Optimization of Electron Beam Welding Joint of Water-Cooled Ceramic Breeder Blanket

The water-cooled ceramic breeder (WCCB) blanket is a component of the China Fusion Engineering Test Reactor (CFETR). The Reduced Activation Ferrite/Martensite (RAFM) steels are the preferred structural materials for WCCB blanket. As a kind of RAFM steels, China low activation martensitic (CLAM) steel was welded by electron beam welding (EBW), and then quenched-tempered treatment was carried out. The results show that at the welding state, the welding seam was composed of large martensite and δ ferrite and the organization of the heat-affected zone (HAZ) was changed slightly with the different heat input. Moreover, the hardness of welded joints was higher than that of base material (BM), but the impact toughness was very low. After quenched-tempered treatment, the δ ferrite in the weld was eliminated, the residual stress of the test plate decreased as a whole, and the mechanical properties were improved significantly.

Download Full-text

Electron beam welding of rectangular copper wires applied in electrical drives

Welding in the World ◽

10.1007/s40194-021-01158-4 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Tamás Tóth ◽

Jonas Hensel ◽

Sven Thiemer ◽

Philipp Sieber ◽

Klaus Dilger

Keyword(s):

Electron Beam ◽

Oxygen Content ◽

Electron Beam Welding ◽

Base Material ◽

Fusion Welding ◽

Eb Welding ◽

Technological Parameters ◽

Low Level ◽

Residual Oxygen ◽

Ofe Copper

AbstractThe so-called hairpin winding technology, which is specially tailored to electrical traction components, deploys rectangular plug-in copper wires in the stator. The fusion welding of the adjacent wire ends is associated with challenges due to the high thermal conductivity as well as the porosity formation of the copper. During this study, the electron beam (EB) welding of electrolytic tough pitch (ETP) and oxygen-free electronic grade (OFE) copper connectors was investigated. Subsequently, the specimens underwent X-ray computed tomography (CT) and metallographic examinations to characterize the joints. It was discovered that the residual oxygen content of the base material is responsible for the pore formation. With only a very low level of oxygen content in the copper, a porosity- and spatter-free welding can be reproducibly realized using the robust EB welding technology, especially for copper materials. By optimizing the parameters accordingly, joints exhibiting a low level of porosity were achieved even in the case of the alloy containing a high amount of residual oxygen. Beyond this, detailed analyses in terms of pore distribution were carried out and a good correlation between technological parameters and welding results was determined.

Download Full-text

Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Modern 11%Cr Heat-Resistant Steel Weld Joints

Materials ◽

10.3390/ma14123430 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 14 (12) ◽

pp. 3430

Author(s):

Grzegorz Golański ◽

Jacek Słania ◽

Marek Sroka ◽

Paweł Wieczorek ◽

Michał Urzynicok ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Mechanical Properties ◽

Welded Joints ◽

Martensitic Steel ◽

Base Material ◽

Hardness Measurement ◽

Power Industry ◽

Strength Properties ◽

Typical Structure ◽

Δ Ferrite ◽

The Impact

In addition to good high-temperature creep resistance and adequate heat resistance, steels for the power industry must have, among other things, good weldability. Weldability of such steels is one of the criteria determining whether or not the material is suitable for applications in the power industry. Therefore, when materials such as martensitic steel Thor 115 (T115) are introduced into the modern power industry, the quality and properties of welded joints must be assessed. The paper presents the results of metallographic and mechanical investigations of T115 martensitic steel welded joints. The analysis was carried out on joints welded with two filler metals: WCrMo91 (No. 1) and EPRI P87 (No. 2). The scope of the investigations included: microstructural investigations carried out using optical, scanning and transmission electron microscopy and mechanical testing, i.e., Vickers microhardness and hardness measurement, static tensile test and impact test. The macro- and microstructural investigations revealed correct structure of the weld, without welding imperfections. The microstructural investigations of joint No. 1 revealed a typical structure of this type of joint, i.e., the martensitic structure with numerous precipitates, while in joint No. 2, the so-called Nernst’s layers and δ-ferrite patches were observed in the weld fusion zone as well as the heat affected zone (HAZ). The mechanical properties of the test joints met the requirements for the base material. A slight influence of the δ-ferrite patch on the strength properties of joint No. 2 was observed, and its negative effect on the impact energy of HAZ was visible.

Download Full-text

The impact of transformation plasticity on the electron beam welding of thick-section ferritic steel components

Nuclear Engineering and Design ◽

10.1016/j.nucengdes.2017.03.040 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 323 ◽

pp. 309-316 ◽

Cited By ~ 18

Author(s):

Anastasia N. Vasileiou ◽

Michael C. Smith ◽

Jeyaganesh Balakrishnan ◽

John A. Francis ◽

Cory J. Hamelin

Keyword(s):

Electron Beam ◽

Ferritic Steel ◽

Electron Beam Welding ◽

Thick Section ◽

Transformation Plasticity ◽

The Impact

Download Full-text

Microstructural Characterization and Tensile Behavior of TA1 Titanium Alloy Sheet Welded by Electron Beam Welding

Materials Science Forum ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.1027.149 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 1027 ◽

pp. 149-154

Author(s):

Sen Dong Gu ◽

Ji Peng Zhao ◽

Rui Jie Ouyang ◽

Yong Hong Zhang

Keyword(s):

Titanium Alloy ◽

Electron Beam ◽

Fusion Zone ◽

Heat Affected Zone ◽

Electron Beam Welding ◽

Base Material ◽

Optical Microscope ◽

Alloy Sheet ◽

Tensile Behavior ◽

Electron Backscattered Diffraction

In the present study, TA1 titanium alloy sheets with a thickness of 0.8mm were welded by electron beam welding. Microstructure of the welded region was investigated using optical microscope and electron backscattered diffraction. Then, the tensile test was conducted to analyse the tensile behavior of the welded sheets as well as the fractography of the fracture surfaces. It is shown that the mean grain size in the heat-affected zone is smaller than that in the fusion zone and base material. The strength of the base metal is lower than that of the fusion zone and heat-affected zone. The average values of the yield strength, tensile strength and elongation of the tensile specimens are 224MPa, 335MPa and 35%, respectively. In addition, the tensile specimens of the welded sheets suffer both ductile and brittle deformation during the tensile tests.

Download Full-text

Study on Welding Process of Clutch Wheel-Hub Weldment Using Vacuum Electron Beam Welding

Applied Mechanics and Materials ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.190-191.187 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 190-191 ◽

pp. 187-190

Author(s):

De Quan Wang

Keyword(s):

Electron Beam ◽

Vickers Hardness ◽

Electron Beam Welding ◽

Testing Machine ◽

Welding Process ◽

Difficult Problem ◽

Technological Parameters ◽

Welding Seam ◽

Hardness Tester ◽

Torsional Testing

Abstract. In order to resolve the manufacturing difficult problem of a new kind of clutch wheel-hub weldment of a new type of engineering machinery, and ensure the manufacturing precision and welded joint quality, a new manufacturing process was studied using vacuum electron beam welding (VEBW) for the manufacturing of this component. Static torsional strength was measured on static torsional testing machine. Microstructure morphologies of welding seam and heat affected zone were analyzed using scanning electron microscope. Vickers-hardness values of welding seams and heat affected zones were measured using Vickers-hardness tester. As a result, the welding process and the optimum technological parameters of VEBW of the weldment were obtained.

Download Full-text

Mechanical Properties of Forged Ti-6Al-4V Structure by Electron Beam Welding

Advanced Materials Research ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.455-456.308 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 455-456 ◽

pp. 308-313

Author(s):

Hong Yu Qi ◽

Jian Xie ◽

Shao Lin Li ◽

Xiao Guang Yang

Keyword(s):

Mechanical Properties ◽

Electron Beam ◽

Fusion Zone ◽

Electron Beam Welding ◽

Welded Joint ◽

Base Material ◽

Structure Design ◽

Large Gradient ◽

Welded Structure ◽

Aero Engine

The blisk (bladed disk) is a new structural component of the modern aero-engine and plays an important role in improving its performance. Ti-6Al-4V alloy joints welded by electron beam have been widely used for compressor blisk in advanced aero engine. It is necessary to analyze microstructure and mechanical properties of Ti-6Al-4V welded structure by electron beam welding (EBW) for failure analysis and structure design of blisk. Microstructure of Ti-6Al-4V welded structure by EBW was investigated by microscopic observation and micro indentation testing. Experiment results show grain coarsening in fusion zone (FZ) and heat affected zone (HAZ) appears large gradient organization structure, which presents significant local heterogeneity. On the centerline perpendicular to the welding direction, Vickers microhardness was measured in increments of 1mm, 0.5mm, 0.25mm and 0.1mm. Due to the presence of martensite, microhardness of the fusion zone is about 20% higher than that of the base material. The size of joints in different regions was acquired, 2.5 to 3.0-mm-wide in FZ and about 0.7-mm-wide in HAZ respectively. Three different types of EBW samples were designed for tensile test, including welded structure, welded joint and base material. Three different stress-strain curves of specimens were acquired, including welded joint. The experiment data indicates that the tensile strength of welded joints is 8% more than that of the base metal.

Download Full-text

Correction to: The Structure and Properties of Microcrystalline and Submicrocrystalline Titanium Alloy VT1-0 in the Area of the Electron Beam Welding Seam

Russian Physics Journal ◽

10.1007/s11182-018-1368-8 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 61 (1) ◽

pp. 203-203

Author(s):

V. A. Klimenov ◽

S. F. Gnyusov ◽

A. I. Potekaev ◽

A. A. Klopotov ◽

Yu. A. Abzaev ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Titanium Alloy ◽

Electron Beam ◽

Electron Beam Welding ◽

Structure And Properties ◽

Welding Seam

Download Full-text

Relationship between the Textures and the Elastic Moduli of Electron Beam Welded Joint in Ti-6Al-4V Titanium Alloy

Advanced Materials Research ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.936.1910 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 936 ◽

pp. 1910-1917

Author(s):

Xing Zhi Li ◽

Shu Bing Hu

Keyword(s):

Titanium Alloy ◽

Electron Beam ◽

Elastic Modulus ◽

Elastic Moduli ◽

Electron Beam Welding ◽

Base Material ◽

X Ray Diffraction ◽

Electron Backscattered Diffraction ◽

Α Phase ◽

Transmission Electron

The microstructure, texture and elastic modulus of electron beam welding joint in Ti-6Al-4V titanium alloy were investigated by transmission electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, electron back scattered diffraction and nanoindentation techniques. The α phase was in the majority, and a {0001} <-2110> texture of α phase was observed in the base material. A very weak {11-23} <-1-122> texture of α phase was in the fuse zone. Most of the α grain boundaries in the fuse zone were high-angle boundaries by electron backscattered diffraction, and it also confirmed that the orientations of α phase had a nearly random distribution in the fuse zone. The maximum average elastic modulus value measured by the nanoindentation techniques was in the base material due to the effect of the {0001} <-2110> texture. The average elastic moduli of three different zones in the joint were 134.8±3.5Gpa, 125.5±5.8Gpa and 123.0±4.7Gpa, respectively.

Download Full-text

Electron beam welding of Fe–Mn–Al–Ni shape memory alloy: Microstructure evolution and shape memory response

Functional Materials Letters ◽

10.1142/s1793604717500436 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 10 (04) ◽

pp. 1750043 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

P. Krooß ◽

J. Günther ◽

L. Halbauer ◽

M. Vollmer ◽

A. Buchwalder ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Heat Treatment ◽

Electron Beam ◽

Shape Memory Alloy ◽

Shape Memory ◽

Electron Beam Welding ◽

Eb Welding ◽

Cyclic Heat Treatment ◽

Memory Response ◽

Cyclic Heat ◽

The Impact

The present study reports on the impact of abnormal grain growth (AGG) on the microstructural evolution following electron beam (EB) welding of Fe–Mn–Al–Ni shape memory alloy (SMA). Polycrystalline sheet-like material was EB-welded and a cyclic heat treatment, studied in previous work, was conducted for inducing AGG and a bamboo-like microstructure, respectively. Optical and electron microscopy were carried out to characterize the prevailing microstructure upon cyclic heat treatment. For characterization of the functional properties following AGG, a load increase test was conducted. The current results clearly show that good shape memory response can be obtained in Fe–Mn–Al–Ni SMA upon EB welding and subsequent post-heat treatment. These results further substantiate the potential use of conventional processing routes for Fe–Mn–Al–Ni SMA.

Download Full-text

Electron Beam Welding of TMCP steel S700MC

Biuletyn Instytutu Spawalnictwa ◽

10.17729/ebis.2020.4/1 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 17-23

Author(s):

Jacek Górka ◽

Sylwester Błacha ◽

Dawid Zagrobelny

Keyword(s):

Electron Beam ◽

Electron Beam Welding ◽

Base Material ◽

Welding Process ◽

Tensile Tests ◽

Quality Level ◽

Plastic Properties ◽

Hardness Tests ◽

Static Tensile ◽

Made In

The article discusses tests aimed to determine the effect of electron beam welding on the properties of butt welded joints made in 10 mm thick TMCP steel S700MC. The welding process was performed in the flat position (PA) using an XW150:30/756 welding and surface processing machine (Cambridge Vacuum Engineering). The joints obtained in the tests were subjected to non-destructive tests including visual tests and magnetic particle tests. The joints were also subjected to destructive tests including static tensile tests, bend tests, toughness tests (performed at a temperature of -30°C), hardness tests as well as macro and microscopic metallographic tests. The destructive tests revealed that the joint represented quality level B in accordance with the PN EN ISO 13919-1 standard. The analysis of the destructive test results related to the electron beam butt welded joint (made in steel S700MC) revealed its high mechanical and plastic properties. The toughness tests revealed a decrease in toughness in the HAZ (27 J/cm2) in comparison with that of the base material (50 J/cm2). In addition, the hardness of the HAZ and of the weld increased up to approximately 330 HV; the hardness of the base material amounted to 280 HV.

Download Full-text