A featural analysis of the Modern Roman Alphabet

2005 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 235-274 ◽  
Author(s):  
Beatrice Primus
Keyword(s):  
Internal Structure ◽  
Present Article ◽  
Optimality Theory ◽  
Roman Alphabet

The present article shows that the letters of the Modern Roman Alphabet have an internal structure that is highly systematic in both inner-graphematic and functional-phonological terms. The framework of analysis is Optimality Theory. This approach is congenial for the data at issue as many apparently unmotivated exceptions are optimal choices among competing candidates that are evaluated by violable ranked constraints. The results of the present investigation corroborate a branching correspondence model in which general modality-independent constraints such as dependency, compositionality, markedness and iconism are shown to have independent modality-specific instantiations in speech and writing with bidirectional correspondences serving as functional links across modalities.

The German Post-Critical Belief Scale: Internal and External Validity

2003 ◽  
Vol 34 (4) ◽  
pp. 219-226 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bart Duriez ◽  
Claudia Appel ◽  
Dirk Hutsebaut
Keyword(s):  
Internal Structure ◽  
Present Article ◽  
External Validity ◽  
German Version ◽  
Dutch Version ◽  
German Sample ◽  
Belief Scale ◽  
Internal And External Validity

Abstract: Recently, Duriez, Fontaine and Hutsebaut (2000) and Fontaine, Duriez, Luyten and Hutsebaut (2003) constructed the Post-Critical Belief Scale in order to measure the two religiosity dimensions along which Wulff (1991 , 1997 ) summarized the various possible approaches to religion: Exclusion vs. Inclusion of Transcendence and Literal vs. Symbolic. In the present article, the German version of this scale is presented. Results obtained in a heterogeneous German sample (N = 216) suggest that the internal structure of the German version fits the internal structure of the original Dutch version. Moreover, the observed relation between the Literal vs. Symbolic dimension and racism, which was in line with previous studies ( Duriez, in press ), supports the external validity of the German version.

Constraints in Verbal Compounding

1998 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
pp. 39-64
Author(s):  
Sang-Cheol Ahn
Keyword(s):  
Internal Structure ◽  
Optimality Theory ◽  
Dominance Hierarchy ◽  
Dominance Relation ◽  
Optimal Selection ◽  
Surface Form ◽  
Morphological Studies ◽  
Selection Of

The purpose of this paper is two fold. First, I will examine the internal structure of the N-V-i construction, in terms of the constraints on argument linking. I will incorporate the major concepts in current morphological studies (Sproat 1985, Di Sciullo &1 Williams 1987, and Grimshaw 1990). As for the related issues in Korean, I will reexamine the earlier studies of Ahn (1985), Sohn (1987), H.-Y. Kim (1990), Yu-Cho (1994), and Shi (1993, 1995). Then, I will provide a new categorization of compounds in terms of morpho-lexical and semantic consideration. I will test this categorization phonologically. Second, I will examine several constraints on the selection of a proper nominalizing suffixal form. For this part, I will employ the framework of the Optimality Theory by Prince & Smolensky (1993) and McCarthy & Prince (1993, 1994). Here I will propose five major constraints and their dominance hierarchy and show how these constraints and the dominance relation can account for the optimal selection of the surface form.

The Final-over-Final Condition, Stringency, and Typological Structure

2020 ◽  
Vol 51 (4) ◽  
pp. 765-784
Author(s):  
Natalie DelBusso
Keyword(s):  
Internal Structure ◽  
Optimality Theory ◽  
Theoretical Explanation ◽  
Structure Parameter ◽  
Property Theory ◽  
Empirical Generalization ◽  
Property Analysis ◽  
Typological Structure

The Final-over-Final Condition (FOFC; Biberauer, Holmberg, and Roberts 2014 , et seq.) describes an empirical generalization about possible crosslinguistic word orders. This article presents an Optimality Theory account that derives FOFC using constraints in a stringency relationship. It analyzes the resulting typology through Property Theory ( Alber, DelBusso, and Prince 2016 , Alber and Prince in preparation ). A property analysis explicates the internal structure of the typological space, showing how it explains the condition and how the same structure occurs more generally in stringency systems. The theoretical explanation is compared with that in another theory of typological structure, Parameter Hierarchies ( Roberts 2012 ).

Strong and clitic pronouns in monolingual and bilingual acquisition of French and Italian

2008 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 19-41 ◽  
Author(s):  
KATRIN SCHMITZ ◽  
NATASCHA MÜLLER
Keyword(s):  
Internal Structure ◽  
Present Article ◽  
Subject Pronouns ◽  
Object Clitics ◽  
Subject And Object ◽  
Subject Clitics ◽  
Categorial Status ◽  
Italian Children ◽  
Internal Syntax ◽  
Object Pronouns

The present article investigates the acquisition of the pronominal systems by French and Italian monolingual children and by bilingual German–French and German–Italian children, demonstrating a stable asymmetry: object and reflexive clitics are acquired later than nominative clitics and strong subject and object pronouns. We will widen the scope of former investigations to include the acquisition of strong pronouns and argue that the observed asymmetry can be accounted for if we combine the external (categorial status) and internal syntax of pronouns (internal structure). In particular, we argue for the relevance of the absence/presence of a nominal layer (N-layer) in the internal structure of a pronoun. This approach can account for the observation that pronouns containing an N-layer, i.e., strong subject pronouns, subject clitics and strong object pronouns, are acquired simultaneously and earlier than pronouns which lack the N-layer, i.e., object clitics and reflexive clitics.

scholarly journals Las claves de la gestión judicial en chile

Justicia ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 19 (25) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jorge Eduardo S
Keyword(s):  
Internal Structure ◽  
Present Article ◽  
Judicial Power ◽  
Public System ◽  
El Sistema ◽  
Legislative Changes ◽  
Year 2000

El presente artículo de investigación expone ampliamente un estudio sobre los elementos claves que permiten describir las transformaciones realizadas a partir del año 2000 en Chile en materia de gestión judicial, especialmente en el sistema procesal oral, público y adversarial, aunque acciones semejantes se aprecian en la judicatura laboral y de familia; todo ello a partir de los cambios legislativos que modificaron la estructura interna de los tribunales e incorporaron a administradores profesionales, separando a los jueces en tanto tales, de la gerencia de estas organizaciones. Para respaldar los argumentos presentes en este artículo se evidencia con rigor una perspectiva cuantitativa realizada a partir del diseño de agregados construidos por la Corporación Administrativa del Poder Judicial.   AbstractThe present article of investigation, it exposes widely a study on the key elements that allow to describe the transformations realized from the year 2000 in Chile as for judicial management, specially in the procedural oral, public system and adversarial, though similar actions are estimated in the labor judicature and of family, all this from the legislative changes that modified the internal structure of the courts and incorporated professional administrators, separating the judges while you fell, of the management of these organizations. To endorse the present arguments in this article there is demonstrated by rigor a quantitative perspective realized from the attachés’ design constructed by the Administrative Corporation of the Judicial Power.

scholarly journals Gradual Vowel Epenthesis in Urban Hijazi Arabic

Languages ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 160
Author(s):  
Faisal M. Al-Mohanna
Keyword(s):  
Internal Structure ◽  
Optimality Theory ◽  
Theoretical Foundation ◽  
Vowel Quality ◽  
Vowel Epenthesis ◽  
Paradoxical Situation ◽  
Harmonic Serialism ◽  
Constraint Hierarchy ◽  
Epenthetic Vowel

In this paper, vowel epenthesis in Urban Hijazi Arabic is analysed as a process of gradual structural build-up. Harmonic Serialism, a derivational framework of Optimality Theory, provides the theoretical foundation to illustrate the arguments. Rather than epenthesising an entire vowel all at once, featural structure progressively increases in successive steps. This accumulation continues until the required vowel quality is achieved. Specifically, the constraint hierarchy predicts high epenthetic vowels to occur in closed syllables and the low epenthetic vowel in open syllables. The same constraint hierarchy, however, is also expected to predict both gradual epenthesis and gradual deletion. In that regard, a seemingly paradoxical situation is created when the very same intermediate vowel quality is achieved through accumulation or attrition of featural structure. This particular vowel quality, in exactly the same environment, will have to continue gaining internal structure towards epenthesis or continue losing internal structure towards deletion. Eventually, identifying the path that the derivation takes to reach a certain vowel will help to resolve the issue.

scholarly journals The Single Individual as Reader-Spectator

2015 ◽  
Vol 1 (2015) ◽  
Author(s):  
Elisabete M. de Sousa
Keyword(s):  
Structural Analysis ◽  
Internal Structure ◽  
Present Article ◽  
The Other ◽  
Single Individual ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
The One

The present article proposes to name the reader of Either-Or as ‘reader- spectator’. My claim is based on a structural analysis of the work in which theatre and theatricality are considered as key elements for the unity of the work. On the one hand, I underscore the compositional factors which give body to the theatricality, in particular at the level of the organization of the chapters and at the level of the internal structure of some of them. This allows the reader, on the other hand, to overcome the continual flow of the reading, which, due to its immediacy, would prevent reflection. This effect is achieved by creating and inserting descriptions of a clear theatrical nature, thus arising in the reader-spectator the capability to simultaneously visualize and conceptualize what is being presented and represented in the text.

scholarly journals The Internal Structure of Spanish–German Verbalizations and the Sophistication of Bilinguals’ Linguistic Knowledge

Languages ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 167
Author(s):  
Antonio Fábregas ◽  
Jason Rothman
Keyword(s):  
Internal Structure ◽  
Present Article ◽  
Code Switching ◽  
Linguistic Knowledge ◽  
Empirical Generalization ◽  
Language Mixing ◽  
Parting Ways

The present article reassesses some available data regarding word-internal language mixing (Spanish–German) involving verbs and nouns. The empirical generalization is that Spanish roots can be combined with German verbalizers, but not vice versa. Data of this type highlight the sophisticated knowledge of the underlying representations that code-switching bilinguals must have of both contributing grammars and, in turn, how these contribute to the formation of the grammar that underlies their rule-governed systems for amalgamating them. Despite agreeing with the general conclusions of González-Vilbazo and López’s 2011 study regarding what the data tell us about code-switching more generally, we refine their analysis to better capture the patterns. Our proposal is that these mixtures are the only instances where the structural and lexical properties of verbal exponents used in both languages overlap, parting ways with previous analyses based on the possible zero nature of Spanish verbalizers or the absence of conjugation classes in German.

X-ray microtomography

1988 ◽  
Vol 46 ◽  
pp. 998-999
Author(s):  
H.W. Deckman ◽  
B.F. Flannery ◽  
J.H. Dunsmuir ◽  
K.D' Amico
Keyword(s):  
Computed Tomography ◽  
Internal Structure ◽  
Imaging Technique ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Tissue Structure ◽  
Individual Element ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Non Invasive ◽  
Panoramic Imaging ◽  
Three Dimensional Images

We have developed a new X-ray microscope which produces complete three dimensional images of samples. The microscope operates by performing X-ray tomography with unprecedented resolution. Tomography is a non-invasive imaging technique that creates maps of the internal structure of samples from measurement of the attenuation of penetrating radiation. As conventionally practiced in medical Computed Tomography (CT), radiologists produce maps of bone and tissue structure in several planar sections that reveal features with 1mm resolution and 1% contrast. Microtomography extends the capability of CT in several ways. First, the resolution which approaches one micron, is one thousand times higher than that of the medical CT. Second, our approach acquires and analyses the data in a panoramic imaging format that directly produces three-dimensional maps in a series of contiguous stacked planes. Typical maps available today consist of three hundred planar sections each containing 512x512 pixels. Finally, and perhaps of most import scientifically, microtomography using a synchrotron X-ray source, allows us to generate maps of individual element.

The internal structure of medullated wool

1984 ◽  
Vol 42 ◽  
pp. 388-389
Author(s):  
Leo Barish
Keyword(s):  
Light Microscopy ◽  
Internal Structure ◽  
Wool Fiber ◽  
Guard Hair ◽  
Bright Field ◽  
Wool Fibers ◽  
Thin Skin ◽  
Air Pockets

Although most of the wool used today consists of fine, unmedullated down-type fibers, a great deal of coarse wool is used for carpets, tweeds, industrial fabrics, etc. Besides the obvious diameter difference, coarse wool fibers are often medullated.Medullation may be easily observed using bright field light microscopy. Fig. 1A shows a typical fine diameter nonmedullated wool fiber, Fig. IB illustrates a coarse fiber with a large medulla. The opacity of the medulla is due to the inability of the mounting media to penetrate to the center of the fiber leaving air pockets. Fig. 1C shows an even thicker fiber with a very large medulla and with very thin skin. This type of wool is called “Kemp”, is shed annually or more often, and corresponds to guard hair in fur-bearing animals.

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