Control of Specific/Nonspecific Protein Adsorption: Functionalization of Polyelectrolyte Multilayer Films as a Potential Coating for Biosensors

Control of nonspecific/specific protein adsorption is the main goal in the design of novel biomaterials, implants, drug delivery systems, and sensors. The specific functionalization of biomaterials can be achieved by proper surface modification. One of the important strategies is covering the materials with functional coatings. Therefore, our work aimed to functionalize multilayer coating to control nonspecific/specific protein adsorption. The polyelectrolyte coating was formed using a layer-by-layer technique (LbL) with biocompatible polyelectrolytes poly-L-lysine hydrobromide (PLL) and poly-L-glutamic acid (PGA). Nonspecific protein adsorption was minimized/eliminated by pegylation of multilayer films, which was achieved by adsorption of pegylated polycations (PLL-g-PEG). The influence of poly (ethylene glycol) chain length on eliminating nonspecific protein adsorption was confirmed. Moreover, to achieve specific protein adsorption, the multilayer film was also functionalized by immobilization of antibodies via a streptavidin bridge. The functional coatings were tested, and the adsorption of the following proteins confirmed the ability to control nonspecific/specific adsorption: human serum albumin (HSA), fibrinogen (FIB), fetal bovine serum (FBS), carcinoembryonic antigen human (CEA) monitored by quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation (QCM-D). AFM imaging of unmodified and modified multilayer surfaces was also performed. Functional multilayer films are believed to have the potential as a novel platform for biotechnological applications, such as biosensors and nanocarriers for drug delivery systems.

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3D Printing Technology in Drug Delivery: Recent Progress and Application

Current Pharmaceutical Design ◽

10.2174/1381612825666181206123828 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 24 (42) ◽

pp. 5039-5048 ◽

Cited By ~ 13

Author(s):

Sabna Kotta ◽

Anroop Nair ◽

Nimer Alsabeelah

Keyword(s):

Drug Delivery ◽

3D Printing ◽

Drug Delivery Systems ◽

Delivery Systems ◽

Pharmaceutical Manufacturing ◽

Layer By Layer ◽

Printing Technology ◽

Drug Dosing ◽

3D Printing Technology ◽

3D Printed

Background: 3D printing technology is a new chapter in pharmaceutical manufacturing and has gained vast interest in the recent past as it offers significant advantages over traditional pharmaceutical processes. Advances in technologies can lead to the design of suitable 3D printing device capable of producing formulations with intended drug release. Methods: This review summarizes the applications of 3D printing technology in various drug delivery systems. The applications are well arranged in different sections like uses in personalized drug dosing, complex drugrelease profiles, personalized topical treatment devices, novel dosage forms and drug delivery devices and 3D printed polypills. Results: This niche technology seems to be a transformative tool with more flexibility in pharmaceutical manufacturing. Typically, 3D printing is a layer-by-layer process having the ability to fabricate 3D formulations by depositing the product components by digital control. This additive manufacturing process can provide tailored and individualized dosing for treatment of patients different backgrounds with varied customs and metabolism pattern. In addition, this printing technology has the capacity for dispensing low volumes with accuracy along with accurate spatial control for customized drug delivery. After the FDA approval of first 3D printed tablet Spritam, the 3D printing technology is extensively explored in the arena of drug delivery. Conclusion: There is enormous scope for this promising technology in designing various delivery systems and provides customized patient-compatible formulations with polypills. The future of this technology will rely on its prospective to provide 3D printing systems capable of manufacturing personalized doses. In nutshell, the 3D approach is likely to revolutionize drug delivery systems to a new level, though need time to evolve.

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Primary biocompatibility tests of poly(lactide-co-glycolide)-(poly-L-orithine/fucoidan) core–shell nanocarriers

Royal Society Open Science ◽

10.1098/rsos.180320 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 5 (7) ◽

pp. 180320 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Duanhua Cai ◽

Jingqian Fan ◽

Shibin Wang ◽

Ruimin Long ◽

Xia Zhou ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Drug Delivery ◽

Drug Delivery Systems ◽

Methylene Chloride ◽

Drug Carrier ◽

Delivery Systems ◽

Core Shell ◽

Layer By Layer ◽

Shell Nanoparticles ◽

Uniform Size ◽

Covalent Bonds

Layer-by-layer (LbL) self-assembly is the technology used in intermolecular static electricity, hydrogen bonds, covalent bonds and other polymer interactions during film assembling. This technology has been widely studied in the drug carrier field. Given their use in drug delivery systems, the biocompatibility of these potential compounds should be addressed. In this work, the primary biocompatibility of poly(lactide-co-glycolide)-(poly-L-orithine/fucoidan) [PLGA-(PLO/fucoidan)] core–shell nanoparticles (NPs) was investigated. Atomic force microscopy revealed the PLGA-(PLO/Fucoidan) 4 NPs to be spherical, with a uniform size distribution and a smooth surface, and the NPs were stable in physiological saline. The residual amount of methylene chloride was further determined by headspace gas chromatography, in which the organic solvent can be volatilized during preparation. Furthermore, cell viability, acridine orange/ethidium bromide staining, haemolysis and mouse systemic toxicity were all assessed to show that PLGA-(PLO/fucoidan) 4 NPs were biocompatible with cells and mice. Therefore, these NPs are expected to have potential applications in future drug delivery systems.

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Bio-orthogonal triazolinedione (TAD) crosslinked protein nanocapsules affect protein adsorption and cell interaction

Polymer Chemistry ◽

10.1039/d0py00087f ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 11 (23) ◽

pp. 3821-3830 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Marie-Luise Frey ◽

Johanna Simon ◽

Maximilian Brückner ◽

Volker Mailänder ◽

Svenja Morsbach ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Drug Delivery ◽

Click Chemistry ◽

Protein Adsorption ◽

Drug Delivery Systems ◽

Cell Interaction ◽

Delivery Systems ◽

High Loading ◽

Loading Capacity ◽

Low Toxicity

Albumin-based protein nanocarriers obtained by TAD click chemistry have been widely exploited as drug delivery systems, since they show excellent degradability, low toxicity, but at the same time provide high loading capacity and relevant uptake into cells.

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Enhanced cytoplasmic release of drug delivery systems: chloroquine as a multilayer and template constituent of layer-by-layer microcarriers

Journal of Materials Chemistry B ◽

10.1039/c8tb01202d ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 6 (31) ◽

pp. 5153-5163 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Mandy Brueckner ◽

Kira Scheffler ◽

Uta Reibetanz

Keyword(s):

Drug Delivery ◽

Drug Delivery Systems ◽

Delivery Systems ◽

Layer By Layer

Nano- and microcarriers as vehicles for active agents are additionally equipped with specific agents to prevent endolysosomal acidification in order to support them to reach their target in a defined, specific, and protected way.

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Conductive and protein resistant polypyrrole films for dexamethasone delivery

Journal of Materials Chemistry B ◽

10.1039/c5tb00574d ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 4 (15) ◽

pp. 2570-2577 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

B. Zhang ◽

P. J. Molino ◽

A. R. Harris ◽

Z. Yue ◽

S. E. Moulton ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Drug Delivery ◽

Conducting Polymers ◽

Protein Adsorption ◽

Drug Delivery Systems ◽

Delivery Systems ◽

Polypyrrole Films ◽

Significant Interest ◽

Overall Performance ◽

Protein Resistant ◽

The Stability

The development of inherently conducting polymers as controllable/programmable drug delivery systems has attracted significant interest in medical bionics, and the interfacial properties of the polymers, in particular, protein adsorption characteristics, is integral to the stability of the overall performance.

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Polyelectrolyte-Coated Mesoporous Bioactive Glasses via Layer-by-Layer Deposition for Sustained Co-Delivery of Therapeutic Ions and Drugs

Pharmaceutics ◽

10.3390/pharmaceutics13111952 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (11) ◽

pp. 1952

Author(s):

Carlotta Pontremoli ◽

Mattia Pagani ◽

Lorenza Maddalena ◽

Federico Carosio ◽

Chiara Vitale-Brovarone ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Drug Delivery ◽

Drug Delivery Systems ◽

Copper Ions ◽

Release Kinetics ◽

Delivery Systems ◽

Burst Release ◽

Incipient Wetness Impregnation ◽

Layer By Layer ◽

Bioactive Glasses ◽

Polyelectrolyte Layer

In the field of bone regeneration, considerable attention has been addressed towards the use of mesoporous bioactive glasses (MBGs), as multifunctional therapeutic platforms for advanced medical devices. In fact, their extremely high exposed surface area and pore volume allow to load and the release of several drugs, while their framework can be enriched with specific therapeutic ions allowing to boost the tissue regeneration. However, due to the open and easily accessible mesopore structure of MBG, the release of the incorporated therapeutic molecules shows an initial burst effect leading to unsuitable release kinetics. Hence, a still open challenge in the design of drug delivery systems based on MBGs is the control of their release behavior. In this work, Layer-by-layer (LbL) deposition of polyelectrolyte multi-layers was exploited as a powerful and versatile technique for coating the surface of Cu-substituted MBG nanoparticles with innovative multifunctional drug delivery systems for co-releasing of therapeutic copper ions (exerting pro-angiogenic and anti-bacterial effects) and an anti-inflammatory drug (ibuprofen). Two different routes were investigated: in the first strategy, chitosan and alginate were assembled by forming the multi-layered surface, and, successively, ibuprofen was loaded by incipient wetness impregnation, while in the second approach, alginate was replaced by ibuprofen, introduced as polyelectrolyte layer. Zeta-potential, TGA and FT-IR spectroscopy were measured after the addition of each polyelectrolyte layer, confirming the occurrence of the stepwise deposition. In addition, the in vitro bioactivity and the ability to modulate the release of the cargo were evaluated. The polyelectrolyte coated-MBGs were proved to retain the peculiar ability to induce hydroxyapatite formation after 7 days of soaking in Simulated Body Fluid. Both copper ions and ibuprofen were co-released over time, showing a sustained release profile up to 14 days and 24 h, respectively, with a significantly lower burst release compared to the bare MBG particles.

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Layer-by-Layer assembled nano-drug delivery systems for cancer treatment

Drug Delivery ◽

10.1080/10717544.2021.1905748 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 28 (1) ◽

pp. 655-669

Author(s):

Xinyi Zhang ◽

Tianying Liang ◽

Qingming Ma

Keyword(s):

Drug Delivery ◽

Cancer Treatment ◽

Drug Delivery Systems ◽

Delivery Systems ◽

Layer By Layer ◽

Nano Drug Delivery

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A self-defensive antibacterial coating acting through the bacteria-triggered release of a hydrophobic antibiotic from layer-by-layer films

Journal of Materials Chemistry B ◽

10.1039/c6tb02614a ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 5 (7) ◽

pp. 1498-1506 ◽

Cited By ~ 49

Author(s):

Bailiang Wang ◽

Huihua Liu ◽

Zefeng Wang ◽

Shuai Shi ◽

Kaihui Nan ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Drug Delivery ◽

Drug Delivery Systems ◽

Delivery Systems ◽

Layer By Layer ◽

Triggered Release ◽

Antibacterial Coating ◽

Antibacterial Coatings

Drug delivery systems play important roles in the construction of antibacterial coatings on the surfaces of biomaterials.

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Techniques For The Preparation of Tissue Samples Containing Injectable Polymer Microcapsules

Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America ◽

10.1017/s0424820100120242 ◽

1985 ◽

Vol 43 ◽

pp. 710-711

Author(s):

G.E. Visscher ◽

R. L. Robison ◽

G. J. Argentieri

Keyword(s):

Drug Delivery ◽

Drug Delivery Systems ◽

Gastrocnemius Muscle ◽

Degradation Process ◽

Delivery Systems ◽

Tissue Reaction ◽

Electron Microscopic ◽

Tissue Samples ◽

Injectable Polymer ◽

Microscopic Techniques

The use of various bioerodable polymers as drug delivery systems has gained considerable interest in recent years. Among some of the shapes used as delivery systems are films, rods and microcapsules. The work presented here will deal with the techniques we have utilized for the analysis of the tissue reaction to and actual biodegradation of injectable microcapsules. This work has utilized light microscopic (LM), transmission (TEM) and scanning (SEM) electron microscopic techniques. The design of our studies has utilized methodology that would; 1. best characterize the actual degradation process without artifacts introduced by fixation procedures and 2. allow for reproducible results.In our studies, the gastrocnemius muscle of the rat was chosen as the injection site. Prior to the injection of microcapsules the skin above the sites was shaved and tattooed for later recognition and recovery. 1.0 cc syringes were loaded with the desired quantity of microcapsules and the vehicle (0.5% hydroxypropylmethycellulose) drawn up. The syringes were agitated to suspend the microcapsules in the injection vehicle.

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