Safety of Aesthetic Medicine Procedures in Patients with Autoimmune Thyroid Disease: A Literature Review

Autoimmune thyroid diseases are the most common organ-specific autoimmune diseases, affecting 2–5% of the world’s population. Due to the autoimmune background of thyroid diseases, we analyzed a wide range of cosmetic procedures, from minimally invasive cosmetic injections (mesotherapy) to highly invasive procedures, such as lifting threads. Out of the seven categories of treatments in aesthetic medicine analyzed by us—hyaluronic acid, botulinum toxin, autologous platelet-rich plasma, autologous fat grafting, lifting threads, IPL and laser treatment and mesotherapy—only two, mesotherapy and lifting threads, are not recommended. This is due to the lack of safety studies and the potential possibility of a higher frequency of side effects in patients with autoimmune thyroid diseases.

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The Human Microbiota in Endocrinology: Implications for Pathophysiology, Treatment, and Prognosis in Thyroid Diseases

Frontiers in Endocrinology ◽

10.3389/fendo.2020.586529 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 11 ◽

Author(s):

Giovanni Docimo ◽

Angelo Cangiano ◽

Roberto Maria Romano ◽

Marcello Filograna Pignatelli ◽

Chiara Offi ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Thyroid Cancer ◽

Bacterial Infections ◽

Association Studies ◽

Thyroid Diseases ◽

Autoimmune Thyroid Diseases ◽

Autoimmune Thyroid ◽

Human Microbiota ◽

Organ Specific ◽

Benign Nodules ◽

The Impact

The human microbiota is an integral component in the maintenance of health and of the immune system. Microbiome-wide association studies have found numerous diseases associated to dysbiosis. Studies are needed to move beyond correlations and begin to address causation. Autoimmune thyroid diseases (ATD) are one of the most common organ-specific autoimmune disorders with an increasing prevalence, higher than 5% worldwide. Most frequent manifestations of ATD are Hashimoto’s thyroiditis and Graves’ disease. The exact etiology of ATD remains unknown. Until now it is not clear whether bacterial infections can trigger ATD or modulate the efficacy of treatment and prognosis. The aim of our review is to characterize the microbiota and in ATD and to evaluate the impact of dysbiosis on treatment and prognosis. Moreover, variation of gut microbiome has been associated with thyroid cancer and benign nodules. Here we will characterize the microbioma in benign thyroid nodules, and papillary thyroid cancer to evaluate their implications in the pathophysiology and progression.

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Rheumatic Disease Autoantibodies in Patients with Autoimmune Thyroid Diseases

Medical Principles and Practice ◽

10.1159/000490569 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 27 (4) ◽

pp. 332-336 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Renato Nisihara ◽

Yasmine Gorczevski Pigosso ◽

Nathalia Prado ◽

Shirley R.R. Utiyama ◽

Gisah A. De Carvalho ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Rheumatic Diseases ◽

Positive Association ◽

Latex Agglutination ◽

Thyroid Diseases ◽

Nuclear Antigen ◽

Rheumatic Disorder ◽

Older Individuals ◽

Autoimmune Thyroid Diseases ◽

Autoimmune Thyroid ◽

Organ Specific

Background: Patients with autoimmune thyroid diseases (ATD) such as Graves’ disease (GD) and Hashimoto thyroiditis (HT) may have non-organ specific autoantibodies such as antinuclear antibodies (ANA) and rheumatoid factor (RF). Aim: To study the prevalence of rheumatic autoantibodies in a group of ATD patients without known rheumatic diseases and to evaluate its association with the patients’ epidemiological and treatment profiles. To follow positive non-organ specific autoantibody-positive ATD individuals to investigate whether they will develop a rheumatic disorder. Methods: A sample of 154 ATD patients (70 HT and 84 GD; mean age 45.3 ± 14.2) had determination of ANA by immunofluorescence, using hep-2 cells as substrate, extractable nuclear antigen profile by ELISA kits and RF by latex agglutination. Epidemiological and treatment profiles were obtained through chart review. These patients were followed for the mean period of 5 years, between 2010 and 2015. Results: Positive ANA was found in 17.5% (27/154) of the patients: anti-Ro/SS-A in 4/154 (2.5%); anti-RNP in 4/154 (2.5%), and anti-La/SS-B in 3/154 (1.9%). None had anti-Sm antibodies. RF was detected in 12/154 (7.7%) of ATD patients and was more common in older individuals (p = 0.007). There was a positive association between the presence of RF and ANA (p = 0.03; OR 3.89; 95% CI 1.1–13.3). None of the patients with positive autoantibodies developed clinical rheumatic diseases during the period of observation. Conclusion: We found rheumatic autoantibodies in 17.5% of ATD patients without rheumatic diseases. None of them were associated with the appearance of clinical rheumatic disorder during the period of 5 years.

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The value of central regulators of the immune response in the development of autoimmune thyroid diseases

Problems of Endocrinology ◽

10.14341/probl10304 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 65 (6) ◽

pp. 458-465

Author(s):

Ekaterina A. Troshina ◽

Evgeniya S. Senyushkina

Keyword(s):

Immune Response ◽

Autoimmune Thyroiditis ◽

Inflammatory Responses ◽

Thyroid Diseases ◽

Graves Disease ◽

Autoimmune Thyroid Diseases ◽

Autoimmune Thyroid ◽

Number Of Factors ◽

Complex Process ◽

Wide Range

The specific relationship between the endocrine and immune systems is represented by a numerous number of factors and mechanisms that form the structure and ensure the function of each of the two systems. For example, immunocompetent cells can produce immunologically active substances, as well as some hormones. On the other hand, immune cells are available to the effects of endogenous hormones. Currently, the so-called cross-regulation of endocrine and immune mechanisms in an equilibrium of pro-and anti-inflammatory responses has not been sufficiently studied. Among other autoimmune lesions, autoimmune thyreopathy occupies a significant place. The development of an autoimmune lesion of the thyroid gland is a complex process, which is the result of the interaction of infiltrating lymphocyte and thyrocyte tissue that can express a wide range of molecules involved in the immune response. Immunological and immunogenetic factors play a major role in the pathogenesis of autoimmune thyroid diseases, such as autoimmune thyroiditis and Graves disease. Despite the fact that more than 100 years have passed since the first description of autoimmune thyroiditis and Graves disease has been known for many centuries, the mechanisms of these pathologies are still not fully understood.

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Screening of organ-specific autoantibodies in a large cohort of patients with autoimmune thyroid diseases

Thyroid ◽

10.1089/thy.2021.0170 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Tania Pilli ◽

Gilda Dalmazio ◽

Brunetta Porcelli ◽

Silvia Cantara ◽

Antonella Tabucchi ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Thyroid Diseases ◽

Large Cohort ◽

Autoimmune Thyroid Diseases ◽

Autoimmune Thyroid ◽

Organ Specific

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Lower Serum Dipeptidyl peptidase-Ⅳ Level is Associated With 3 Types of Autoimmune Thyroid Diseases

10.21203/rs.3.rs-664251/v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Yuanyuan zhang ◽

Ying Fu ◽

Yuxian Yang ◽

Jing Song ◽

Dong Zhao

Keyword(s):

Dipeptidyl Peptidase ◽

Thyroid Diseases ◽

Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽

Graves Disease ◽

Autoimmune Thyroid Diseases ◽

Autoimmune Thyroid ◽

Graves Ophthalmopathy ◽

Organ Specific ◽

Antithyroid Peroxidase Antibody ◽

First Time

Abstract Backgroud: Autoimmune thyroid diseases (AITD) are the most common organ specific autoimmune disorders. The reduction of serum dipeptidyl peptidase-IV (sDPPIV) levels have been reported in patients with autoimmune diseases. Few studies have analyzed the association between sDPPIV levels and AITD, especially in Graves’ disease (GD), Graves’ ophthalmopathy (GO) patients. So the aim of this study was to evaluate the association between sDPP-IV levels and 3 types of AITD, that is Graves’ disease (GD), Graves’ ophthalmopathy (GO), Hashimoto’s thyroiditis (HT). Methods 65 newly diagnosed GD ,22 GO, 27 HT patients and 30 healthy individuals were recruited for this study. Clinical characteristics and thyroid function data were collected for all participants. sDPP-IV was measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Results Compared with the controls, GD patients and GO patients had significantly lower sDPP-IV levels(662.2 ± 38.81 and 438.4 ± 31.78 vs.786.3 ± 46.95, P = 0.01 or P < 0.001). It was also found that in GO individuals, sDPP-IV was lower than in GD subjects(P = 0.002). The lower the sDPP-IV level is, the higher the risk for developing GD or GD will be. In addition, sDPP-IV levels have negative association with the antithyroid peroxidase antibody(TGab)(r =-0.20, p = 0.02) and antithyroglobulin antibody(TPOab)(r =-0.19, p = 0.03). But there was no significant relationship between thyroid hormone and sDPP-IV levels.GO parients were groups by proptosis with and without muscle thicken,the sDPP-IV levels in proptosis with muscle thicken were lower than proptosis without muscle thicken(P < 0.05).Logistic regression analysis showed that sDPP4 were negatively correlated with GO and GD. Conclusions Take together, the present study showed for the first time that sDPP-IV concentrations are aberrant in GD and GO patients and that the reduced sDPP-IV expression may be involved in the progression of GO and GD diseases.

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Circulating Exosome Involves in the Pathogenesis of Autoimmune Thyroid Diseases Through Immunomodulatory Proteins

Frontiers in Immunology ◽

10.3389/fimmu.2021.730089 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 12 ◽

Author(s):

Xi Jia ◽

Tianyu Zhai ◽

Jin-an Zhang

Keyword(s):

Information Exchange ◽

Thyroid Diseases ◽

Biologically Active ◽

Autoimmune Thyroid Diseases ◽

Metabolic System ◽

Autoimmune Thyroid ◽

Data Independent Acquisition ◽

Organ Specific ◽

Immune Imbalance

Autoimmune thyroid diseases (AITDs) are chronic organ-specific autoimmune diseases, mainly including Graves’ disease (GD) and Hashimoto’s thyroiditis (HT). Exosomes, as extracellular vesicles, contain a variety of biologically active substances that play a role in information exchange, thereby affecting the occurrence and progression of diseases. However, it is unclear whether exosomes are involved in the pathogenesis of AITDs. In this study, the role of exosomes in AITDs was explored from a proteomics perspective. Plasma exosomes were isolated from 12 patients with GD, 10 patients with HT, and seven normal controls (NC). Protein profiles were detected using the data-independent acquisition (DIA) method and analyzed to investigate changes in plasma exosome proteins. In the setting of GD, 11 proteins were upregulated while 197 proteins were downregulated compared with healthy people. Among them, MAP1S (log2 FC = 4.669, p = 0.009) and VAMP8 (log2 FC = 3.216, p = 0.003) were the most significantly upregulated, and RSU1 (log2 FC = −6.797, p = 0.001), ACTB (log2 FC = −4.795, p < 0.001), and CXCL7 (log2 FC = −4.674, p < 0.001) were the most significantly downregulated. In the cases of HT, HGFL (log2 FC = 2.766, p = 0.001), FAK1 (log2 FC = 2.213, p < 0.001), and PTN12 (log2 FC = 1.624, p < 0.001) were significantly upregulated, while PSMF1 (log2 FC = −3.591, p < 0.001), PXL2B (log2 FC = −2.622, p = 0.001), and CYTM (log2 FC = −1.609, p < 0.001) were the most downregulated. These differential proteins were mainly enriched in the immune system and metabolic system, indicating that plasma exosomes may play an important role in systemic immune imbalance in AITDs.

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