scholarly journals Effects of Basalt and Carbon Fillers on Fire Hazard, Thermal, and Mechanical Properties of EPDM Rubber Composites

Materials ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (18) ◽  
pp. 5245
Author(s):  
Przemysław Rybiński ◽  
Bartłomiej Syrek ◽  
Anna Marzec ◽  
Bolesław Szadkowski ◽  
Małgorzata Kuśmierek ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Flame Retardants ◽  
Fire Hazard ◽  
Polymeric Composite ◽  
Basalt Fibers ◽  
Rubber Composites ◽  
Cone Calorimetry ◽  
Epdm Rubber ◽  
Combustion Flow ◽  
Carbon Fillers ◽  
Mineral Fillers

Due to growing restrictions on the use of halogenated flame retardant compounds, there is great research interest in the development of fillers that do not emit toxic compounds during thermal decomposition. Polymeric composite materials with reduced flammability are increasingly in demand. Here, we demonstrate that unmodified graphene and carbon nanotubes as well as basalt fibers or flakes can act as effective flame retardants in polymer composites. We also investigate the effects of mixtures of these carbon and mineral fillers on the thermal, mechanical, and rheological properties of EPDM rubber composites. The thermal properties of the EPDM vulcanizates were analyzed using the thermogravimetric method. Flammability was determined by pyrolysis combustion flow calorimetry (PCFC) and cone calorimetry.

scholarly journals Characteristics of Wood Sawdust/EPDM Rubber Composites Processed by Irradiation

2019 ◽  
Vol 135 (5) ◽  
pp. 1058-1060
Author(s):  
G. Craciun ◽  
E. Manaila ◽  
M.D. Stelescu ◽  
D. Ighigeanu
Keyword(s):  
Rubber Composites ◽  
Epdm Rubber ◽  
Wood Sawdust

scholarly journals Synthesis of Novel Polymeric Acrylate-Based Flame Retardants Containing Two Phosphorus Groups in Different Chemical Environments and Their Influence on the Flammability of Poly (Lactic Acid)

Polymers ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 778 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jacob Sag ◽  
Philipp Kukla ◽  
Daniela Goedderz ◽  
Hendrik Roch ◽  
Stephan Kabasci ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Flame Retardant ◽  
Mode Of Action ◽  
Flame Retardants ◽  
Fire Behavior ◽  
Heat Fluxes ◽  
Poly Lactic Acid ◽  
Cone Calorimetry ◽  
Scanning Calorimetry ◽  
Fire Scenarios ◽  
Physical Phenomena

Novel polymeric acrylate-based flame retardants (FR 1–4) containing two phosphorus groups in different chemical environments were synthesized in three steps and characterized via nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and mass spectrometry (MS). Polylactic acid (PLA) formulations with the synthesized compounds were investigated to evaluate the efficiency of these flame retardants and their mode of action by using TGA, UL94, and cone calorimetry. In order to compare the results a flame retardant polyester containing only one phosphorus group (ItaP) was also investigated in PLA regarding its flame inhibiting effect. Since the fire behavior depends not only on the mode of action of the flame retardants but also strongly on physical phenomena like melt dripping, the flame retardants were also incorporated into PLA with higher viscosity. In the UL94 vertical burning test setup, 10% of the novel flame retardants (FR 1–4) is sufficient to reach a V-0 rating in both PLA types, while a loading of 15% of ItaP is not enough to reach the same classification. Despite their different structure, TGA and cone calorimetry results confirmed a gas phase mechanism mainly responsible for the highly efficient flame retardancy for all compounds. Finally, cone calorimetry tests of the flame retardant PLA with two heat fluxes showed different flame inhibiting efficiencies for different fire scenarios.

Heat dissipative mechanical damping properties of EPDM rubber composites including hybrid fillers of aluminium nitride and boron nitride

Soft Matter ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 16 (29) ◽  
pp. 6812-6818 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jung Keun Cho ◽  
Hanna Sun ◽  
Hee Won Seo ◽  
June-Young Chung ◽  
Mina Seol ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Conductivity ◽  
Boron Nitride ◽  
Electronic Devices ◽  
Damping Properties ◽  
Critical Factors ◽  
Rubber Composites ◽  
Epdm Rubber ◽  
Hybrid Fillers ◽  
Automotive Parts ◽  
Mechanical Damping

As highly integrated electronic devices and automotive parts are becoming used in high-power and load-bearing systems, thermal conductivity and mechanical damping properties have become critical factors, which could be enhanced by the composites with the different-shaped hybrid fillers.

scholarly journals Excellent Fireproof Characteristics and High Thermal Stability of Rice Husk-Filled Polyurethane with Halogen-Free Flame Retardant

Polymers ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (10) ◽  
pp. 1587 ◽  
Author(s):  
Huong T.Q. Phan ◽  
Binh T. Nguyen ◽  
Lam H. Pham ◽  
Chi T. Pham ◽  
Thi Vi Vi Do ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rice Husk ◽  
Flame Retardants ◽  
Standard Test ◽  
Solid Particles ◽  
Cone Calorimetry ◽  
Thermal Stabilities ◽  
Pyrolysis Products ◽  
Halogen Free ◽  
Flame Retardancy Mechanism ◽  
Thermal Stability Of

The thermal stabilities, flame retardancies, and physico-mechanical properties of rice husk-reinforced polyurethane (PU–RH) foams with and without flame retardants (FRs) were evaluated. Their flammability performances were studied by UL94, LOI, and cone calorimetry tests. The obtained results combined with FTIR, TGA, SEM, and XPS characterizations were used to evaluate the fire behaviors of the PU–RH samples. The PU–RH samples with a quite low loading (7 wt%) of aluminum diethylphosphinate (OP) and 32 wt% loading of aluminum hydroxide (ATH) had high thermal stabilities, excellent flame retardancies, UL94 V-0 ratings, and LOIs of 22%–23%. PU–RH did not pass the UL94 HB standard test and completely burned to the holder clamp with a low LOI (19%). The cone calorimetry results indicated that the fireproof characteristics of the PU foam composites were considerably improved by the addition of the FRs. The proposed flame retardancy mechanism and cone calorimetry results are consistent. The comprehensive FTIR spectroscopy, TG, SEM, and XPS analyses revealed that the addition of ATH generated white solid particles, which dispersed and covered the residue surface. The pyrolysis products of OP would self-condense or react with other volatiles generated by the decomposition of PU–RH to form stable, continuous, and thick phosphorus/aluminum-rich residual chars inhibiting the transfer of heat and oxygen. The PU–RH samples with and without the FRs exhibited the normal isothermal sorption hysteresis effect at relative humidities higher than 20%. At lower values, during the desorption, this effect was not observed, probably because of the biodegradation of organic components in the RH. The findings of this study not only contribute to the improvement in combustibility of PU–RH composites and reduce the smoke or toxic fume generation, but also solve the problem of RHs, which are abundant waste resources of agriculture materials leading to the waste disposal management problems.

scholarly journals Valorization of Industrial Lignin as Biobased Carbon Source in Fire Retardant System for Polyamide 11 Blends

Polymers ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 180 ◽  
Author(s):  
Neeraj Mandlekar ◽  
Aurélie Cayla ◽  
François Rault ◽  
Stéphane Giraud ◽  
Fabien Salaün ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Stability ◽  
Condensed Phase ◽  
Flame Retardants ◽  
Fire Behavior ◽  
Fire Retardant ◽  
Ternary Blends ◽  
Cone Calorimetry ◽  
Polyamide 11 ◽  
Twin Screw ◽  
Flame Retarded

In this study, two different types of industrial lignin (i.e., lignosulphonate lignin (LL) and kraft lignin (DL)) were exploited as charring agents with phosphorus-based flame retardants for polyamide 11 (PA11). The effect of lignins on the thermal stability and fire behavior of PA11 combined with phosphinate additives (namely, aluminum phosphinate (AlP) and zinc phosphinate (ZnP)) has been studied by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), UL 94 vertical flame spread, and cone calorimetry tests. Various blends of flame retarded PA11 were prepared by melt process using a twin-screw extruder. Thermogravimetric analyses showed that the LL containing ternary blends are able to provide higher thermal stability, as well as a developed char residue. The decomposition of the phosphinates led to the formation of phosphate compounds in the condensed phase, which promotes the formation of a stable char. Flammability tests showed that LL/ZnP ternary blends were able to achieve self-extinction and V-1 classification; the other formulations showed a strong melt dripping and higher burning. In addition to this, cone calorimetry results showed that the most enhanced behavior was found when 10 wt % of LL and AlP were combined, which strongly reduced PHRR (−74%) and THR (−22%), due to the interaction between LL and AlP, which not only promotes char formation but also confers the stability to char in the condensed phase.

Synergistic Effects of Nanoporous Nickel Phosphates VSB-1 on Intumescent Flame Retardant Polypropylene Composites

2014 ◽  
Vol 881-883 ◽  
pp. 863-866
Author(s):  
Chao Peng ◽  
Shi Bin Nie ◽  
Lei Liu ◽  
Qi Lin He ◽  
Yuan Hu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heat Release ◽  
Flame Retardant ◽  
Flame Retardants ◽  
Synergistic Effects ◽  
Intumescent Flame Retardant ◽  
Total Heat Release ◽  
Cone Calorimetry ◽  
Polypropylene Composites ◽  
Intumescent Flame Retardants ◽  
Nickel Phosphates

Nanoporous nickel phosphates (VSB-1) was synthesized by hydrothermal method. Then VSB-1 was added to the ammonium polyphosphate and pentaerythritol system in polypropylene (PP) matrix.The synergistic effect of VSB-1 with intumescent flame retardants (IFR) was studied by cone calorimetry test. The results of cone calorimetry show that heat release rate peak (pHRR) and total heat release (THR) of intumescent flame retardant PP with 2wt% VSB-1 decrease remarkably compared with that of without VSB-1. The pHRR and THR decrease respectively from 1140 to 286.0 kW/m2, and from 96.0 to 63.2 MJ/m2.

scholarly journals Mineralization of wood by calcium carbonate insertion for improved flame retardancy

Holzforschung ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 70 (9) ◽  
pp. 867-876 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vivian Merk ◽  
Munish Chanana ◽  
Sabyasachi Gaan ◽  
Ingo Burgert
Keyword(s):  
Hybrid Materials ◽  
Beech Wood ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
European Beech ◽  
Electrolyte Solutions ◽  
Cone Calorimetry ◽  
Mineral Phases ◽  
Novel Material ◽  
Combustion Flow ◽  
Highly Porous

Abstract Wood can be considered as a highly porous, three-dimensional organic scaffold. It can be mineralized to create hierarchically structured organic-inorganic hybrid materials with novel properties. In the present paper, the precipitation of CaCO3 mineral in Norway spruce and European beech wood has been studied by alternating impregnation with aqueous and alcoholic electrolyte solutions. Microstructural imaging by SEM and confocal Raman microscopy shows the distribution of calcite and vaterite as two CaCO3 polymorphs, which are deposited deep inside the cellular structure of the wood. The confined microenvironment of the wood cell wall seems to favor a formation of vaterite, as visible by XRD and Raman spectroscopy. In view of a practical application, the mineralization of wood opens up ways for sustainable wood-based hybrid materials with a significantly improved fire resistance, as proven via pyrolysis combustion flow calorimetry and cone calorimetry tests. Beyond that, this versatile solute-exchange approach provides an opportunity for the incorporation of a broad range of different mineral phases into wood for novel material property combinations.

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