Color stability and surface roughness of resin based direct and indirect restorative materials

Purpose: This study investigated discoloration and surface roughness (Ra) of resin-based computer aided design (CAD)/computer aided manufacturing (CAM) blocks and direct and indirect resin composites after staining with coffee. Materials & Methods: Using a Teflon mold, 60 disc shaped specimens (8×2 mm2) were fabricated from direct (Estelite Asteria and GrandioSO) and indirect (Gradia Plus) resin composites, and 30 resin CAD/CAM specimens (12×14×2 mm3) were prepared from resin composite CAD/CAM blocks (Vita Enamic, Brilliant Crios, and Cerasmart) (n=10). A contact type profilometer was used to determine the Ra of all 60 polished samples. All specimens were thermocycled between 5 and 55°C for 3000 cycles, and immersed in coffee solution (37°C) for 1 and 7 days. A spectrophotometer was used to determine the color change (∆E00) with the CIEDE2000 formula after the specimens were re-polished. One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Tukey multiple comparison test was performed to analyze the data (p<0.05). Results: The lowest degree of discoloration among the materials tested was found in Vita Enamic resin CAD/CAM block (p<0.001), whereas the highest degree of discoloration was found in the Gradia Plus indirect composite (p<0.001). There was no significant difference was seen between the initial surface roughness values (Ra) among the groups (p=0.249). No significant improvement was observed in the color of the groups except for the Cerasmart resin block after after polishing. Conclusion: Direct resin composites have a higher discoloration potential over resin-based CAD/CAM blocks, whereas they are less prone to discoloration than indirect resin composites

Download Full-text

Color stability and marginal integrity of interim crowns: An in vitro study

European Journal of Dentistry ◽

10.4103/ejd.ejd_66_17 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 11 (03) ◽

pp. 330-334 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

Marwa I. Elagra ◽

Mohammad R. Rayyan ◽

Maisam M. Alhomaidhi ◽

Areej A. Alanaziy ◽

Mona O. Alnefaie

Keyword(s):

Computer Aided Design ◽

Color Change ◽

Resin Composite ◽

Color Stability ◽

Reference Points ◽

Marginal Gap ◽

Marginal Integrity ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Computer Aided ◽

Cad Cam

ABSTRACT Objective: Many commercial dental materials are used to fabricate interim restorations. This study aimed to compare the color stability and the marginal integrity of four different interim crown materials. Materials and Methods: An ivorine right maxillary central incisor was prepared for a full coverage all-ceramic restoration. A total of 36 specimens in the form of crowns were fabricated on the master die using four different materials (n = 9); Polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) resin (TrimPLUS), PMMA computer-aided design, and computer-aided manufacturing (CAD-CAM) blocks (Ceramill TEMP), cold cure bis-acryl resin (Success CD), and bis-acryl resin dual-cure composite (TempSpan). Color change ΔE for each sample was calculated by measuring its color as Commission Internationale de l'Eclairage L* a* b* with a spectrophotometer before and after immersing in a concentrated tea solution for 7 days. Marginal gap was measured at four reference points using stereomicroscope at ×40. One-way ANOVA and the Tukey multiple comparisons test were used to determine any statistically significant difference between the four groups, (α = 0.05). Results: Success CD showed significantly the greatest color change (7.7) among all the tested materials, while no significant difference was found between the other three materials. TempSpan showed significantly the highest marginal gap formation (430.15 μm), while no significant difference was found between the three other materials. Conclusions: Bis-acryl resin composite materials demonstrated clinically noticeable change in color while PMMA materials demonstrated superior color stability. Dual cure interim materials exhibited significantly higher marginal discrepancy in comparison to PMMA and cold cure bis-acrylic resin materials. CAD-CAM PMMA material exhibited the best color stability and marginal integrity.

Download Full-text

Evaluation of Polishing Systems for CAD/CAM Polymer-Infiltrated Ceramic-Network Restorations

Operative Dentistry ◽

10.2341/20-006-l ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

CA Jurado ◽

A Tsujimoto ◽

H Watanabe ◽

NG Fischer ◽

JA Hasslen ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Surface Roughness ◽

Computer Aided Design ◽

Dental Students ◽

Faculty Members ◽

Dental School ◽

Control Group ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Computer Aided ◽

Cad Cam ◽

A Company

SUMMARY Objective: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of five different polishing systems on a computer-aided design and computer-aided manufacturing (CAD/CAM) polymer-infiltrated ceramic-network restoration with nanoscale assessment using atomic force microscopy (AFM) and visual assessment performed by dental school senior students and faculty members. Method: Forty-eight full coverage crowns were milled out of polymer-infiltrated ceramic-network CAD/CAM blocks (Vita Enamic) for polishing with one company proprietary, two ceramic and two composite polishing systems. The prepared crowns were divided into six groups: (1) no polishing (control); (2) polishing with Vita Enamic Polishing Kit (VEna); (3) polishing with Shofu Porcelain Laminate Polishing Kit (SCer); (4) polishing with Brasseler Dialite Feather lite All- Ceramic Adjusting & Polishing System (BCer); (5) polishing with Shofu Composite Polishing Kit (SCom); and (6) polishing with Brasseler Composite Polishing Kit (BCom). The polished crown surface topography was observed, and surface roughness and area were measured with AFM. In addition, polished crowns were visually assessed by 15 senior dental students and 15 dental school faculty members. Results: All polishing treatments significantly reduced the surface roughness and area of the crown compared with the control. SCom and BCom showed significantly higher surface area than VEna, and the SCer and BCer groups were intermediate, showing no significant difference from either VEna or SCom and BCom. There were no significant differences in surface roughness between any of the systems. Dental students and faculty members classified the groups polished with VEna, SCer, and BCer groups as clinically acceptable, and they selected BCer group as the best polished restorations and the control group as the least polished restorations. Conclusions: Ceramic and composite polishing systems produced similar polishing results as that observed using a company proprietary polishing system. However, effectiveness for polishing using a company proprietary and ceramic polishing system tends to be higher than composite polishing systems.

Download Full-text

Effect of Brushing Time and Dentifrice Abrasiveness on Color Change and Surface Roughness of Resin Composites

Brazilian Dental Journal ◽

10.1590/0103-6440201300399 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 26 (5) ◽

pp. 507-513 ◽

Cited By ~ 12

Author(s):

Lourenço de Moraes Rego Roselino ◽

Michelle Alexandra Chinelatti ◽

Carla Cecilia Alandia-Román ◽

Fernanda de Carvalho Panzeri Pires-de-Souza

Keyword(s):

Surface Roughness ◽

Healthy Individual ◽

Repeated Measures ◽

Color Change ◽

Resin Composite ◽

Color Stability ◽

Resin Composites ◽

Repeated Measures Anova ◽

Bonferroni Test ◽

Initial Color

Abstract: Dentifrice abrasiveness and brushing time may increase color change (∆E) and surface roughness (∆Ra) of resin composites. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of mechanical brushing time of dentifrices with different abrasiveness on ∆E and ∆Ra of nanofilled (Z350, 3M ESPE) and nanohybrid (Tetric N-Ceram, Ivoclar Vivadent) resin composites. Sixteen specimens (12 mm diameter x 2 mm thick) were fabricated using a white Teflon matrix of each resin composite and a ceramic (IPS e.max Ceram, Ivoclar Vivadent), used as control. After initial color readouts on white backgrounds (Spectrophotometer PCB 6807, Byk Gardner), with D65 standard illuminant, and surface roughness (Rugosimeter Surfcorder SE 1700, Kosalab) with cut-off=0.8 mm and speed=0.25 mm/s, specimens were assigned (n=8) according to the abrasiveness of the dentifrices: RDA* 68 (Colgate) and RDA* 180 (Colgate Total Plus Whitening). Specimens were submitted to mechanical brushing (58,400 cycles) and after every 14,600 cycles (1 year of brushing by a healthy individual), new color and surface roughness readouts were taken. Color stability was calculated by CIEDE2000. Data were analyzed by 3-way repeated measures ANOVA and Bonferroni test (p<0.05), and demonstrated that the dentifrice abrasiveness (p=0.02) and brushing time (p<0.0001) affected the ∆E of nanofilled resin composite. There was no difference on surface roughness of materials (p=0.6752) or brushing time (p=0.7997). In conclusion, the longer the brushing time and dentifrice abrasiveness, the greater the color change of the nanofilled resin composite. The surface roughness was not influenced by dentifrice abrasiveness.

Download Full-text

In vitro Study of the Effect of Internal Relief Space on the Color of Ceramic Laminate Veneer

Open Access Macedonian Journal of Medical Sciences ◽

10.3889/oamjms.2021.5784 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 9 (D) ◽

pp. 37-42

Author(s):

Abd El Azeem Mostafa ◽

Cherif A. Mohsen

Keyword(s):

Computer Aided Design ◽

Color Change ◽

In Vitro Study ◽

Resin Cement ◽

Lithium Silicate ◽

Standard Design ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Computer Aided ◽

Cad Cam

BACKGROUND: Ceramic laminate veneer restoring is considered a challenging modality in solving various esthetic dental problems. AIM: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of digital internal relief space on the color of ceramic laminate veneer. MATERIALS AND METHODS: An acrylic central incisor model was prepared for ceramic laminate veneer with standard measures. The prepared acrylic resin dentotype model was scanned with intraoral computer-aided design/computer-aided manufacturing (CAD/CAM) optical scanner (CEREC Omnicam|Dentsply Sirona). The laminate veneer design was planned on the optically scanned preparation on CAD/CAM system software (CEREC software|Dentsply Sirona). Thirty ceramic laminate veneer specimens were machined from zirconia-reinforced lithium silicate (Celtra Duo blocks, Dentsply/Sirona) according to standard design by CAD/CAM system with the change of the digital internal relief space settings. The specimens were divided into three groups according to their digital internal relief settings (IRS) (20, 60, and 100 μm) (n = 10). Thirty epoxy dies were duplicated from the prepared acrylic model. The ceramic laminate veneer specimens were cemented to epoxy dies with total etch resin cement system according to the manufacture instructions. The color change (ΔE) of the cemented ceramic laminate veneer specimens was measured by spectrophotometer (Vita Easy shade, Ivoclar Vivadent AG, Schaan, Liechtenstein) using the CIELAB scale and L*, a*, b*. Each specimen was measured two times (before and after cementation). The value of color difference (ΔE) was calculated according to the formula: ΔE = [(L*2 - L*1)2 + (a*2 - a*1)2 + (b*2- b*1) 2]½. RESULTS: The highest mean value of ΔE was recorded in G100 group (1.91 ± 0.33), followed by G60 group (1.83 ± 0.09), with the least value recorded in G20 group (1.49 ± 0.49). Analysis of variance test revealed a statistically significant difference between groups (p = 0.024). CONCLUSION: The change of the digital IRS affects the color of ceramic laminate veneers.

Download Full-text

Color Stability of CAD/CAM Interim Material for Long-Term Fixed Dental Prostheses vs. Conventional Materials after Immersion in Different Staining Solutions

Journal of Composites Science ◽

10.3390/jcs5040106 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 5 (4) ◽

pp. 106

Author(s):

Lissethe Peñate ◽

Montse Mercade ◽

María Arregui ◽

Miguel Roig ◽

Juan Basilio ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Computer Aided Design ◽

Color Change ◽

Pearson Correlation ◽

Contrast Ratio ◽

Color Stability ◽

Initial Time ◽

Control Group ◽

Computer Assisted ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Cad Cam

The color stability of interim computer-aided design and computer-assisted manufacturing (CAD/CAM) materials has not been exhaustively investigated. The aim of this study was to compare the translucency (TP) and contrast ratio (CR) of CAD/CAM blocks and conventional interim materials, as well as the effects of varnish application and tooth-brushing on color stability after immersion in different staining solutions. Four hundred and eighty specimens were fabricated with four different interim materials (n = 120) and were divided into three experimental, and one control group (n = 30). The color measurements were taken at the initial time (T0), 24 h (T1), 7 days (T2), and 30 days (T3) after immersion in different solutions. CIEDE2000 (ΔE00) values were analyzed with ANOVA and Fischer’s LSD test with a 95% confidence interval. The relationship between TP and CR was analyzed with a Pearson correlation. All interim materials showed a significant difference (p < 0.05) in color change after 30 days. Results showed that polyethyl methacrylate resins (PEMA) had the highest stability over time. The TP and CR were statistically significant (p < 0.05). It was observed that brushing improved the color stability but the ΔE00 were the highest when the varnish alone or varnish and brushing were used, except in the bis-acryl group, in which varnish and brushing decreased the color stainability.

Download Full-text

Effects of Artificial Tooth Brushing and Hydrothermal Aging on the Mechanical Properties and Color Stability of Dental 3D Printed and CAD/CAM Materials

Materials ◽

10.3390/ma14206207 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 14 (20) ◽

pp. 6207

Author(s):

Na-Eun Nam ◽

Seung-Ho Shin ◽

Jung-Hwa Lim ◽

June-Sung Shim ◽

Jong-Eun Kim

Keyword(s):

Surface Roughness ◽

Computer Aided Design ◽

Color Stability ◽

Color Difference ◽

Hydrothermal Aging ◽

Denture Teeth ◽

Computer Aided ◽

Cad Cam ◽

3D Printed ◽

Printed Materials

This study analyzed the surface roughness and waviness, Vickers hardness (VHN), and color changes of six types of 3D printed resins and computer-aided design/computer-aided manufacturing (CAD/CAM) materials after artificial toothbrushing. The average surface roughness height (Ra) change of Formlabs denture teeth A2 resin (FMLB) was not significant between after artificial toothbrushing (0.17 ± 0.02 μm and 0.17 ± 0.05 μm, respectively; mean ± standard deviation). However, the Ra value increased significantly in all remaining groups. Regarding waviness, polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) had the largest increases in average waviness height (Wa) and maximum surface waviness height (Wz) between, before (0.43 ± 0.23 μm and 0.08 ± 0.02 μm), and after (8.67 ± 4.03 μm, 1.30 ± 0.58 μm) toothbrushing. There were no significant changes in Wa for Formlabs denture teeth A2 resin (FMLB) and NextDent C&B (NXT). After artificial toothbrushing, the dispersed-filler composite (DFC) group had the largest color difference (ΔE, of 2.4 ± 0.9), and the remaining materials had smaller changes than the clinical acceptance threshold of ΔE = 2.25. The VHN of FMLB and NXT were 9.1 ± 0.4 and 15.5 ± 0.4, respectively, and were not affected by artificial toothbrushing. The flexural strengths of the 3D printed materials were 139.4 ± 40.5 MPa and 163.9 ± 14.0 MPa for FMLB and NXT, respectively, which were similar to those of the polycarbonate and PMMA groups (155.2 ± 23.6 MPa and 108.0 ± 8.1 MPa, respectively). This study found that the evaluated 3D printed materials had mechanical and optical properties comparable to those of CAD/CAM materials and were stable even after artificial toothbrushing and hydrothermal aging.

Download Full-text

Effect of Simulated Mastication on the Surface Roughness and Wear of Machinable Ceramics and Opposing Dental Enamel

Operative Dentistry ◽

10.2341/17-153-l ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 44 (1) ◽

pp. 88-95 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

G Daryakenari ◽

H Alaghehmand ◽

A Bijani

Keyword(s):

Surface Roughness ◽

Wear Rate ◽

Computer Aided Design ◽

Dental Enamel ◽

Wear Rates ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Computer Aided ◽

Cad Cam ◽

Three Body ◽

Aided Design

SUMMARY Objective: Computer aided design-computer aided machining (CAD-CAM) ceramic crowns are replacing ceramo-metal ones due to newly developed mechanical properties and esthetics. To obtain knowledge about their interactions due to polishing and occlusal contacts with the opposing dental enamel specimen, including surface roughness and wear, the three-body wear simulation was investigated. Methods and Materials: The surface roughness (RA) and wear rate (mm) of four CAD-CAM blocks with different compositions including Vita Mark II, e.max, Suprinity, and Enamic, after two surface treatments of glazing and polishing, and their opposing enamel specimens, were investigated using a mastication simulator and atomic force microscope. Results: The roughness of all ceramic and to a greater extent enamel samples, with the exception of enamel opposing polished Enamic samples, was decreased after wear. No significant difference in wear was evident for the ceramic samples between the glazed and polished treatments. Lower wear rates were recorded only for polished Vita Mark II and polished Enamic in comparison to the glazed ones. Conclusion: The newly developed polishing systems for CAD-CAM ceramics can be good alternatives to reglazing, because the roughness and wear rate of both the ceramic and the opposing enamel will either not change or decrease.

Download Full-text

Evaluation of the Color Stability of 3D-Printed Crown and Bridge Materials against Various Sources of Discoloration: An In Vitro Study

Materials ◽

10.3390/ma13235359 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 13 (23) ◽

pp. 5359

Author(s):

Ji-Won Shin ◽

Jong-Eun Kim ◽

Young-Jin Choi ◽

Seung-Ho Shin ◽

Na-Eun Nam ◽

...

Keyword(s):

3D Printing ◽

Computer Aided Design ◽

Color Change ◽

Color Stability ◽

Control Group ◽

Water Control ◽

Storage Duration ◽

Computer Aided ◽

Cad Cam ◽

3D Printed

Recent advances in three-dimensional (3D) printing have introduced new materials that can be utilized for dental restorations. Nonetheless, there are limited studies on the color stability of restorations using 3D-printed crowns and bridge resins. Herein, the color stability of conventional computer-aided design/computer-aided manufacturing (CAD/CAM) blocks and 3D-printing resins was evaluated and assessed for their degrees of discoloration based on material type, colorant types (grape juice, coffee, curry, and distilled water (control group)), and storage duration (2, 7, and 30 days) in the colorants. Water sorption, solubility, and scanning electron microscope (SEM) analyses were conducted. A three-way ANOVA analysis showed that all three factors significantly affected the color change of the materials. Notably, the discoloration (ΔE00) was significantly higher in all 3D printing resins (4.74–22.85 over the 30 days) than in CAD/CAM blocks (0.64–4.12 over the 30 days) following immersion in all colorants. 3D-printing resins showed color differences above the clinical limit (2.25) following storage for 7 days or longer in all experimental groups. Curry was the most prominent colorant, and discoloration increased in almost all groups as the storage duration increased. This study suggests that discoloration must be considered when using 3D printing resins for restorations.

Download Full-text

Effects of Commonly Consumed Beverages on Surface Roughness and Color Stability of the Nano, Microhybrid and Hybrid Composite Resins: An in vitro Study

The Journal of Contemporary Dental Practice ◽

10.5005/jp-journals-10024-1390 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 14 (4) ◽

pp. 718-723 ◽

Cited By ~ 19

Author(s):

P Sarveshwar Reddy ◽

KL Sunil Tejaswi ◽

Suneeth Shetty ◽

BM Annapoorna ◽

Sudarshan C Pujari ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Surface Roughness ◽

Hybrid Composite ◽

Color Change ◽

Resin Composite ◽

Color Stability ◽

Composite Resins ◽

Resin Composites ◽

Hybrid Resin ◽

Color Changes

ABSTRACT Background Consumption of certain beverages may affect the esthetic and physical properties of the resin composite, thereby undermining the quality of restorations. Aim To analyze the effect of three beverages (cola, coffee, tea) on color stability and surface roughness of three different types of resin composites at various time intervals in vitro. Materials and methods Nano, microhybrid and hybrid resin composites were used. Each material was randomly divided into four equal subgroups of 10 samples each according to the beverages used (cola, coffee, tea, distilled water). The samples were immersed in each beverage for 1, 15 and 30 days. Surface roughness and color changes measurements were noted at the baseline—the first, fifteenth and thirteenth day. Results It was found that nanoresin composite followed by microhybrid and hybrid showed least surface roughness and color change. The Coke beverage subgroup showed more surface roughness and the subgroup coffee has shown more color changes with respect to other subgroups. Conclusion All specimens showed discoloration after completion of the test period which was visually perceptible and clinically unacceptable. At the end of 30th day, among the materials, nanofilled composite resin showed comparatively less surface roughness and color change than microhybrid and hybrid composite resins. How to cite this article Reddy PS, Tejaswi KLS, Shetty S, Annapoorna BM, Pujari SC, Thippeswamy HM. Effects of Commonly Consumed Beverages on Surface Roughness and Color Stability of the Nano, Microhybrid and Hybrid Composite Resins: An in vitro Study. J Contemp Dent Pract 2013;14(4): 718-723.

Download Full-text

An In-Vitro Study to Evaluate the Effect of Denture Cleansing Agents on Color Stability of Denture Bases Fabricated Using CAD/CAM Milling, 3D-Printing and Conventional Techniques

Coatings ◽

10.3390/coatings11080962 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (8) ◽

pp. 962

Author(s):

Saurabh Jain ◽

Mohammed Sayed ◽

Walaa Magdy Ahmed ◽

Amjad Hussain Asiri Halawi ◽

Naif Mohammed Ahmed Najmi ◽

...

Keyword(s):

3D Printing ◽

Computer Aided Design ◽

Color Change ◽

Color Stability ◽

Control Group ◽

Denture Base ◽

Computer Aided ◽

Cad Cam ◽

Denture Cleansers

The current literature lacks substantial information about the effect of denture cleansers on the color stability of denture bases formed using Computer-Aided Design/Computer-Aided Manufacturing (CAD/CAM) additive and CAD/CAM subtractive manufacturing techniques. This study aimed to assess the effect of two commercially available denture cleansers on the color stability of denture base resins fabricated using four different techniques. Forty-five disc-shaped specimens were fabricated using each technique. Initial color readings were recorded. Specimens were randomly divided into three subgroups (n = 15): a control group (distilled water) and two denture cleanser groups. They were immersed in these solutions, simulating 180 days of use. Final color readings were recorded. The color difference was calculated, and the data were statistically analyzed. For all the specimens, significant color changes were observed after immersion in denture cleanser solutions. The extent of color change varied according to the type of denture cleanser used. When placed in the denture cleanser solutions, the CAD/CAM subtractive group showed the maximum color change (−1.10 and −0.72), while the CAD/CAM additive (3D printing) groups showed the least color change (−0.48 and −0.54). Clinicians should choose appropriate denture cleansers for newly introduced denture base resins to minimize the changes in the color of the dentures.

Download Full-text