scholarly journals Why Not STEM? A Study Case on the Influence of Gender Factors on Students’ Higher Education Choice

Mathematics ◽  
2022 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 239
Author(s):  
Paloma de las Cuevas ◽  
Maribel García-Arenas ◽  
Nuria Rico
Keyword(s):  
Gender Gap ◽  
Role Models ◽  
Influence Factors ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
The United States ◽  
Education Choice ◽  
Engineering Degree ◽  
Innovative Products ◽  
Study Case ◽  
The Developed Countries

The gender gap in STEM-related job positions is a fact, and it is closely related to the low percentage of women studying STEM degrees. This poses a problem because Europe, as well as the United States and the rest of the developed countries, keep demanding the best engineers and scientists to continue developing innovative products. This problem can thus be approached by answering, firstly, the following question: Why are women not studying STEM degrees? In this paper, we summarize the factors, found in literature, that influence students—both boys and girls—to not study STEM, particularly engineering, computer sciences and technology. We study these influence factors in a sample of N = 338 students from a secondary school placed in the south of Spain; we carry out a survey in order to find out if those students fill out the same answers other researchers have found and published in the related literature. Our main conclusions are as follows: The results confirm that the number of women in technical courses decreases when the level of the course increases; the lack of role models is not an impediment for girls to feel comfortable; unlike boys, girls will not choose engineering, even if their scoring in STEM is good; and we found that girls and women see themselves as not capable of studying an engineering degree more than boys and men do. These results contribute to a deeper understanding of the situation regarding the gender gap in STEM fields in ages in which both girls and boys must choose their future studies.

An update on the epidemiology, length of stay, and cost of Kawasaki disease hospitalisation in the United States

2019 ◽  
Vol 29 (06) ◽  
pp. 828-832 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laxmi V. Ghimire ◽  
Fu-Sheng Chou ◽  
Narayan B. Mahotra ◽  
Sharan P. Sharma
Keyword(s):  
Coronary Artery ◽  
Kawasaki Disease ◽  
Length Of Stay ◽  
Coronary Artery Aneurysm ◽  
Artery Aneurysm ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
The United States ◽  
Hospital Charge ◽  
Acquired Heart Disease ◽  
The Developed Countries

AbstractBackground:Kawasaki disease is an acute vasculitis of childhood and is the leading cause of acquired heart disease in the developed countries.Methods:Data from hospital discharge records were obtained from the National Kids Inpatient Database for years 2009 and 2012. Hospitalisations by months, hospital regions, timing of admission, insurance types, and ethnicity were analysed. Length of stay and total charges were also analysed.Results:There were 10,486 cases of Kawasaki disease from 12,678,005 children hospitalisation. Kawasaki disease was more common between 0 and 5 years old, in male, and in Asian. The January–March quarter had the highest rate compared to the lowest in the July–September quarter (OR=1.62, p < 0.001). Admissions on the weekend had longer length of stay [4.1 days (95 % CI: 3.97–4.31)] as compared to admissions on a weekday [3.72 days (95 % CI: 3.64–3.80), p < 0.001]. Blacks had the longest length of stay and whites had the shortest [4.33 days (95 % CI: 4.12–4.54 days) versus 3.60 days (95 % CI: 3.48–3.72 days), p < 0.001]. Coronary artery aneurysm was identified in 2.7 % of all patients with Kawasaki disease. Children with coronary artery aneurysm were hospitalised longer and had higher hospital charge. Age, admission during weekend, and the presence of coronary artery aneurysm had significant effect on the length of stay.Conclusions:This report provides the most updated epidemiological information on Kawasaki disease hospitalisation. Age, admissions during weekend, and the presence of coronary artery aneurysm are significant contributors to the length of stay.

Foundations of International Aid

1960 ◽  
Vol 329 (1) ◽  
pp. 137-143
Author(s):  
Jane M. Hoey
Keyword(s):  
Well Being ◽  
International Aid ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
The United States ◽  
Moral Foundations ◽  
Economic Progress ◽  
Political Independence ◽  
The Developed Countries ◽  
The Individual

The newly developing countries desire not only political independence but also economic progress for their people—a progress which they can see, and are now aware of, in the rest of the world. The role of the developed countries is to extend aid to the needy. Moral foundations underlie the donor's contributions, but they are more than that, they are the means for acquiring support for international aid in the donor's country. The United States must assume the leader ship among' the free nations in granting aid; she must accept this role because of her economic achievements and technologi cal advantages. Donators of such aid should take cognizance of the complementary character and interrelatedness of economic and social development. For economic development, however much it is sought, is not an end in itself, rather the aim is the well-being and happiness of the individual. Such a goal neces sitates economic aid accompanied by social aid. Social welfare can also be a vehicle to achieve peace, inasmuch as people-to- people relationships generate brotherly love—the only lasting foundation for peace.—Ed.

Cybersecurity

2013 ◽  
pp. 60-80 ◽  
Author(s):  
Claudia Canongia ◽  
Raphael Mandarino
Keyword(s):  
Modern Society ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Two Dimensions ◽  
Tabular Form ◽  
Information And Communications Technologies ◽  
New Information ◽  
Communications Technologies ◽  
Study Case ◽  
The Developed Countries ◽  
Confidentiality And Privacy

This chapter introduces the theme of cybersecurity, its importance in the actual scenario, and the challenges of the new Information Society, whose critical development factors are the technological revolution and innovation. The revolution that the information and communications technologies (ICTs) has already brought to modern society is, without doubt, more than visible and concrete, but the great challenge facing us is to harmonize two dimensions, the first relating to the culture of sharing, socialization, and transparency, and the second relating to the issues of security, confidentiality, and privacy. It gives a broad overview in tabular form of the national cybersecurity strategies of the developed countries, United States and United Kingdom, as well as describing a study case, Brazil, is taking its first steps on the path towards cybersecurity. The chapter ends by proposing a model, the key elements for formulating a Brazilian cybersecurity strategy.

Cybersecurity

2012 ◽  
pp. 165-184 ◽  
Author(s):  
Claudia Canongia ◽  
Raphael Mandarino
Keyword(s):  
Modern Society ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Two Dimensions ◽  
Tabular Form ◽  
Information And Communications Technologies ◽  
New Information ◽  
Communications Technologies ◽  
Study Case ◽  
The Developed Countries ◽  
Confidentiality And Privacy

This chapter introduces the theme of cybersecurity, its importance in the actual scenario, and the challenges of the new Information Society, whose critical development factors are the technological revolution and innovation. The revolution that the information and communications technologies (ICTs) has already brought to modern society is, without doubt, more than visible and concrete, but the great challenge facing us is to harmonize two dimensions, the first relating to the culture of sharing, socialization, and transparency, and the second relating to the issues of security, confidentiality, and privacy. It gives a broad overview in tabular form of the national cybersecurity strategies of the developed countries, United States and United Kingdom, as well as describing a study case, Brazil, is taking its first steps on the path towards cybersecurity. The chapter ends by proposing a model, the key elements for formulating a Brazilian cybersecurity strategy.

Perspectives from Four Stages of Development

2019 ◽  
pp. 159-178
Author(s):  
Eleanor M. Fox ◽  
Mor Bakhoum
Keyword(s):  
South African ◽  
Gold Standard ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
The United States ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
The European Union ◽  
African Countries ◽  
Sub Saharan ◽  
The Developed Countries

This chapter identifies four clusters of nations based on state of development, in order to highlight significant qualitative differences that may call for different law and policies. The first cluster comprises the least developed sub-Saharan African countries with the most resource-challenged competition authorities, such as Benin and Togo. The second cluster compromises nations that have advanced economically to a perceptibly higher level. The third cluster is a “group” of one—South Africa. With all of its challenges, the South African competition regime is as close to a gold standard as there is in sub-Saharan Africa. Finally, for comparison, the fourth cluster comprises the developed countries, led in particular by the European Union and the United States. These nations have open economies, fairly robust markets, good infrastructure, and good institutions. The chapter proceeds to identify, from the point of view of each of the clusters, the most fitting competition framework nationally and globally. The chapter proposes how the divergences can be brought into sympathy.

The Development of Necrotizing Enterocolitis Publications: A Holistic Evolution of Global Literature with Bibliometric Analysis

2019 ◽  
Vol 30 (03) ◽  
pp. 293-303 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gül Doğan ◽  
Hülya İpek
Keyword(s):  
Intensive Care ◽  
Necrotizing Enterocolitis ◽  
Web Of Science ◽  
Survival Rates ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
The United States ◽  
Economic Productivity ◽  
Premature Babies ◽  
The Developed Countries ◽  
Number Of Publications

Abstract Introduction Despite the fact that necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) is one of the reasons for morbidity and mortality in the newborn intensive care units, the literature indicates no bibliometric studies that made a holistic evaluation of the publications on this issue. This study aims to make a holistic evaluation of NEC publications to reveal the latest developments and trend topics. Materials and Methods Bibliometric analyses were performed by retrieving all the publications in Web of Science (WoS: Web of Science Core Collection database maintained by Clarivate Analytics) database between 1980 and 2018 using the “necrotizing enterocolitis” keyword. The correlations between economic productivity, humanity index, and performances of the countries on the topic of NEC were investigated with Spearman's correlation coefficient. Results A review of the related literature indicated 2,968 publications on NEC between 1980 and 2018. Of these publications, 1,690 (56.9%) were indexed in the article document category in WoS. There was an important increasing trend in the number of publications after 2006. Results of the present study showed that the Journal of Pediatric Surgery and Journal of Pediatrics were the top effective journal that contributed to the literature in terms of publication productivity. The top productive country that produced most publications about NEC was the United States (863, 51.1%). Conclusion Research on NEC is conducted in a limited number of countries. There seem to be more research opportunities in the developed countries because survival rates of premature babies having a disease like NEC are lower in the undeveloped countries, and survival rates are higher in developed countries due to appropriate intensive care conditions. Therefore, undeveloped countries should be supported in terms of NEC and provided with funds.

scholarly journals The Operation Mechanism of Emission Right Trading and Analysis on the Operation Effect

2017 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 150
Author(s):  
Ding Shanshan ◽  
Duan Jindong
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Governance ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
The United States ◽  
Ecological Environment ◽  
Environment Pollution ◽  
Successful Operation ◽  
Operation Mechanism ◽  
Pollution Problem ◽  
The Developed Countries ◽  
General Operation

The current environment pollution problem is becoming increasingly serious in the world, many solutions are being explored. Emission right trading as a means which can promote economic development and protect the ecological environment has attracted more and more attention of international society. With China’s increasing emphasis on environmental governance problem, it is important to be familiar with emission right trading and the general operation mechanism. Referring to the successful operation experience of the developed countries such as the United States, undoubtedly has important effect on promoting China’s relevant management departments and enterprises in energy-saving emission reduction work.

Population, Development, and the Environment: Trends and Key Issues in the Developed Countries

1993 ◽  
Vol 23 (3) ◽  
pp. 519-539 ◽  
Author(s):  
Barry Commoner
Keyword(s):  
Inorganic Nitrogen ◽  
Quantitative Relationship ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
The United States ◽  
Pollutant Emissions ◽  
Annual Data ◽  
Good Population ◽  
Key Issues ◽  
The Developed Countries ◽  
Relative Change

The quantitative relationship between environmental degradation (pollution) and the factors that influence it can be expressed by the identity: Pollution = population × (good/population) × (pollution/good), where “affluence” is expressed as good/population and the technology of production as pollution/good. Annual data for the emission of carbon monoxide and nitrogen oxides from mobile sources and for the use of pesticides and inorganic nitrogen fertilizer from agriculture, for the member countries of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development and the United States, were analyzed to determine the relative change in the three factors over the period 1970–1987. In each case the considerable variation in pollutant emissions among the different countries is most closely related to the concomitant change in the technology factor (pollution/good). In contrast, there is much less variation among the countries in the population and “affluence” factors, which are consequently uncorrected with the variation in pollutant emissions. The data show that the change in production technology is by far the most important of the several factors responsible for changes in pollution emission.

At a Glance…

2006 ◽  
Vol 198 ◽  
pp. 2-3
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
The United States ◽  
List Type ◽  
Chinese Investment ◽  
Investment Rates ◽  
The Developed Countries ◽  
Global Growth ◽  
Very High ◽  
Better Than

•The global growth rate is expected to exceed 5 per cent this year with growth continuing at above 4½ per cent per annum into 2008.•Over the second half of this decade France, Germany and Japan are expected to perform better than the United States.•Adjustment in the United States housing market is unlikely to lead to a recession there.•Investment rates in China are very high. A sharp reduction in Chinese investment would have a clear impact on growth in the developed countries.•Inflation is expected to rise slightly in the Euro Area and Japan but to decline in the United States.

scholarly journals Convergence, trade and industrial policy: Argentina, Brazil and Uruguay in the international economy, 1900–1980

2006 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 37-67 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luis Bértola ◽  
Gabriel Porcile
Keyword(s):  
World War I ◽  
Latin American ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
The United States ◽  
The Great Depression ◽  
Industrial Sectors ◽  
Long Run ◽  
The Developed Countries ◽  
Pattern Of Specialization ◽  
Latin American Countries

AbstractThis paper discusses the economic performance of three Latin American countries (Argentina, Brazil and Uruguay) from a comparative perspective, using as a benchmark a group of four developed countries (France, Germany, the United Kingdom and the United States). The focus is on the relative performance within the region and between the Latin American countries and the developed countries in the period 1900–1980. The paper argues that Argentina and Uruguay benefited from a privileged position in international markets at the beginning of the 20th century and this allowed them to converge. However, they failed to adjust to the major long-run change in the pattern of world trade brought about by World War I and the Great Depression, which implied a persistent decline of their export markets. On the other hand, Brazil, after having been much less successful until 1930, grew at higher rates thereafter based on rapid structural change and the building up of competitive advantages in new industrial sectors. The more vigorous Brazilian policy for industrialization and export diversification may explain why Brazil succeeded in changing its pattern of specialization, while Argentina and Uruguay were locked in to the old pattern. A typology of convergence regimes is suggested based on the growth experience of these countries.

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