scholarly journals Using Tangram as a Manipulative Tool for Transition between 2D and 3D Perception in Geometry

Mathematics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (18) ◽  
pp. 2185
Author(s):  
Mária Kmetová ◽  
Zuzana Nagyová Lehock
Keyword(s):  
Mental Representation ◽  
Mental Image ◽  
Spatial Relations ◽  
Physical Object ◽  
Geometric Thinking ◽  
Spatial Environment ◽  
Mental Objects ◽  
2D And 3D ◽  
5Th Grade

Creating a mental image of our spatial environment is a key process for further abstract geometric thinking. Building a mental representation can be understood as a part of the process of visualisation. From the wide concept of visualisation, in this article, we will focus on the part where the mental representation of spatial relations, mental objects and mental constructions are created, and their manifestations as a 3D physical object and its plane representations arise. Our main goal is to follow the transition between 2D and 3D representations of physical objects and also to observe how and when such a transition happens in students’ thinking. For that purpose, we also use Tangram, because manipulation with the Tangram pieces in space and filling out planar figures by them indicates the transition between 3D and 2D. Our research, using an action research methodology, was conducted on the students of three 5th grade primary school classes as a part of a larger long-term project. We pointed out a relationship between spatial abilities and the perception of 2D–3D relationships in students’ mind.

Problem solving methods and knowledge systems: A personal journey to perceptual images as knowledge

2009 ◽  
Vol 23 (4) ◽  
pp. 331-338
Author(s):  
B. Chandrasekaran
Keyword(s):  
Problem Solving ◽  
Cognitive Architecture ◽  
Mental Image ◽  
Spatial Relations ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Design Strategies ◽  
Symbolic Form ◽  
Knowledge Based ◽  
High Level ◽  
Use Of Knowledge

AbstractI was among those who proposed problem solving methods (PSMs) in the late 1970s and early 1980s as a knowledge-level description of strategies useful in building knowledge-based systems. This paper summarizes the evolution of my ideas in the last two decades. I start with a review of the original ideas. From an artificial intelligence (AI) point of view, it is not PSMs as such, which are essentially high-level design strategies for computation, that are interesting, but PSMs associated with tasks that have a relation to AI and cognition. They are also interesting with respect to cognitive architecture proposals such as Soar and ACT-R: PSMs are observed regularities in the use of knowledge that an exclusive focus on the architecture level might miss, the latter providing no vocabulary to talk about these regularities. PSMs in the original conception are closely connected to a specific view of knowledge: symbolic expressions represented in a repository and retrieved as needed. I join critics of this view, and maintain with them that most often knowledge is not retrieved from a base as much as constructed as needed. This criticism, however, raises the question of what is in memory that is not knowledge as traditionally conceived in AI, but can support theconstructionof knowledge in predicate–symbolic form. My recent proposal about cognition and multimodality offers a possible answer. In this view, much of memory consists of perceptual and kinesthetic images, which can be recalled during deliberation and from which internal perception can generate linguistic–symbolic knowledge. For example, from a mental image of a configuration of objects, numerous sentences can be constructed describing spatial relations between the objects. My work on diagrammatic reasoning is an implemented example of how this might work. These internal perceptions on imagistic representations are a new kind of PSM.

High Thinking Processes (HTP): Elements of Curricula and Teaching Able-Learners

2002 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. 225-240 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shlomo Kaniel
Keyword(s):  
Learning Communities ◽  
Processing Speed ◽  
Mental Image ◽  
Advanced Technology ◽  
Long Term Memory ◽  
Differential Instruction ◽  
Challenging Environment ◽  
Thinking Processes ◽  
Metacognitive Teaching

Acquiring High Thinking Processes (HTP) seems to be the solution for greater challenge in the present and for preparing able learners to the technological dynamic future. In dealing with this, the article is divided into two main chapters: a) HTP as a goal (what to teach) b) the different elements needed to accomplish this (how to do it), a) The components of HTP as a goal are: control and enhancement of long term memory and working memory; automatization and regulation of processing speed; flexibility; openness to information; developing strategies of listening, speaking, reading and writing; inference and reasoning processes; decision making using metacognition; positive transfer; description and justification of mental processes; mental image; independent learner and using HTP for values like tolerance, b) There are four main elements to develop such a goal: 1) well organized and justified curricula with appropriate tasks, 2) metacognitive teaching that emphasizes processes, integration, feedback, differential instruction and efficiency, 3) challenging environment, learning communities and advanced technology, 4) training teachers for HTP expertise.

Does the Body Image Exist in Three Dimensions? The Study of Visual Mental Representation of a Body and a Nonbody Object

2001 ◽  
Vol 92 (1) ◽  
pp. 223-233
Author(s):  
D. P. McCabe ◽  
D. I. Ben-Tovim ◽  
M. K. Walker ◽  
D. Pomeroy
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Information ◽  
Mental Image ◽  
The Body ◽  
Three Dimensions ◽  
Long Term Memory ◽  
Depth Information ◽  
Mental Images ◽  
Term Memory ◽  
3 Dimensional

Do the mental Images of 3-dimensional objects recreate the depth characteristics of the original objects' This investigation of the characteristics of mental images utilized a novel boundary-detection task that required participants to relate a pair of crosses to the boundary of an image mentally projected onto a computer screen. 48 female participants with body attitudes within expected normal range were asked to image their own body and a familiar object from the front and the side. When the visual mental image was derived purely from long-term memory, accuracy was better than chance for the front (64%) and side (63%) of the body and also for the front (55%) and side (68%) of the familiar nonbody object. This suggests that mental images containing depth and spatial information may be generated from information held in long-term memory. Pictorial exposure to views of the front or side of the objects was used to investigate the representations from which this 3-dimensional shape and size information is derived. The results are discussed in terms of three possible representational formats and argue that a front-view 2½-dimensional representation mediates the transfer of information from long-term memory when depth information about the body is required.

Effects of self-regulatory processes on cognitive representation of team-specific tactics in junior male soccer players

2019 ◽  
pp. 13-21
Author(s):  
Gabriela Andrade Vorraber Lawson ◽  
Gerson Américo Janczura ◽  
Heiko Lex
Keyword(s):  
Learning Strategies ◽  
Mental Representation ◽  
Soccer Players ◽  
Long Term Memory ◽  
Cognitive Representation ◽  
Term Memory ◽  
Regulatory Processes ◽  
Tactical Knowledge ◽  
Experimental Group

The present study aims to demonstrate the relationship between cognitive and behavioral variables that configure expert performance by testing if training in self-regulatory processes would affect the organization of tactics mental representation in soccer. A 2 × 2 mixed design was applied, manipulating the level of training in self-regulatory processes between groups and the moment of evaluation within groups. Participants were 13 under-15 year-old male soccer players from Montevideo, Uruguay, with an average of 9.38 years of competitive experience. The experimental group went through 10 individual weekly sessions of training in self-regulatory processes comprising 11 out of 18 self-regulatory processes presented in Zimerman’s Multiphasic Cycle of Self Regulatory Processes. Greater improvement on the cognitive representation of tactics was observed in the experimental group, which revealed more functionally organized clustering of offensive and defensive team-specific tactical concepts in long-term memory after the training. Results showed significant differences in the organization of tactical knowledge in long-term memory due to the participation in a training program on self-regulatory processes focusing on tactical actions in soccer. This study extended the effects of self-regulatory processes, previously evidenced in specific situations in other sports, to the organization of tactics mental representation in soccer. The effects are related to the facilitation of learning processes caused by the use of self-regulatory processes. The systematic application of learning strategies adapted to tactical situations seemed to enable participants to organize tactical knowledge in long-term memory.

scholarly journals The Old and the Stubborn? Firm Characteristics and Relocation in the Netherlands

2010 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 41-60 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aleid E. Brouwer
Keyword(s):  
The Netherlands ◽  
Firm Size ◽  
Logit Model ◽  
Firm Characteristics ◽  
Spatial Environment ◽  
Insight Into

This study gives some insight into the relationships between the spatial environment, firm characteristics and long term existence of firms in the Netherlands. A logit model is employed to investigate the locational difference of firms, considering firm characteristics such as age, size, region and network. The main findings are that (long-term) continuation of the location and firm size are positively associated with long-term existence of firms.

scholarly journals Long-term evaluation of a social robot in real homes

2016 ◽  
Vol 17 (3) ◽  
pp. 461-490 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maartje M. A. de Graaf ◽  
Somaya Ben Allouch ◽  
Jan A. G. M. van Dijk
Keyword(s):  
Social Presence ◽  
Mental Image ◽  
Human Robot Interaction ◽  
Control Beliefs ◽  
Mere Exposure Effect ◽  
Robot Interaction ◽  
Exposure Effect ◽  
Term Evaluation ◽  
Interaction Research

Abstract This study aims to contribute to emerging human-robot interaction research by adding longitudinal findings to a limited number of long-term social robotics home studies. We placed 70 robots in users’ homes for a period of up to six months, and used questionnaires and interviews to collect data at six points during this period. Results indicate that users’ evaluations of the robot dropped initially, but later rose after the robot had been used for a longer period of time. This is congruent with the so-called mere-exposure effect, which shows an increasing positive evaluation of a novel stimulus once people become familiar with it. Before adoption, users focus on control beliefs showing that previous experiences with robots or other technologies allows to create a mental image of what having and using a robot in the home would entail. After adoption, users focus on utilitarian and hedonic attitudes showing that especially usefulness, social presence, enjoyment and attractiveness are important factors for long-term acceptance.

The State of States’ Assisted Living Websites: Information Available to Consumers

2020 ◽  
Vol 60 (5) ◽  
pp. 878-884 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mitchell Roberts ◽  
Lindsay J Peterson ◽  
Kathryn Hyer
Keyword(s):  
Assisted Living ◽  
Term Care ◽  
Website Usability ◽  
Quality Costs ◽  
Memory Care ◽  
Type Size ◽  
The Right ◽  
Design And Methods ◽  
5Th Grade

Abstract Background and Objectives Assisted living (AL) is a growing sector of the U.S. long-term care market, with its development driven largely by private market choices. However, consumers need information to choose the right AL community (ALC). This paper examined information available on U.S. state websites concerning ALC quality, costs, and services. Research Design and Methods Based on prior research and their analysis of a sample of state websites, researchers identified 39 key informational elements and grouped them into four categories, (a) ALC characteristics, (b) payment and services, (c) quality, and (d) website usability. Researchers then examined the presence of the 39 elements on 51 websites (U.S. states and the District of Columbia), meeting regularly to discuss findings and resolve differences. Results A majority of states provided basic information about individual ALCs (e.g., number of beds, ownership). Only 35% listed payment(s) accepted (e.g., Medicaid), and 31% indicated the availability of memory care. Nearly 70% posted inspection results, while only 43% provided information about complaints. Many met basic usability guidelines (e.g., type size), but locating content on many sites required multiple steps, and none met 5th-grade-or-below readability standards. Discussion and Implications A majority of websites provided important information, such as inspection results. However, many were lacking key elements concerning payment accepted and services. Finding what was available was burdensome. More work is needed to help states provide information that enables consumers to find ALCs that meet their needs. The lack of such information puts older adults at risk of inappropriate placements.

scholarly journals Long-Term Stability and Differentiation Potential of Cryopreserved cGMP-Compliant Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells

2019 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 108 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mehdi Shafa ◽  
Tylor Walsh ◽  
Krishna Morgan Panchalingam ◽  
Thomas Richardson ◽  
Laura Menendez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cells ◽  
Pluripotent Stem Cells ◽  
Genomic Stability ◽  
Directed Differentiation ◽  
Differentiation Potential ◽  
Long Term Stability ◽  
Induced Pluripotent ◽  
Cell Banks ◽  
2D And 3D

The clinical effectiveness of human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) is highly dependent on a few key quality characteristics including the generation of high quality cell bank, long-term genomic stability, post-thaw viability, plating efficiency, retention of pluripotency, directed differentiation, purity, potency, and sterility. We have already reported the establishment of iPSC master cell banks (MCBs) and working cell banks (WCBs) under current good manufacturing procedure (cGMP)-compliant conditions. In this study, we assessed the cellular and genomic stability of the iPSC lines generated and cryopreserved five years ago under cGMP-compliant conditions. iPSC lines were thawed, characterized, and directly differentiated into cells from three germ layers including cardiomyocytes (CMs), neural stem cells (NSCs), and definitive endoderm (DE). The cells were also expanded in 2D and 3D spinner flasks to evaluate their long-term expansion potential in matrix-dependent and feeder-free culture environment. All three lines successfully thawed and attached to the L7TM matrix, and formed typical iPSC colonies that expressed pluripotency markers over 15 passages. iPSCs maintained their differentiation potential as demonstrated with spontaneous and directed differentiation to the three germ layers and corresponding expression of specific markers, respectfully. Furthermore, post-thaw cells showed normal karyotype, negative mycoplasma, and sterility testing. These cells maintained both their 2D and 3D proliferation potential after five years of cryopreservation without acquiring karyotype abnormality, loss of pluripotency, and telomerase activity. These results illustrate the long-term stability of cGMP iPSC lines, which is an important step in establishing a reliable, long-term source of starting materials for clinical and commercial manufacturing of iPSC-derived cell therapy products.

The Role of Parts and Spatial Relations in Object Identification

Perception ◽  
1993 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 229-248 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carolyn Backer Cave ◽  
Stephen M Kosslyn
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Relations ◽  
Object Identification ◽  
Error Rates ◽  
General Level ◽  
Long Term Memory ◽  
Single Object ◽  
Object Features ◽  
The Way

An investigation of the role of parts and their spatial relations in object identification is reported. At the most general level, two important results were obtained. First, proper spatial relations among components of an object are critical for easy identification. When parts were scrambled on the page, naming times and error rates increased. And, second, the way an object is divided into parts (parsed) affects identification only under the most impoverished viewing conditions. When subjects had as little as 1 s (and sometimes as little as 200 ms) to view an object, the way objects were divided into parts had no effect on naming times or accuracy. There was no hint of an interaction between type of parse and how parts were arranged on the page. This pattern of effects supports theories that suggest that objects typically are recognized without being parsed into parts. The findings are in agreement with theories suggesting that object features (not specifically related to parts) are matched directly with such features stored in long-term memory, with the constraint that the features of a single object are seen from a single viewpoint.

scholarly journals Representations of interobject spatial relations in long-term memory

2012 ◽  
Vol 41 (2) ◽  
pp. 201-213 ◽  
Author(s):  
Björn Rump ◽  
Timothy P. McNamara
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Relations ◽  
Long Term Memory ◽  
Term Memory
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