scholarly journals Investigation of the Effect of Pallet Top-Deck Stiffness on Corrugated Box Compression Strength as a Function of Multiple Unit Load Design Variables

Materials ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (21) ◽  
pp. 6613
Author(s):  
Saewhan Kim ◽  
Laszlo Horvath ◽  
Jennifer D. Russell ◽  
Jonghun Park
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Wood Species ◽  
Compression Strength ◽  
The United States ◽  
Unit Load ◽  
Design Variables ◽  
Multiple Unit ◽  
A Company

Unit loads consisting of a pallet, packages, and a product securement system are the dominant way of shipping products across the United States. The most common packaging types used in unit loads are corrugated boxes. Due to the great stresses created during unit load stacking, accurately predicting the compression strength of corrugated boxes is critical to preventing unit load failure. Although many variables affect the compression strength of corrugated boxes, recently, it was found that changing the pallet’s top deck stiffness can significantly affect compression strength. However, there is still a lack of understanding of how these different factors influence this phenomenon. This study investigated the effect of pallet’s top-deck stiffness on corrugated box compression strength as a function of initial top deck thickness, pallet wood species, box size, and board grade. The amount of increase in top deck thickness needed to lower the board grade of corrugated boxes by one level from the initial unit load scenario was determined using PDS™. The benefits of increasing top deck thickness diminish as the initial top deck thickness increases due to less severe pallet deflection from the start. The benefits were more pronounced as higher board grade boxes were initially used, and as smaller-sized boxes were used due to the heavier weights of these unit loads. Therefore, supposing that a company uses lower stiffness pallets or heavy corrugated boxes for their unit loads, this study suggests that they will find more opportunities to optimize their unit loads by increasing their pallet’s top deck thickness.

Review of form 483s and warning letters to pharmaceutical manufacturers issued by USFDA

2021 ◽  
pp. 174113432110235
Author(s):  
Chandan Saini ◽  
Ashish Miglani ◽  
Pankaj Musyuni ◽  
Geeta Aggarwal
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
United States ◽  
Regulatory Authority ◽  
The United States ◽  
Federal Law ◽  
Pharmaceutical Manufacturers ◽  
The World ◽  
Considerable Impact ◽  
A Company ◽  
Responsible Person

Regular inspections are carried out to ensure system conformity by the Food and Drugs Regulatory Authority (FDA) of the United States one of the most stringent regulatory authorities in the world. The inspectors send Form 483 to the management after the inspection, detailing the inappropriate conditions. Because the FDA guidelines are difficult to comply with, a company can contravene the regulations. If any significant infringements can affect the protection, quality, effectiveness, or public health of the drug is identified, the FDA issues advice to the company. Warning Letters (WL) shall be an official notification of non-compliance with federal law within a period to be issued by manufacturer, clinician, distributor, or responsible person in the company. The delivery of a letter has a considerable impact on the company's reputation and position in the market. Inadequate WL reactions could lead to a refusal, import denial, memorandum or even conviction and order. A brief study was conducted in this document of Form 483 and WL for four years (2017–2020) on an understanding the regulatory provisions.

scholarly journals Do Callable Convertibles Support The Investment Process Of A Company? An Analysis Of The World Market Of Hybrid Debt

2017 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 5-19
Author(s):  
Damian Kaźmierczak
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
The United States ◽  
World Market ◽  
Convertible Bonds ◽  
Investment Projects ◽  
Service Companies ◽  
The World ◽  
Investment Process ◽  
A Company

Using a sample of 1,705 convertible bonds issued by manufacturing and service companies from the United States (1,138 issues); Europe (270); and Asia (297) between 2004 and 2014 this paper investigates the role of callable convertibles in the corporate investment process. This research shows first that callable convertibles are used to finance investment projects particularly by American firms which may exercise new investment options to improve poor financial performance. Secondly, the same strategy may be followed by European companies, but they seem not to carry out investments on as large a scale as American firms. Thirdly, the research results do not provide evidence that Asian enterprises use callable convertibles for investment purposes: they likely use these instruments for different reasons.

Assessing Employee Health Policies for Reporting and Excluding Ill Food Employees in Restaurants within the United States

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Girvin Liggans ◽  
Marc S. Boyer ◽  
Veronica S. Moore ◽  
Laurie B. Williams
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Food Safety ◽  
Fast Food ◽  
Safety Management ◽  
The United States ◽  
Employee Health ◽  
Health Policies ◽  
Food Contact Surfaces ◽  
Multiple Unit ◽  
Retail Food

Preventing ill food employees from spreading pathogens to food and food contact surfaces remain an important objective of retail food safety policy in the United States. Since 2005, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has recommended food establishments implement employee health policies that include requirements for the exclusion or restriction of ill food employees and reporting, to the person in charge, symptoms or diagnosis of certain diseases transmitted by food. The incorporation of this recommendation, however, has not been widely studied. The purpose of this exploratory study was to assess the presence and prevalence of employee health policies at fast food and full-service restaurants in the United States. More than 50% of fast food and full-service restaurants were found to have non-existent employee health policies for each of the five recommended components specified in the FDA Food Code. Results showed 17.41% of fast food and 12.88% of full-service restaurants had all five recommended components. Moreover, most restaurants with all five recommended employee health policy components were part of a multiple-unit operation and found to have more developed food safety management systems than restaurants with none of the recommended components. Further attention and research into the impediments associated with developing and implementing employee health policies in restaurants is warranted.

The Wood Cross Sections of Hermann Nördlinger (1818–1897)

IAWA Journal ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 29 (4) ◽  
pp. 439-457 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ben Bubner
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Cross Sections ◽  
Wood Species ◽  
The United States ◽  
The World

Hermann Nördlinger (1818–1897), forestry professor in Hohenheim, Germany, published a series of wood cross sections in the years 1852 to 1888 that are introduced here to the modern wood anatomist. The sections, which vary from 50 to 100 μm in thickness, are mounted on sheets of paper and their quality is high enough to observe microscopic details. Their technical perfection is as remarkable as the mode of distribution: sections of 100 wood species were presented in a box together with a booklet containing wood anatomical descriptions. These boxes were distributed as books by the publisher Cotta, from Stuttgart, Germany, with a maximum circulation of 500 per volume. Eleven volumes comprise 1100 wood species from all over the world. These include not only conifers and broadleaved trees but also shrubs, ferns and palms representing a wide variety of woody structures. Excerpts of this collection were also published in Russian, English and French. Today, volumes of Nördlingerʼs cross sections are found in libraries throughout Europe and the United States. Thus, they are relatively easily accessible to wood anatomists who are interested in historic wood sections. A checklist with the content of each volume is appended.

scholarly journals Increasing Online Purchasing: A Study Of Web Assurance And Web Insurance

2009 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Shane Warrick ◽  
Terrye A. Stinson
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Information System ◽  
Electronic Commerce ◽  
Internet Use ◽  
The United States ◽  
Purchase Intentions ◽  
Online Retail ◽  
Online Transactions ◽  
Internet Users ◽  
A Company

Improving customer confidence is an important consideration, and potentially necessary ingredient, for increasing growth in electronic commerce. More than 1.2 billion people are internet users and, of that number, more than 215 million internet users live in the United States (Miniwatts Marketing Group 2008). Internet use in the United States, in fact, is second only to internet use in China (Barboza 2008). In its most recent study, the National Retail Federation (2008) estimated that U.S. online retail sales are approaching $204 billion. Past studies identified issues associated with customer concerns in online transactions, and various forms of web assurance and web insurance have emerged as commercial mechanisms to ease these concerns and promote growth in ecommerce. Both mechanisms require strategic controls by a company developing its ecommerce information system. This paper continues the stream of research aimed at understanding how consumers view online purchasing with a focus on internet users in the United States. Results indicate that participants increase purchase intentions from vendors with either web assurance or web insurance, but that participants are indifferent regarding the choice of web assurance or web insurance. Recognizing these benefits, vendors should design strong controls within ecommerce information systems that support acquisition of either web assurance or web insurance that validate system security.

Washington Mutual (B): From Forty-Six to Sixteen

2017 ◽  
pp. 1-11
Author(s):  
Robert D. Dewar
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Human Resource ◽  
The United States ◽  
Bank Failure ◽  
Subprime Mortgages ◽  
Leadership Culture ◽  
Business Press ◽  
Human Resource Policies ◽  
Retail Banks ◽  
A Company

In 2004 Washington Mutual (WaMu) was touted by the business press as one of the most customer-focused, innovative, community-friendly, employee-loyal, and shareholder-enriching retail banks in the United States. Its stock reached $46.18 in May 2006, an almost 60% increase since 2001. CEO Kerry Killinger was lionized. By late 2008, however, WaMu's stock had plummeted to 16 cents as it became infamous as the largest bank failure in U.S. history. Relying on publicly available published sources, the case documents eroding focus on customers, excessive risks in subprime mortgages, alleged unethical pressure on mortgage officers to approve bad loans, attempts by the CEO to retain his job, and the eventual termination of the CEO, sale of the company to Chase, and destruction of all shareholder value. Whereas the (A) case documents WaMu's formula for success, the (B) case challenges readers to discover the seeds of destruction in the company's leadership, culture, incentives, and human resource policies and practices. WaMu's death contains some hard lessons of the danger of success and pride.To help students learn the importance of ethics no matter how well managed a company is, the dangers of growth for growth's sake, the perils of failing to listen to lower-level professionals, and the liability of too much success.

scholarly journals The edible fiddlehead—Matteuccia struthiopteris (Ostrich fern)

1985 ◽  
Vol 86 ◽  
pp. 151-151
Author(s):  
P. von Aderkas
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
New Brunswick ◽  
Economic History ◽  
The United States ◽  
West Germany ◽  
Food Preparation ◽  
Severe Winter ◽  
Wild Harvest ◽  
Young Leaves ◽  
A Company

SynopsisMatteuccia struthiopteris is distributed throughout most of the boreal region of the northern hemisphere. It has been variously recorded as a vermifuge and an ingredient in beer manufacture as well as a food. Young leaves, alternatively known as croziers or fiddleheads, are picked before they have unfurled and are boiled or steamed and served as a hot vegetable. The market, between Malecite indian and colonists, developed in the Fredericton area of New Brunswick 200 years ago, following a particularly severe winter. The newly arrived United Empire Loyalists, having emigrated from the United States, were so short of food that by the spring of 1784, they were reduced to eating any sort of provender nature could supply. Specific mention is made of fiddleheads, which became a traditional spring vegetable in New Brunswick. This market spread into Maine in the United States, particularly into those areas bordering the St John River. The present market is still predominantly in New Brunswick, where the wild harvest is between 150–200 t/yr, a yield which is approximately four times the harvest in neighbouring Maine. Food companies process about one third of the crop. In Maine, this is done by a single canning company in Wilton, whereas in New Brunswick, tinned fiddleheads have largely been superseded by the frozen product which is the monopoly of a company working in Florenceville. In addition, Canadian companies have recently sprung up which export the fresh spring vegetable in refrigerated lorries to larger centres west of the province. These companies account for less than a quarter of the harvest. The remainder is sold from either roadside stands, or to a wholesaler who distributes them to outlets in the region. The harvest is still predominantly done by natives. Much greater detail of both harvest, food preparation, and economic history is given by von Aderkas (1984). It has recently come to the author's attention that crowns of M. struthiopteris are sold also as a garden ornamental. Over 5000 plants/yr are sold by one Ontario distributor alone. Estimates from other nurseries in West Germany and the United States which do the same trade are presently unavailable.

Control Shifts via Share Acquisition Contracts with Shareholders (Takeovers)

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul Davies
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Agency Costs ◽  
The United States ◽  
Controlling Shareholders ◽  
Regulatory Issues ◽  
Coordination Costs ◽  
Target Management ◽  
A Company ◽  
Made In

This chapter examines the regulatory issues that arise when there is an offer to acquire shares directly from one or more shareholders of a company such that control of that company shifts to the acquirer. It begins with a comparison between control shifts implemented by contract and corporate transactions which produce the same result. It identifies three principal areas where contract may need to be supplemented by takeover-specific rules arising out of the coordination costs of target shareholders, powers of target management, and agency costs of non-controlling shareholders. It then considers how takeover regulation could be fashioned so as to promote efficient and discourage inefficient transfers of control. The chapter concludes by focusing on the choices actually made in four countries: Japan, Germany, UK, and the United States.

Do You Really Want to be the Government's Partner?: Corporate and Government Investigations of Oil Spills1

1999 ◽  
Vol 1999 (1) ◽  
pp. 671-676
Author(s):  
Carolyn M. White
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Initial Response ◽  
The United States ◽  
Physical Evidence ◽  
The Government ◽  
Actual Response ◽  
A Company ◽  
Responsible Party

ABSTRACT Failure to attend to causation and liability issues as soon as an incident occurs in the United States will haunt any (potentially) responsible party long after the actual response efforts have ended. Even during the often chaotic phase of initial response efforts, it is critical for responsible parties to have a system in place for handling internal investigations as well as responding to government inquiries. This paper describes issues and procedures that should be planned well in advance of a spill, and suggests specific steps for a company to follow to protect its interests during an internal company or external government investigation. Topics include preserving physical evidence, protecting the confidentiality of internal investigative records, identifying when the government is in an investigatory role, protecting the company and individuals during government interviews, and managing the resources dedicated to responding to an investigation while also cleaning up the spill.

Crystals in the wood of the genus Abies indigenous to Canada and the United States

1968 ◽  
Vol 46 (10) ◽  
pp. 1221-1228 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. W. Kennedy ◽  
C. B. R. Sastry ◽  
G. M. Barton ◽  
E. L. Ellis
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Thin Layer ◽  
Calcium Oxalate ◽  
Wood Species ◽  
Juvenile Wood ◽  
The United States ◽  
Parenchyma Cells ◽  
Ray Parenchyma ◽  
Ray Parenchyma Cells ◽  
Layer Chromatography

The scanty and conflicting literature on distribution and nature of crystals in the ray parenchyma of Abies is reviewed before results are presented from this study of 318 trees. Crystals of rhomboidal and elongated forms were regularly present, in descending order of frequency, in A. concolor, A. grandis, A. magnifica, A. bracteata, and A. procera. Crystals were deposited predominantly in marginal ray parenchyma cells which died prematurely within a critical zone of sapwood. Both forms of crystals were regularly lacking in A. amabilis, A. balsamea, A. fraseri, and A. lasiocarpa, although fairly frequently elongated types were found in certain samples of the latter species. A pattern of very infrequent crystal distribution was found in association with juvenile wood in a single mature A. grandis, and in seedlings or saplings of several species.A quantitative scale of crystal frequency was developed and its application to wood species identification demonstrated. The lack of crystals in A. amabilis is offered along with other evidence to suggest a relationship between this species and those of the series Lasiocarpae Franco.Chemical characterization by thin-layer chromatography, atomic absorption, and histochemical procedures confirmed the older supposition that both forms of ray parenchyma crystals were calcium oxalate.

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