scholarly journals The Internal Structure of Spanish–German Verbalizations and the Sophistication of Bilinguals’ Linguistic Knowledge

Languages ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 167
Author(s):  
Antonio Fábregas ◽  
Jason Rothman
Keyword(s):  
Internal Structure ◽  
Present Article ◽  
Code Switching ◽  
Linguistic Knowledge ◽  
Empirical Generalization ◽  
Language Mixing ◽  
Parting Ways

The present article reassesses some available data regarding word-internal language mixing (Spanish–German) involving verbs and nouns. The empirical generalization is that Spanish roots can be combined with German verbalizers, but not vice versa. Data of this type highlight the sophisticated knowledge of the underlying representations that code-switching bilinguals must have of both contributing grammars and, in turn, how these contribute to the formation of the grammar that underlies their rule-governed systems for amalgamating them. Despite agreeing with the general conclusions of González-Vilbazo and López’s 2011 study regarding what the data tell us about code-switching more generally, we refine their analysis to better capture the patterns. Our proposal is that these mixtures are the only instances where the structural and lexical properties of verbal exponents used in both languages overlap, parting ways with previous analyses based on the possible zero nature of Spanish verbalizers or the absence of conjugation classes in German.

The German Post-Critical Belief Scale: Internal and External Validity

2003 ◽  
Vol 34 (4) ◽  
pp. 219-226 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bart Duriez ◽  
Claudia Appel ◽  
Dirk Hutsebaut
Keyword(s):  
Internal Structure ◽  
Present Article ◽  
External Validity ◽  
German Version ◽  
Dutch Version ◽  
German Sample ◽  
Belief Scale ◽  
Internal And External Validity

Abstract: Recently, Duriez, Fontaine and Hutsebaut (2000) and Fontaine, Duriez, Luyten and Hutsebaut (2003) constructed the Post-Critical Belief Scale in order to measure the two religiosity dimensions along which Wulff (1991 , 1997 ) summarized the various possible approaches to religion: Exclusion vs. Inclusion of Transcendence and Literal vs. Symbolic. In the present article, the German version of this scale is presented. Results obtained in a heterogeneous German sample (N = 216) suggest that the internal structure of the German version fits the internal structure of the original Dutch version. Moreover, the observed relation between the Literal vs. Symbolic dimension and racism, which was in line with previous studies ( Duriez, in press ), supports the external validity of the German version.

scholarly journals Online Multilingualism in African Written Conversations

2020 ◽  
Vol 49 (1) ◽  
pp. 141-159
Author(s):  
Carmen Pérez-Sabater ◽  
Ginette Maguelouk-Moffo
Keyword(s):  
National Identity ◽  
Public Spaces ◽  
Global South ◽  
Code Switching ◽  
Football Players ◽  
Language Mixing ◽  
History Of ◽  
Lexical Items ◽  
Online Texts

The objective of this research is to analyse current written practices within the global South. Specifically, we examine language mixing phenomena in written online texts publicly displayed on the official Facebook page of one of the two most important football players in the history of Cameroon, Samuel Eto’o. By means of a quantitative and languaging analysis proposed by Androutsopoulos (2014), we see that indigenous Cameroonian languages are now being written in public spaces. Instances of lexical items in these languages are sometimes inserted in Facebook comments to establish local/national identity, to emphasise the fact that the player is a Cameroonian. However, Cameroonian national identity still is usually constructed through the exclusive use of English and French. Interestingly, the study shows that code-switching (CS) to a particular language may function as a distancing technique, an impoliteness strategy towards the player.

A featural analysis of the Modern Roman Alphabet

2005 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 235-274 ◽  
Author(s):  
Beatrice Primus
Keyword(s):  
Internal Structure ◽  
Present Article ◽  
Optimality Theory ◽  
Roman Alphabet

The present article shows that the letters of the Modern Roman Alphabet have an internal structure that is highly systematic in both inner-graphematic and functional-phonological terms. The framework of analysis is Optimality Theory. This approach is congenial for the data at issue as many apparently unmotivated exceptions are optimal choices among competing candidates that are evaluated by violable ranked constraints. The results of the present investigation corroborate a branching correspondence model in which general modality-independent constraints such as dependency, compositionality, markedness and iconism are shown to have independent modality-specific instantiations in speech and writing with bidirectional correspondences serving as functional links across modalities.

Translanguaging or code-switching?

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brian Hok-Shing Chan
Keyword(s):  
Hong Kong ◽  
Real Time ◽  
Language Production ◽  
Meaning Making ◽  
Code Switching ◽  
Language Mixing ◽  
Peer Talk ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Language Boundaries ◽  
Radio Talk

Abstract Recent popularity of “translanguaging” as a concept referring to bilingual practices has challenged the appropriateness of “code-switching” – the term that has been most influential in studies of bilingualism and language mixing. Reassessing the literature on Cantonese-English mixing in Hong Kong, this paper suggests that the kind of spontaneous code-switching in peer talk, largely intra-sentential (or intra-clausal) and intra-turn, can indeed be recast as translanguaging, where speakers transcend language boundaries between Cantonese and English for the purpose of meaning-making. Nevertheless, Hong Kong speakers do constantly draw language boundaries by marking words as English or Cantonese, both in metalinguistic judgment and in real-time language production. Revisiting an unpublished dataset of radio talk, this paper further illustrates a number of sequences in which Cantonese speakers may “languagise” the code-switched words or expressions as “English”. It is concluded that, in a Conversation-Analytic understanding, the difference between “translanguaging” and “code-switching” boils down to “languagising”, and the contrast between the two notions may have been overstated.

The role of phonetics in borrowing and integration

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shana Poplack
Keyword(s):  
Code Switching ◽  
Adaptation Process ◽  
Systematic Comparison ◽  
Language Mixing ◽  
Striking Contrast

This chapter revisits the question of whether speakers marshal phonetic integration as a strategy to distinguish code-switching, nonce borrowing, and established loanwords. Systematic comparison of the behavior of individuals, diagnostics, and language-mixing types reveals variability at every level of the phonetic adaptation process, providing strong confirmation that individuals do not phonetically integrate other-language words, whether nonce or dictionary-attested, into the recipient language in a systematic way. Nor do they share a phonetic strategy for handling any of their language-mixing types. This is in striking contrast to the morphosyntactic treatment they afford this same material when borrowing it: immediate, quasi-categorical, and consistent adaptation community-wide. This confirms that phonetic and morphosyntactic integration are independent. Only the latter is a reliable metric for distinguishing language-mixing types.

Rationale

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shana Poplack
Keyword(s):  
Quantitative Analysis ◽  
Code Switching ◽  
Lexical Retrieval ◽  
Language Mixing ◽  
Standards Of Proof ◽  
Integration Strategies

This chapter identifies the rationale behind this volume: the enduring controversy over how to theorize language-mixing strategies. Relating this controversy to discrepancies in the conceptualization and treatment of the data of language mixing, it outlines a method to distinguish among other-language phenomena based on spontaneous bilingual performance, quantitative analysis, and rigorous standards of proof. It justifies the focus on the three quantitatively predominant manifestations of language mixing: nonce borrowing, lexical retrieval of previously borrowed words and code-switching. It introduces and defines integration, the major tool in characterizing language-mixing types. Ensuing chapters identify and illustrate an array of integration strategies, whereby the vast majority of lone other-language items are adapted to the morphological and syntactic patterns of a recipient language, in a variety of language pairs.

Phonological and morphological awareness in first graders

1993 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 177-195 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joanne F. Carlisle ◽  
Diana M. Nomanbhoy
Keyword(s):  
Phonological Awareness ◽  
Internal Structure ◽  
Research Study ◽  
Word Reading ◽  
First Graders ◽  
Morphological Awareness ◽  
The Other ◽  
Linguistic Knowledge ◽  
Older Students ◽  
Learning To Read

ABSTRACTPhonological awareness is thought to be related to children's success in learning to read because it indicates an awareness of the internal structure of words. Morphological awareness, which has been found to be related to reading achievement for older students, may offer a more comprehensive measure of linguistic sensitivity because it entails not only phonological awareness, but also other aspects of linguistic knowledge. The research study reported herein was designed to investigate the extent to which phonological awareness contributes to the morphological awareness of first graders and to determine the extent to which phonological and morphological awareness account for variance in word reading. Two tasks of morphological awareness were used, one assessing judgments of morphological relations and the other assessing the production of inflected and derived forms.

The Final-over-Final Condition, Stringency, and Typological Structure

2020 ◽  
Vol 51 (4) ◽  
pp. 765-784
Author(s):  
Natalie DelBusso
Keyword(s):  
Internal Structure ◽  
Optimality Theory ◽  
Theoretical Explanation ◽  
Structure Parameter ◽  
Property Theory ◽  
Empirical Generalization ◽  
Property Analysis ◽  
Typological Structure

The Final-over-Final Condition (FOFC; Biberauer, Holmberg, and Roberts 2014 , et seq.) describes an empirical generalization about possible crosslinguistic word orders. This article presents an Optimality Theory account that derives FOFC using constraints in a stringency relationship. It analyzes the resulting typology through Property Theory ( Alber, DelBusso, and Prince 2016 , Alber and Prince in preparation ). A property analysis explicates the internal structure of the typological space, showing how it explains the condition and how the same structure occurs more generally in stringency systems. The theoretical explanation is compared with that in another theory of typological structure, Parameter Hierarchies ( Roberts 2012 ).

Strong and clitic pronouns in monolingual and bilingual acquisition of French and Italian

2008 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 19-41 ◽  
Author(s):  
KATRIN SCHMITZ ◽  
NATASCHA MÜLLER
Keyword(s):  
Internal Structure ◽  
Present Article ◽  
Subject Pronouns ◽  
Object Clitics ◽  
Subject And Object ◽  
Subject Clitics ◽  
Categorial Status ◽  
Italian Children ◽  
Internal Syntax ◽  
Object Pronouns

The present article investigates the acquisition of the pronominal systems by French and Italian monolingual children and by bilingual German–French and German–Italian children, demonstrating a stable asymmetry: object and reflexive clitics are acquired later than nominative clitics and strong subject and object pronouns. We will widen the scope of former investigations to include the acquisition of strong pronouns and argue that the observed asymmetry can be accounted for if we combine the external (categorial status) and internal syntax of pronouns (internal structure). In particular, we argue for the relevance of the absence/presence of a nominal layer (N-layer) in the internal structure of a pronoun. This approach can account for the observation that pronouns containing an N-layer, i.e., strong subject pronouns, subject clitics and strong object pronouns, are acquired simultaneously and earlier than pronouns which lack the N-layer, i.e., object clitics and reflexive clitics.

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