Evaluation of Thermal Damage Impact on Microstructure and Properties of Carburized AISI 9310 Gear Steel Grade by Destructive and Non-Destructive Testing Methods

Advanced aircraft gearboxes operate under high mechanical loads. Currently, aircraft gears are manufactured from chromium–nickel–molybdenum steel grades such as AISI 9310 or Pyrowear 53. The major causes of gear failure are wear and fatigue cracking. As the crack initiation occurs predominantly on the component surface, the gears are routinely subjected to surface hardening processes such as low-pressure carburizing and case hardening. The gears are manufactured in a multiple operation process, in which teeth grinding is a crucial step. Selection of improper grinding conditions can lead to local heat concentration and creation of grinding burns, which are small areas where microstructure and properties changes are induced by high temperature generated during grinding. Their presence can lead to significant reduction of gear durability. Therefore destructive and non-destructive (NDT) quality-control methods such as chemical etching or magnetic Barkhausen noise (MBN) measurements are applied to detect the grinding burns. In the area of a grinding burn, effects related to the over-tempering or re-hardening of the carburized case may occur. In this paper, the results of the studies on the characterization of microstructure changes caused by local heating performed to simulate grinding burns are presented. The areas with the over-tempering and re-hardening effects typical for grinding burns were formed by laser surface heating of carburized AISI 9310 steel. Analyses of the microstructure, residual stresses, retained austenite content, and non-destructive testing by the MBN method were performed. The correlation between the MBN value and the properties of the modified surface layer was identified. It was also found that the re-hardened areas had similar characteristics of changes in the Barkhausen noise intensity, despite the significant differences in the width of the overheated zone, which depended on the laser-heating process conditions.

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Testing of Hardness on Long Rail Welded Joint by Means of Magnetic Barkhausen Noise Technique

Applied Mechanics and Materials ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.490-491.351 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 490-491 ◽

pp. 351-357

Author(s):

Liang Yin ◽

Di Shu ◽

Juan Chen ◽

Xin Qi

Keyword(s):

Welded Joint ◽

Brinell Hardness ◽

Surface Hardness ◽

Barkhausen Noise ◽

Non Destructive Testing ◽

Magnetic Barkhausen Noise ◽

Destructive Testing ◽

Testing Technique ◽

Non Destructive ◽

Microstructure Of The Material

The experiment shows that the Magnetic Barkhausen Noise (MBN) signal strongly depends on the elastic deformation, heat treatment state of surface and microstructure of the material, etc. Using the MBN technology that rely on the material characteristics, MBN can be used for testing the surface hardness of 60kg/m U74 seamless rail made by China Harbin welded rail plant. And the testing result obtained by the MBN method is consistent with the results obtained by the Brinell hardness (HB) method. Consequently, this non-destructive testing technique will have a strong life and an extensive market.

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Barkhausen Noise for Non-Destructive Testing and Materials Characterization in Low Carbon Steels

10.1016/c2018-0-00863-4 ◽

2020 ◽

Keyword(s):

Carbon Steels ◽

Materials Characterization ◽

Barkhausen Noise ◽

Low Carbon ◽

Non Destructive Testing ◽

Destructive Testing ◽

Low Carbon Steels ◽

Non Destructive

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Non-Destructive Testing Device for Hot Forming High Strength Steel Parts Based on Barkhausen Noise

Applied Mechanics and Materials ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.423-426.2555 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 423-426 ◽

pp. 2555-2558 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Xiao Yu Luo ◽

Yu Zhang ◽

Zi Jian Wang ◽

Yi Sheng Zhang

Keyword(s):

High Strength Steel ◽

High Hardness ◽

High Strength ◽

Hot Forming ◽

Barkhausen Noise ◽

Testing Device ◽

Non Destructive Testing ◽

Destructive Testing ◽

Feature Values ◽

Non Destructive

In order to realize the nondestructive testing for hot forming high strength steel parts, a hardness testing device based on Magnetic Barkhausen Noise (MBN) was developed. By measuring MBN of standardized blocks of Rockwell hardness and extracting feature values of the noise, a fitted curve between hardness and MBN peak was calibrated. Good linearity was found between hardness and MBN peak within high hardness range 35~60HRC. The testing device was proved to be high-precision and stable by measuring the practical high strength steel parts.

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Multivariate non-destructive evaluation for tensile strength of steel based on neural network

Insight - Non-Destructive Testing and Condition Monitoring ◽

10.1784/insi.2021.63.7.427 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 63 (7) ◽

pp. 427-435

Author(s):

Junyang Tan ◽

Dan Xia ◽

Shiyun Dong ◽

Honghao Zhu ◽

Binshi Xu

Keyword(s):

Tensile Strength ◽

Magnetic Hysteresis ◽

Barkhausen Noise ◽

Non Destructive Testing ◽

Magnetic Barkhausen Noise ◽

Testing Methods ◽

Destructive Testing ◽

Ultrasonic Signals ◽

Non Destructive Evaluation ◽

Non Destructive

Tensile strength (TS) is an important mechanical property of a material. The conventional mechanical measurement method destroys the object under investigation; hence, the non-destructive evaluation of tensile strength of materials has become a research hotspot in recent years. Currently, there are some accuracy problems associated with evaluating the tensile strength of materials on the basis of single non-destructive testing (NDT) methods such as ultrasonic or electromagnetic methods. In this study, 45 steel is used as an example to study various non-destructive testing methods. First, seven different heat treatment systems are used to prepare standard specimens with different tensile strengths, which are measured by tensile tests. Second, non-destructive testing signals for each specimen are obtained as ultrasonic signals, magnetic Barkhausen noise and magnetic hysteresis signals, and the characteristic parameters of the signals are extracted. Then, single-parameter non-destructive evaluation (SNE) models of tensile strength with three different non-destructive testing methods are developed. Furthermore, a multivariate non-destructive evaluation (MNE) method based on ultrasonic signals, magnetic Barkhausen noise and magnetic hysteresis is proposed to improve the accuracy of the tensile strength measurements obtained from non-destructive testing. A deep residual network (ResNet) is used to combine the features of the three non-destructive testing parameters and an MNE model of tensile strength is developed. Moreover, a data pretreatment method based on the fuzzy mapping relationship is applied to train the MNE model successfully and enhance the stability, accuracy and reliability of the obtained results. Finally, the accuracies of the above four tensile strength evaluation models are confirmed by verification using the specimens. The results show that the MNE model has higher accuracy than the SNE models.

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Evaluation of Railway Rails with Non-Destructive Techniques

Key Engineering Materials ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.605.641 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 605 ◽

pp. 641-644

Author(s):

Anastasia Karahaliou

Keyword(s):

Stress State ◽

Barkhausen Noise ◽

Non Destructive Testing ◽

Magnetic Barkhausen Noise ◽

Testing Methods ◽

Destructive Testing ◽

Residual Stress State ◽

Non Destructive ◽

Non Destructive Techniques ◽

Scanning Electron

Non-destructive testing methods, such as Magnetic Barkhausen Noise method, are widely used on railways for examining the stress state of running railway rails. Detailed information about the morphology of the microstructure features of the rail surface is derived by Scanning Electron Microscopy. Phase composition, hardness and residual stress state of the rails are determined by MBN signal.

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Non-destructive testing on creep degraded 12% Cr-Mo-W-V ferritic test samples using Barkhausen noise

Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials ◽

10.1016/j.jmmm.2019.166102 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 498 ◽

pp. 166102 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Bhaawan Gupta ◽

Benjamin Ducharne ◽

Tetsuya Uchimoto ◽

Gael Sebald ◽

Takamichi Miyazaki ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Barkhausen Noise ◽

Non Destructive Testing ◽

Destructive Testing ◽

Non Destructive

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Opening Contribution 5: Collaborative Approach to Weld Quality by Designer and Inspector

Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers Conference Proceedings ◽

10.1243/pime_conf_1966_181_233_02 ◽

1966 ◽

Vol 181 (11) ◽

pp. 20-29

Author(s):

C. Atkinson

Keyword(s):

Welded Joints ◽

Nuclear Power ◽

Fatigue Cracking ◽

Non Destructive Testing ◽

Destructive Testing ◽

Power Stations ◽

Weld Failure ◽

The Index System ◽

The Cost ◽

Non Destructive

Most engineering components are subject to inspection at some stage, particularly those incorporating welded joints. Often the task of the welder and inspector is hampered by the location of joints in positions difficult of access. This is just one aspect of poor design which could be eliminated by collaboration between designer and inspector at the outset. Up to the present, insufficient attention has been paid by designers to important features such as the weldability of materials, joint geometry, siting of welds, feasibility of heat treatment, and surface finish. The increasing use of non-destructive testing, particularly ultrasonics and radiography, has highlighted inspection problems, and as a result, designers are becoming more aware of their ultimate influence on inspection. Although the aims of the designer and inspector are the same—adequate service performance at lowest cost without danger of shutdown—the designer's interest appears to wane as the inspector's functions become more significant. A prolific cause of weld failure is fatigue cracking caused by stress-concentration at welded joints, yet how many designers realize that the external contour of a weld cannot approach the neat appearance indicated on drawings unless expensive grinding or machining is done? The paper will attempt to explore, with the aid of examples, the avenues where more co-operation is needed between designer and inspector. In addition the paper will present a new concept in the designer/inspector relationship in the form of a ‘failure index’ calculated from a number of variables known at the outset. This is a scheme to enable the designer to anticipate the relative amounts of inspection to be applied to various parts of complicated welded fabrications like those in conventional and nuclear power stations. The index system was devised specially as a collaborative link between designer and inspector in a field where the cost of failure in service can be enormous.

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Heavy-Loaded Components Quality Assurance by Means of Non-Destructive Testing

Advanced Materials Research ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1040.937 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 1040 ◽

pp. 937-942 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Michael Kroening ◽

Dmitry Sednev ◽

Yana Salchak

Keyword(s):

Instrument Development ◽

Ultrasonic Testing ◽

Acoustic Scattering ◽

Metallurgical Industry ◽

Case Hardening ◽

Non Destructive Testing ◽

Destructive Testing ◽

Advanced Method ◽

Testing Method ◽

Non Destructive

In present paper principles of acoustic scattering in case hardened components were discussed. Improvements of ultrasonic testing method and instrument development opportunities were proposed. Through these investigations, it would be possible to provide an advanced method of ultrasonic testing of case hardening quality, which might be applied in Russian metallurgical industry market. Comparative analysis of characteristics of existing instrument and the proposed instrument was conducted. This article demonstrates all important advantages of the proposed method of nondestructive testing for quality control of heavy-loaded components.

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Wavelet Analysis of Barkhausen Noise in Reconstructing Distributions of Residual Stress

Solid State Phenomena ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.144.112 ◽

2008 ◽

Vol 144 ◽

pp. 112-117 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Cezary Kownacki

Keyword(s):

Surface Layer ◽

Stress Distribution ◽

Wavelet Analysis ◽

Stress Test ◽

Barkhausen Noise ◽

Non Destructive Testing ◽

Layer Depth ◽

Destructive Testing ◽

Electrolytic Etching ◽

Non Destructive

The paper presents an application of non-destructive estimate of approximate distributions of residual stresses as the function of surface layer depth. The application uses an innovative technique of wavelet analysis of Barkhausen noise, which is able to estimate layout of surface layer properties as the function of measurement depth in the range greater than that offered by other methods of non-destructive testing. The estimate of stress distribution as the function of depth is compared with the result obtained from X-ray stress test using electrolytic etching. The comparison presents very similar curves of stress distribution, so the wavelet analysis of Barkhausen noise can be considered as a reliable method of non-destructive testing of an engineering object.

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