scholarly journals Development and Characterization of Nanoemulsions for Ophthalmic Applications: Role of Cationic Surfactants

Materials ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (24) ◽  
pp. 7541
Author(s):  
Ana R. Fernandes ◽  
Elena Sanchez-Lopez ◽  
Tiago dos Santos ◽  
Maria L. Garcia ◽  
Amelia M. Silva ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Posterior Segment ◽  
Modified Release ◽  
Characterization Methods ◽  
Cationic Compounds ◽  
Physical Barriers ◽  
Main Factors ◽  
Manufacturing Techniques ◽  
Complex Organ

The eye is a very complex organ comprising several physiological and physical barriers that compromise drug absorption into deeper layers. Nanoemulsions are promising delivery systems to be used in ocular drug delivery due to their innumerous advantages, such as high retention time onto the site of application and the modified release profile of loaded drugs, thereby contributing to increasing the bioavailability of drugs for the treatment of eye diseases, in particular those affecting the posterior segment. In this review, we address the main factors that govern the development of a suitable nanoemulsion formulation for eye administration to increase the patient’s compliance to the treatment. Appropriate lipid composition and type of surfactants (with a special emphasis on cationic compounds) are discussed, together with manufacturing techniques and characterization methods that are instrumental for the development of appropriate ophthalmic nanoemulsions.

scholarly journals Review on Xenotransplantation

2013 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 1-3
Author(s):  
S Basnet ◽  
D Kafle ◽  
B Aryal
Keyword(s):  
Regulatory Proteins ◽  
Immune Recognition ◽  
Complement Regulatory Proteins ◽  
Xenograft Rejection ◽  
Medical College ◽  
Complement Inhibitors ◽  
Rejection Response ◽  
Physical Barriers

There is an increasing interest in the potential clinical application of xenotransplantation. This interest derives in part from the need to identify a more abundant source of organs for transplantation and in part from rapid progress in understanding the cellular and molecular changes that contribute to hyperacute and acute vascular xenograft rejection. Recent areas of progress in understanding the immunological hurdles to xenotransplantation include the characterization of xenoreactive an­tibodies and the antigens they recognize, the role of complement regulatory proteins in immune recognition, the mechanism of complement activation in a xenograft, and the pathophysiologic changes in endothelial cells caused by the activation of complement. Several approaches have been proposed or used to prevent or reduce the xenogeneic immunologic rejection response, including immunosuppression, genetic engineering, complement inhibitors, and physical barriers. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jcmc.v3i3.8627 Journal of Chitwan Medical College 2013; 3(3): 1-3

scholarly journals Impenetrable barriers or entry portals? The role of cell–cell adhesion during infection

2011 ◽  
Vol 195 (3) ◽  
pp. 349-358 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matteo Bonazzi ◽  
Pascale Cossart
Keyword(s):  
Cell Adhesion ◽  
Cell Polarity ◽  
Target Cell ◽  
Cell Adhesion Molecules ◽  
Eukaryotic Cells ◽  
Microbial Infections ◽  
Physical Barriers ◽  
Cell Cell

Cell–cell adhesion plays a fundamental role in cell polarity and organogenesis. It also contributes to the formation and establishment of physical barriers against microbial infections. However, a large number of pathogens, from viruses to bacteria and parasites, have developed countless strategies to specifically target cell adhesion molecules in order to adhere to and invade epithelial cells, disrupt epithelial integrity, and access deeper tissues for dissemination. The study of all these processes has contributed to the characterization of molecular machineries at the junctions of eukaryotic cells that have been better understood by using pathogens as probes.

From characterization of sediment to full scale treatment by wet particle separation

1998 ◽  
Vol 37 (6-7) ◽  
pp. 189-198
Author(s):  
M. F. Pruijn ◽  
S. C. van Winden ◽  
H. H. A. G. Wevers
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Problem ◽  
Particle Separation ◽  
Contaminated Sediments ◽  
Full Scale ◽  
Contaminated Sediment ◽  
Characterization Methods ◽  
Fine Grained ◽  
Dutch Policy ◽  
Main Factors

Contaminated sediments represent a significant environmental problem in the Netherlands. Dutch policy aims on reusing the sand in the contaminated sediments. The reusable sand can be separated from the sediment by utilizing wet particle separation techniques. The quality and the quantity of the recovered sand product determines whether the application of wet particle separation is economically feasible. Therefore it is important to be able to predict the results of full scale sediment treatment. These predictions can be obtained by thoroughly characterizing the specific contaminated sediment. In the last years several characterization methods have been developed. This paper presents four cases in which the results of the TDG-test and the Fingerprint are compared with results of the full scale treatment of contaminated sediments. The two main factors: sand quality and the quantity of fine grained fraction remaining are well predicted in all four cases. Therefore the conclusion is that both the TDG-test and the Fingerprint are able to predict whether full scale treatment is feasible.

Digital x-ray mapping of nanometer-size supported bimetallic catalysts

1988 ◽  
Vol 46 ◽  
pp. 530-531
Author(s):  
L. T. Germinario
Keyword(s):  
Background Radiation ◽  
Metal Cluster ◽  
Single Element ◽  
Beam Diameter ◽  
X Rays ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Major Interest ◽  
Induced Changes

Understanding the role of metal cluster composition in determining catalytic selectivity and activity is of major interest in heterogeneous catalysis. The electron microscope is well established as a powerful tool for ultrastructural and compositional characterization of support and catalyst. Because the spatial resolution of x-ray microanalysis is defined by the smallest beam diameter into which the required number of electrons can be focused, the dedicated STEM with FEG is the instrument of choice. The main sources of errors in energy dispersive x-ray analysis (EDS) are: (1) beam-induced changes in specimen composition, (2) specimen drift, (3) instrumental factors which produce background radiation, and (4) basic statistical limitations which result in the detection of a finite number of x-ray photons. Digital beam techniques have been described for supported single-element metal clusters with spatial resolutions of about 10 nm. However, the detection of spurious characteristic x-rays away from catalyst particles produced images requiring several image processing steps.

Consideraciones en torno a la reducción solipsista

1970 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Natalia Carolina Petrillo

ResumenEn el presente trabajo se intentará mostrar que la fenomenología no conduce a una postura solipsista. Para ello, se caracterizará en qué consiste el solipsismo. Luego, se intentará refutar a lo que se ha de llamar “solipsismo metafísico” y “solipsismo gnoseológico”, con el objetivo principal de poner de manifiesto el fundamento de motivación para la salida de la ficción solipsista.Palabras claves:Phenomenology – solipsim – empatía - HusserlAbstractWith the aim of showing that phenomenology does not lead in solipsism, I will first attempt a characterization of it. Then, I will attempt a refutation of the so-called “metaphysical” and “epistemological” solipsisms. Finally, the nature and role of Husserl´s solipsistic fiction is examined, and the grounds that motivate the overcoming of this standpoint are disclosed.key wordsFenomenología – solipsismo - empathy – Husserl

FISCAL ROLE OF EXCISE TAX ON EXCISE GOODS MANUFACTURED IN UKRAINE IN CONDITIONS OF CONSTANT CHANGES IN TAX LEGISLATION AND PANDEMIC COVID-19

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Natalia Rudenko ◽  
◽  
Tatiana Tuchak ◽  
Keyword(s):  
European Integration ◽  
Economic Crisis ◽  
The State ◽  
Excise Tax ◽  
Tax Revenues ◽  
Tax Legislation ◽  
Economic Stagnation ◽  
Legislative Framework ◽  
Main Factors

The article analyzes the fiscal role of the excise tax on excisable goods (products) produced in Ukraine in the context of permanent changes in the tax legislative framework and within the framework of the global crisis through the coronavirus disease COVID-19. The concept of excise tax has been substantiated, a list of excisable products (goods) has been provided in accordance with legislative acts, the payers of this tax have been specified. The most important events and transactions that influenced the amount of tax revenues from excise tax are investigated. The authors believe that the main reason for the changes in the administration process and the receipt of the excise tax are the European integration transformations and the conditions of the global socio-economic crisis. Based on the difficult economic situation in the state, some legislative acts regulating the collection of excise tax from excisable products produced in the country were considered. It was revealed that a moratorium on the payment of excise tax was imposed on the territory of the studied state for a certain period. This event made its own adjustments to the proceeds from the payment of excise tax on excisable products (goods) produced domestically, and also allowed domestic producers to move from the place of economic stagnation. In Ukraine, they began to actively manufacture and sell antiseptic and disinfectants of their own production to protect citizens. According to the data of the State Treasury Service of Ukraine, the authors analyzed the indicators of tax revenues for each type of excisable products (goods) of domestic production. It was revealed from which products more tax was received during the study period. The main factors that influenced the receipts of excise tax from excisable goods produced on the territory of Ukraine in the period of 2019, as well as for 9 months of 2020, have been determined.

ART STUDIOS – A WAY TO DEVELOPE CHILDREN’S IMAGINATION

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 144-148
Author(s):  
Liuba Zlatkova ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Fairy Tale ◽  
Psychological Effects ◽  
Complete Product ◽  
The Arts ◽  
The Creation ◽  
Role Of Parents

The report describes the steps for creating a musical tale by children in the art studios of „Art Workshop“, Shumen. These studios are led by students volunteers related to the arts from pedagogical department of Shumen University, and are realized in time for optional activities in the school where the child studies. The stages of creating a complete product with the help of different arts are traced – from the birth of the idea; the creation of a fairy tale plot by the children; the characterization of the fairy-tale characters; dressing them in movement, song and speech; creating sets and costumes and creating a finished product to present on stage. The role of parents as a link and a necessary helper for children and leaders is also considered, as well as the positive psychological effects that this cooperation creates.

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