Evaluation of the Color Stability of 3D-Printed Crown and Bridge Materials against Various Sources of Discoloration: An In Vitro Study

Recent advances in three-dimensional (3D) printing have introduced new materials that can be utilized for dental restorations. Nonetheless, there are limited studies on the color stability of restorations using 3D-printed crowns and bridge resins. Herein, the color stability of conventional computer-aided design/computer-aided manufacturing (CAD/CAM) blocks and 3D-printing resins was evaluated and assessed for their degrees of discoloration based on material type, colorant types (grape juice, coffee, curry, and distilled water (control group)), and storage duration (2, 7, and 30 days) in the colorants. Water sorption, solubility, and scanning electron microscope (SEM) analyses were conducted. A three-way ANOVA analysis showed that all three factors significantly affected the color change of the materials. Notably, the discoloration (ΔE00) was significantly higher in all 3D printing resins (4.74–22.85 over the 30 days) than in CAD/CAM blocks (0.64–4.12 over the 30 days) following immersion in all colorants. 3D-printing resins showed color differences above the clinical limit (2.25) following storage for 7 days or longer in all experimental groups. Curry was the most prominent colorant, and discoloration increased in almost all groups as the storage duration increased. This study suggests that discoloration must be considered when using 3D printing resins for restorations.

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An In-Vitro Study to Evaluate the Effect of Denture Cleansing Agents on Color Stability of Denture Bases Fabricated Using CAD/CAM Milling, 3D-Printing and Conventional Techniques

Coatings ◽

10.3390/coatings11080962 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (8) ◽

pp. 962

Author(s):

Saurabh Jain ◽

Mohammed Sayed ◽

Walaa Magdy Ahmed ◽

Amjad Hussain Asiri Halawi ◽

Naif Mohammed Ahmed Najmi ◽

...

Keyword(s):

3D Printing ◽

Computer Aided Design ◽

Color Change ◽

Color Stability ◽

Control Group ◽

Denture Base ◽

Computer Aided ◽

Cad Cam ◽

Denture Cleansers

The current literature lacks substantial information about the effect of denture cleansers on the color stability of denture bases formed using Computer-Aided Design/Computer-Aided Manufacturing (CAD/CAM) additive and CAD/CAM subtractive manufacturing techniques. This study aimed to assess the effect of two commercially available denture cleansers on the color stability of denture base resins fabricated using four different techniques. Forty-five disc-shaped specimens were fabricated using each technique. Initial color readings were recorded. Specimens were randomly divided into three subgroups (n = 15): a control group (distilled water) and two denture cleanser groups. They were immersed in these solutions, simulating 180 days of use. Final color readings were recorded. The color difference was calculated, and the data were statistically analyzed. For all the specimens, significant color changes were observed after immersion in denture cleanser solutions. The extent of color change varied according to the type of denture cleanser used. When placed in the denture cleanser solutions, the CAD/CAM subtractive group showed the maximum color change (−1.10 and −0.72), while the CAD/CAM additive (3D printing) groups showed the least color change (−0.48 and −0.54). Clinicians should choose appropriate denture cleansers for newly introduced denture base resins to minimize the changes in the color of the dentures.

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Color Stability of CAD/CAM Interim Material for Long-Term Fixed Dental Prostheses vs. Conventional Materials after Immersion in Different Staining Solutions

Journal of Composites Science ◽

10.3390/jcs5040106 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 5 (4) ◽

pp. 106

Author(s):

Lissethe Peñate ◽

Montse Mercade ◽

María Arregui ◽

Miguel Roig ◽

Juan Basilio ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Computer Aided Design ◽

Color Change ◽

Pearson Correlation ◽

Contrast Ratio ◽

Color Stability ◽

Initial Time ◽

Control Group ◽

Computer Assisted ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Cad Cam

The color stability of interim computer-aided design and computer-assisted manufacturing (CAD/CAM) materials has not been exhaustively investigated. The aim of this study was to compare the translucency (TP) and contrast ratio (CR) of CAD/CAM blocks and conventional interim materials, as well as the effects of varnish application and tooth-brushing on color stability after immersion in different staining solutions. Four hundred and eighty specimens were fabricated with four different interim materials (n = 120) and were divided into three experimental, and one control group (n = 30). The color measurements were taken at the initial time (T0), 24 h (T1), 7 days (T2), and 30 days (T3) after immersion in different solutions. CIEDE2000 (ΔE00) values were analyzed with ANOVA and Fischer’s LSD test with a 95% confidence interval. The relationship between TP and CR was analyzed with a Pearson correlation. All interim materials showed a significant difference (p < 0.05) in color change after 30 days. Results showed that polyethyl methacrylate resins (PEMA) had the highest stability over time. The TP and CR were statistically significant (p < 0.05). It was observed that brushing improved the color stability but the ΔE00 were the highest when the varnish alone or varnish and brushing were used, except in the bis-acryl group, in which varnish and brushing decreased the color stainability.

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Effects of Artificial Tooth Brushing and Hydrothermal Aging on the Mechanical Properties and Color Stability of Dental 3D Printed and CAD/CAM Materials

Materials ◽

10.3390/ma14206207 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 14 (20) ◽

pp. 6207

Author(s):

Na-Eun Nam ◽

Seung-Ho Shin ◽

Jung-Hwa Lim ◽

June-Sung Shim ◽

Jong-Eun Kim

Keyword(s):

Surface Roughness ◽

Computer Aided Design ◽

Color Stability ◽

Color Difference ◽

Hydrothermal Aging ◽

Denture Teeth ◽

Computer Aided ◽

Cad Cam ◽

3D Printed ◽

Printed Materials

This study analyzed the surface roughness and waviness, Vickers hardness (VHN), and color changes of six types of 3D printed resins and computer-aided design/computer-aided manufacturing (CAD/CAM) materials after artificial toothbrushing. The average surface roughness height (Ra) change of Formlabs denture teeth A2 resin (FMLB) was not significant between after artificial toothbrushing (0.17 ± 0.02 μm and 0.17 ± 0.05 μm, respectively; mean ± standard deviation). However, the Ra value increased significantly in all remaining groups. Regarding waviness, polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) had the largest increases in average waviness height (Wa) and maximum surface waviness height (Wz) between, before (0.43 ± 0.23 μm and 0.08 ± 0.02 μm), and after (8.67 ± 4.03 μm, 1.30 ± 0.58 μm) toothbrushing. There were no significant changes in Wa for Formlabs denture teeth A2 resin (FMLB) and NextDent C&B (NXT). After artificial toothbrushing, the dispersed-filler composite (DFC) group had the largest color difference (ΔE, of 2.4 ± 0.9), and the remaining materials had smaller changes than the clinical acceptance threshold of ΔE = 2.25. The VHN of FMLB and NXT were 9.1 ± 0.4 and 15.5 ± 0.4, respectively, and were not affected by artificial toothbrushing. The flexural strengths of the 3D printed materials were 139.4 ± 40.5 MPa and 163.9 ± 14.0 MPa for FMLB and NXT, respectively, which were similar to those of the polycarbonate and PMMA groups (155.2 ± 23.6 MPa and 108.0 ± 8.1 MPa, respectively). This study found that the evaluated 3D printed materials had mechanical and optical properties comparable to those of CAD/CAM materials and were stable even after artificial toothbrushing and hydrothermal aging.

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Color stability and marginal integrity of interim crowns: An in vitro study

European Journal of Dentistry ◽

10.4103/ejd.ejd_66_17 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 11 (03) ◽

pp. 330-334 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

Marwa I. Elagra ◽

Mohammad R. Rayyan ◽

Maisam M. Alhomaidhi ◽

Areej A. Alanaziy ◽

Mona O. Alnefaie

Keyword(s):

Computer Aided Design ◽

Color Change ◽

Resin Composite ◽

Color Stability ◽

Reference Points ◽

Marginal Gap ◽

Marginal Integrity ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Computer Aided ◽

Cad Cam

ABSTRACT Objective: Many commercial dental materials are used to fabricate interim restorations. This study aimed to compare the color stability and the marginal integrity of four different interim crown materials. Materials and Methods: An ivorine right maxillary central incisor was prepared for a full coverage all-ceramic restoration. A total of 36 specimens in the form of crowns were fabricated on the master die using four different materials (n = 9); Polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) resin (TrimPLUS), PMMA computer-aided design, and computer-aided manufacturing (CAD-CAM) blocks (Ceramill TEMP), cold cure bis-acryl resin (Success CD), and bis-acryl resin dual-cure composite (TempSpan). Color change ΔE for each sample was calculated by measuring its color as Commission Internationale de l'Eclairage L* a* b* with a spectrophotometer before and after immersing in a concentrated tea solution for 7 days. Marginal gap was measured at four reference points using stereomicroscope at ×40. One-way ANOVA and the Tukey multiple comparisons test were used to determine any statistically significant difference between the four groups, (α = 0.05). Results: Success CD showed significantly the greatest color change (7.7) among all the tested materials, while no significant difference was found between the other three materials. TempSpan showed significantly the highest marginal gap formation (430.15 μm), while no significant difference was found between the three other materials. Conclusions: Bis-acryl resin composite materials demonstrated clinically noticeable change in color while PMMA materials demonstrated superior color stability. Dual cure interim materials exhibited significantly higher marginal discrepancy in comparison to PMMA and cold cure bis-acrylic resin materials. CAD-CAM PMMA material exhibited the best color stability and marginal integrity.

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Printable PICN Composite Mechanically Compatible with Human Teeth

Journal of Dental Research ◽

10.1177/00220345211012930 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 002203452110129

Author(s):

M.K. Sodeyama ◽

H. Ikeda ◽

Y. Nagamatsu ◽

C. Masaki ◽

R. Hosokawa ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Mechanical Properties ◽

3D Printing ◽

Computer Aided Design ◽

Specific Method ◽

Restorative Material ◽

High Concentration ◽

Human Teeth ◽

Computer Aided ◽

Cad Cam ◽

3D Printed

Polymer-infiltrated ceramic network (PICN) composites are mechanically compatible with human enamel, and are therefore promising dental restorative materials. Fabrication technology for PICN composites used in tooth restorative material has been established through computer-aided design/computer-aided manufacturing (CAD/CAM) milling, however, to date, has not been successfully developed using 3-dimensional (3D) printing. This study aimed to develop a 3D-printable PICN composite as a restorative material. The PICN composite was fabricated using a specific method based on 3D printing. A 3D-printable precursor slurry containing a high concentration of silica nanoparticles was produced and 3D-printed using stereolithography (SLA). The 3D-printed object was sintered to obtain a nano-porous object, and subsequently infiltrated and polymerized with resin monomer. Three different fabrication condition combinations were used to produce the 3D-printed PICN composites, which were characterized based on microstructure, mechanical properties, inorganic content, physicochemical properties, and overall shrinkage. The 3D-printed PICN composites were also compared to 2 commercially available CAD/CAM composite blocks, namely a PICN composite and a dispersed-filler composite. The 3D-printed PICN composites exhibited a nano-sized dual-network structure comprising a silica skeleton with infiltrated resin. The 3D-printed PICN composite exhibited a similar Vickers hardness to enamel, and a similar elastic modulus to dentin. The 3D-printed PICN composite exhibited comparable flexural strength (>100 MPa) to the CAD/CAM block, and acceptable water sorption and solubility for practical use. Further, the 3D-printed model-crown underwent isotropic shrinkage during sintering without fatal deformation. Overall, the potential of this 3D-printable PICN composite as a restorative material with similar mechanical properties to human teeth was successfully demonstrated.

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Color stability and surface roughness of resin based direct and indirect restorative materials

European Annals of Dental Sciences ◽

10.52037/eads.2021.0004 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Bilge ERSÖZ ◽

Serpil Karaoğlanoğlu ◽

Elif Aybala Oktay ◽

Numan Aydın

Keyword(s):

Surface Roughness ◽

Computer Aided Design ◽

Color Change ◽

Resin Composite ◽

Color Stability ◽

Initial Surface ◽

Resin Composites ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Computer Aided ◽

Cad Cam

Purpose: This study investigated discoloration and surface roughness (Ra) of resin-based computer aided design (CAD)/computer aided manufacturing (CAM) blocks and direct and indirect resin composites after staining with coffee. Materials & Methods: Using a Teflon mold, 60 disc shaped specimens (8×2 mm2) were fabricated from direct (Estelite Asteria and GrandioSO) and indirect (Gradia Plus) resin composites, and 30 resin CAD/CAM specimens (12×14×2 mm3) were prepared from resin composite CAD/CAM blocks (Vita Enamic, Brilliant Crios, and Cerasmart) (n=10). A contact type profilometer was used to determine the Ra of all 60 polished samples. All specimens were thermocycled between 5 and 55°C for 3000 cycles, and immersed in coffee solution (37°C) for 1 and 7 days. A spectrophotometer was used to determine the color change (∆E00) with the CIEDE2000 formula after the specimens were re-polished. One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Tukey multiple comparison test was performed to analyze the data (p<0.05). Results: The lowest degree of discoloration among the materials tested was found in Vita Enamic resin CAD/CAM block (p<0.001), whereas the highest degree of discoloration was found in the Gradia Plus indirect composite (p<0.001). There was no significant difference was seen between the initial surface roughness values (Ra) among the groups (p=0.249). No significant improvement was observed in the color of the groups except for the Cerasmart resin block after after polishing. Conclusion: Direct resin composites have a higher discoloration potential over resin-based CAD/CAM blocks, whereas they are less prone to discoloration than indirect resin composites

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Evaluation of Polishing Systems for CAD/CAM Polymer-Infiltrated Ceramic-Network Restorations

Operative Dentistry ◽

10.2341/20-006-l ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

CA Jurado ◽

A Tsujimoto ◽

H Watanabe ◽

NG Fischer ◽

JA Hasslen ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Surface Roughness ◽

Computer Aided Design ◽

Dental Students ◽

Faculty Members ◽

Dental School ◽

Control Group ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Computer Aided ◽

Cad Cam ◽

A Company

SUMMARY Objective: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of five different polishing systems on a computer-aided design and computer-aided manufacturing (CAD/CAM) polymer-infiltrated ceramic-network restoration with nanoscale assessment using atomic force microscopy (AFM) and visual assessment performed by dental school senior students and faculty members. Method: Forty-eight full coverage crowns were milled out of polymer-infiltrated ceramic-network CAD/CAM blocks (Vita Enamic) for polishing with one company proprietary, two ceramic and two composite polishing systems. The prepared crowns were divided into six groups: (1) no polishing (control); (2) polishing with Vita Enamic Polishing Kit (VEna); (3) polishing with Shofu Porcelain Laminate Polishing Kit (SCer); (4) polishing with Brasseler Dialite Feather lite All- Ceramic Adjusting & Polishing System (BCer); (5) polishing with Shofu Composite Polishing Kit (SCom); and (6) polishing with Brasseler Composite Polishing Kit (BCom). The polished crown surface topography was observed, and surface roughness and area were measured with AFM. In addition, polished crowns were visually assessed by 15 senior dental students and 15 dental school faculty members. Results: All polishing treatments significantly reduced the surface roughness and area of the crown compared with the control. SCom and BCom showed significantly higher surface area than VEna, and the SCer and BCer groups were intermediate, showing no significant difference from either VEna or SCom and BCom. There were no significant differences in surface roughness between any of the systems. Dental students and faculty members classified the groups polished with VEna, SCer, and BCer groups as clinically acceptable, and they selected BCer group as the best polished restorations and the control group as the least polished restorations. Conclusions: Ceramic and composite polishing systems produced similar polishing results as that observed using a company proprietary polishing system. However, effectiveness for polishing using a company proprietary and ceramic polishing system tends to be higher than composite polishing systems.

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Effects of Polishing Bur Application Force and Reuse on Sintered Zirconia Surface Topography

Operative Dentistry ◽

10.2341/17-105-lr ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 43 (4) ◽

pp. 437-446 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

NG Fischer ◽

A Tsujimoto ◽

AG Baruth

Keyword(s):

Surface Topography ◽

Computer Aided Design ◽

Groove Depth ◽

Control Group ◽

Limited Information ◽

Average Roughness ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Computer Aided ◽

Cad Cam

SUMMARY Objective: Limited information is available on how to polish and finish zirconia surfaces following computer-aided design/computer-aided manufacturing (CAD/CAM), specifically, how differing application forces and reuse of zirconia polishing systems affect zirconia topography. Purpose: To determine the effect of differing, clinically relevant, polishing application forces and multiple usages of polishing burs on the surface topography of CAD/CAM zirconia. Methods: One hundred twenty 220-grit carbide finished zirconia disks were sintered according to manufacturer's directions and divided into two groups for the study of two coarse polishing bur types. Each group was divided into subgroups for polishing (15,000 rpm) at 15 seconds for 1.0 N, 4.5 N, or 11 N of force using a purpose-built fixture. Subgroups were further divided to study the effects of polishing for the first, fifth, 15th, and 30th bur use, simulating clinical procedures. Unpolished surfaces served as a control group. Surfaces were imaged with noncontact optical profilometry (OP) and atomic force microscopy (AFM) to measure average roughness values (Ra). Polishing burs were optically examined for wear. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was performed on burs and zirconia surfaces. One-way ANOVA with post hoc Tukey HSD (honest significant difference) tests (α=0.05) were used for statistical analyses. Results: AFM and OP Ra values of all polished surfaces were significantly lower than those of the unpolished control. Different polishing forces and bur reuse showed no significant differences in AFM Ra. However, significant differences in OP Ra were found due to differing application forces and bur reuse between the first and subsequent uses. SEM and optical micrographs revealed notable bur wear, increasing with increasing reuse. SEM and AFM micrographs clearly showed polished, periodic zirconia surfaces. Nanoscale topography, as analyzed with kurtosis and average groove depth, was found dependent on the specific polishing bur type. Conclusions: These in vitro results suggest changes in OP Ra due to bur reuse and polishing application force. Within the parameters of this study, the resultant topography of zirconia polishing is force-dependent and the reuse of coarse polishing burs is possible without statistically significant differences in Ra values after initial use. Nanoscale and microscale topography were shown to depend on specific polishing bur type.

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Workflow of CAD / CAM Scoliosis Brace Adjustment in Preparation Using 3D Printing

The Open Medical Informatics Journal ◽

10.2174/1874431101711010044 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 11 (1) ◽

pp. 44-51 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

Hans-Rudolf Weiss ◽

Nicos Tournavitis ◽

Xiaofeng Nan ◽

Maksym Borysov ◽

Lothar Paul

Keyword(s):

3D Printing ◽

Computer Aided Design ◽

Short Communication ◽

Printing Technology ◽

3D Printing Technology ◽

Computer Aided ◽

Cad Cam ◽

Aided Design ◽

Cam Software ◽

Made In

Background: High correction bracing is the most effective conservative treatment for patients with scoliosis during growth. Still today braces for the treatment of scoliosis are made by casting patients while computer aided design (CAD) and computer aided manufacturing (CAM) is available with all possibilities to standardize pattern specific brace treatment and improve wearing comfort. Objective: CAD / CAM brace production mainly relies on carving a polyurethane foam model which is the basis for vacuuming a polyethylene (PE) or polypropylene (PP) brace. Purpose of this short communication is to describe the workflow currently used and to outline future requirements with respect to 3D printing technology. Method: Description of the steps of virtual brace adjustment as available today are content of this paper as well as an outline of the great potential there is for the future 3D printing technology. Results: For 3D printing of scoliosis braces it is necessary to establish easy to use software plug-ins in order to allow adding 3D printing technology to the current workflow of virtual CAD / CAM brace adjustment. Textures and structures can be added to the brace models at certain well defined locations offering the potential of more wearing comfort without losing in-brace correction. Conclusions: Advances have to be made in the field of CAD / CAM software tools with respect to design and generation of individually structured brace models based on currently well established and standardized scoliosis brace libraries.

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Evaluation of the light transmission of chairside polymer infiltrated hybrid ceramics in different shades and thicknesses

Journal of Applied Biomaterials & Functional Materials ◽

10.1177/2280800018807109 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 17 (1) ◽

pp. 228080001880710 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

İbrahim Duran ◽

Necati Kaleli ◽

Çağrı Ural ◽

İdris Kavut

Keyword(s):

Computer Aided Design ◽

Light Transmission ◽

Univariate Analysis ◽

Control Group ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Computer Aided ◽

Cad Cam ◽

Lower Light ◽

Hybrid Ceramic

Background: This in vitro study aimed to evaluate the amount of polymerizing light passing through hybrid ceramic specimens in different shades and thicknesses. Methods: Rectangular-shaped feldspathic ceramic computer aided design and computer aided manufacturing (CAD-CAM) blocks and translucent and high translucent polymer infiltrated hybrid ceramic CAD-CAM blocks in four different shades (1M1, 1M2, 2M2, and 3M2) were sectioned in four different thicknesses (0.8, 1.5, 2, and 3 mm), and a total of 48 groups ( n = 10) were obtained. Feldspathic ceramic specimens served as the control group. The light transmission of each ceramic specimen was measured three times by using a light-emitting diode and a radiometer. Data were statistically analyzed by using univariate analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by one-way ANOVA, Tukey honest significant difference, and Tamhane T2 tests (α = 0.05). Results: Translucent polymer infiltrated hybrid ceramic specimens exhibited significantly ( p < 0.001) lower light transmission values than high translucent polymer infiltrated hybrid ceramic and feldspathic ceramic specimens, whereas feldspathic ceramic specimens exhibited significantly ( p < 0.001) higher light transmission than translucent and high translucent polymer infiltrated hybrid ceramic specimens. The amount of light transmission significantly ( p < 0.05) decreased when the shade value decreased and the thickness increased. Conclusions: Polymer infiltrated hybrid ceramic specimens showed lower light transmission values than feldspathic ceramic specimens, and the amount of light transmission was affected by the ceramic shade and thickness.

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