied in countries such as the United States, Canada, Switzerland or Germany; however, in Spain, there are hardly any studies. Spanish labour market has certain specificities that make the analyses relevant: the high unemployment rates and high elasticity of employment with respect to the economic cycles. Under these circumstances, workers could opt for more stable positions that require a lower qualification than the one they have. This option could be even more convenient during crisis. Additionally, the article includes a disaggregated analysis by Spanish regions. The differences in the unemployment rates within and between regions are significant (some of them had at the beginning of the crisis an unemployment rate close to 7%, while in others it exceeded 12%) which allows the authors to study the phenomenon in different contexts.

The Power of Traditional Design Techniques: The Effects of Viewing a Japanese Garden on Individuals With Cognitive Impairment

2016 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 74-86 ◽  
Author(s):  
Seiko Goto ◽  
Thomas J. Gianfagia ◽  
John P. Munafo ◽  
Eijiro Fujii ◽  
Xuting Shen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Japanese Patients ◽  
The United States ◽  
Behavioral Symptoms ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Control Space ◽  
Traditional Design ◽  
Japanese Garden ◽  
Closed Door

Purpose: This study is to examine how viewing a Japanese garden affects Japanese patients with dementia. Background: In a previous study, authors explored the effect on individuals with Alzheimer’s disease of viewing an indoor Japanese garden at a nursing home in the United States and reported that viewing the garden significantly reduced the heart rate, evoked short-term and long-term memories, and improved behavioral symptoms. However, it was unclear whether these effects were caused by the design of Japanese garden or unfamiliarity of the design to Caucasians. Methods: We constructed a Japanese garden on the rooftop of a hospital in Japan and assessed with a total of 25 subjects on the following categories: (1) eye movement, (2) heart rate, and (3) behavior under four different conditions: (a) open view of the site before construction of the Japanese garden (the control space), (b) open view of the Japanese garden, (c) view of the Japanese garden through closed door, and (d) view of Japanese garden through closed door with the chrysanthemum scent. Findings/Results: Viewers’ eyes scanned larger area while viewing the Japanese garden, and viewing the Japanese garden significantly reduced heart rate and improved behavioral symptoms than the control space. We also found that the effect of viewing the same Japanese garden differed across three conditions: the view through an open door, a closed door, and a closed door with added scent.

Verification and Improvement of the Rate of Asphalt Aging Simulated by AASHTO PP1–98 Protocol

2005 ◽  
Vol 1901 (1) ◽  
pp. 24-32
Author(s):  
Suresh Raghavendra ◽  
Claudia E. Zapata ◽  
M. Waseem Mirza ◽  
William N. Houston ◽  
Matthew W. Witczak
Keyword(s):  
The United States ◽  
Age Hardening ◽  
Asphalt Binders ◽  
Pavement Performance ◽  
Ongoing Research ◽  
Aging Conditions ◽  
Original Laboratory ◽  
Laboratory Procedures ◽  
Pavement Aging

It is well documented that environmental effects play a significant role in characterizing material properties, which in turn affect pavement performance. Studies under the Strategic Highway Research Program (SHRP) were carried out on the age-hardening characteristics of asphalt binders and mixes. As a result, laboratory procedures to simulate the field hardening of asphalt binders and mixes, AASHTO Provisional Protocols PP1–98 and PP2–99, were developed. The approaches followed in these procedures are of great value for the ongoing research on pavement aging; however, due to limited resources and time constraints under the SHRP program, these provisional procedures have certain limitations. A research study, NCHRP Project 9–23, was initiated to overcome these limitations and enhance the predictive capabilities of these protocols. The current research paper is a part of NCHRP 9–23, which deals with the PP1–98 protocol. Binders and field cores were obtained from long-term pavement performance and other sites across the United States. Original, laboratory-aged, and field-aged binders were characterized through dynamic shear rheometer testing. The existing protocol was verified; on the basis of the findings, the protocol was improved to include the effect of field aging conditions and mix properties. The developed model was calibrated and validated with field data. Parametric analysis was performed on the final model to ascertain the practicality of the output. On the basis of those findings, a recommended provisional protocol was developed. The recommendations apply only for conventional, nonmodified binders.

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