scholarly journals The Human Microbiota in Endocrinology: Implications for Pathophysiology, Treatment, and Prognosis in Thyroid Diseases

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Giovanni Docimo ◽  
Angelo Cangiano ◽  
Roberto Maria Romano ◽  
Marcello Filograna Pignatelli ◽  
Chiara Offi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Thyroid Cancer ◽  
Bacterial Infections ◽  
Association Studies ◽  
Thyroid Diseases ◽  
Autoimmune Thyroid Diseases ◽  
Autoimmune Thyroid ◽  
Human Microbiota ◽  
Organ Specific ◽  
Benign Nodules ◽  
The Impact

The human microbiota is an integral component in the maintenance of health and of the immune system. Microbiome-wide association studies have found numerous diseases associated to dysbiosis. Studies are needed to move beyond correlations and begin to address causation. Autoimmune thyroid diseases (ATD) are one of the most common organ-specific autoimmune disorders with an increasing prevalence, higher than 5% worldwide. Most frequent manifestations of ATD are Hashimoto’s thyroiditis and Graves’ disease. The exact etiology of ATD remains unknown. Until now it is not clear whether bacterial infections can trigger ATD or modulate the efficacy of treatment and prognosis. The aim of our review is to characterize the microbiota and in ATD and to evaluate the impact of dysbiosis on treatment and prognosis. Moreover, variation of gut microbiome has been associated with thyroid cancer and benign nodules. Here we will characterize the microbioma in benign thyroid nodules, and papillary thyroid cancer to evaluate their implications in the pathophysiology and progression.

scholarly journals Safety of Aesthetic Medicine Procedures in Patients with Autoimmune Thyroid Disease: A Literature Review

Medicina ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 58 (1) ◽  
pp. 30
Author(s):  
Kamil Adamczyk ◽  
Ewa Rusyan ◽  
Edward Franek
Keyword(s):  
Platelet Rich Plasma ◽  
Fat Grafting ◽  
Thyroid Diseases ◽  
Autoimmune Thyroid Diseases ◽  
Aesthetic Medicine ◽  
Autoimmune Thyroid ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Organ Specific ◽  
Safety Studies ◽  
Potential Possibility

Autoimmune thyroid diseases are the most common organ-specific autoimmune diseases, affecting 2–5% of the world’s population. Due to the autoimmune background of thyroid diseases, we analyzed a wide range of cosmetic procedures, from minimally invasive cosmetic injections (mesotherapy) to highly invasive procedures, such as lifting threads. Out of the seven categories of treatments in aesthetic medicine analyzed by us—hyaluronic acid, botulinum toxin, autologous platelet-rich plasma, autologous fat grafting, lifting threads, IPL and laser treatment and mesotherapy—only two, mesotherapy and lifting threads, are not recommended. This is due to the lack of safety studies and the potential possibility of a higher frequency of side effects in patients with autoimmune thyroid diseases.

scholarly journals Immunological Mechanisms of Autoimmune Thyroid Diseases: A Shift in The Traditional TH1/TH2 Paradigm

2019 ◽  
Vol 73 (2) ◽  
pp. 67-77
Author(s):  
Tatjana Zaķe ◽  
Sandra Skuja ◽  
Aivars Lejnieks ◽  
Valērija Groma ◽  
Ilze Konrāde
Keyword(s):  
Thyroid Autoimmunity ◽  
Treg Cells ◽  
Thyroid Diseases ◽  
Autoimmune Response ◽  
Autoimmune Thyroid Diseases ◽  
Autoimmune Thyroid ◽  
Th17 Lymphocytes ◽  
Immunological Mechanisms ◽  
Thyroid Autoantigens ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Autoimmune thyroid diseases (AITD) mainly include Hashimoto’s thyroiditis (HT) and Graves’ disease (GD), which are characterised by the presence of circulating antibodies against various thyroid autoantigens and infiltration of the thyroid gland by autoreactive lymphocytes. Despite the significant advancement in the knowledge of AITD pathogenesis in the last decade, the specific immunological mechanisms responsible for development of the disease are not thoroughly understood. Classically, HT has long been considered as a T helper (Th)1-mediated disease, while a Th2-driven autoimmune response is dominant for GD development. However, this classification has changed due to the description of Th17 lymphocytes, which suggested participation of these cells in AITD, particularly HT pathogenesis. Moreover, a shift in the balance between Th17 and T regulatory (Treg) cells has been observed in thyroid autoimmunity. We have observed overexpression of IL-17, the prominent effector cytokine of Th17, within thyroid tissues from HT and GD patients in our studies. The present review will focus on recent data regarding the role of Treg and Th17 lymphocytes in AITD pathogenesis. In addition, the impact and proposed mechanisms of the predominant environmental factors triggering the autoimmune response to the thyroid will be discussed.

scholarly journals Vitamin D and Autoimmune Thyroid Diseases - a Review

Folia Medica ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 62 (2) ◽  
pp. 223-229
Author(s):  
Mariya Zh. Miteva ◽  
Boyan I. Nonchev ◽  
Maria M. Orbetzova ◽  
Snejana D. Stoencheva
Keyword(s):  
Vitamin D ◽  
Lupus Erythematosus ◽  
Thyroid Tissue ◽  
Vitamin D Supplementation ◽  
Thyroid Diseases ◽  
Autoimmune Thyroid Diseases ◽  
Local Synthesis ◽  
Autoimmune Thyroid ◽  
Vitamin D Receptors ◽  
The Impact

The essential biological action of vitamin D is regulation of calcium and phosphorus metabolism and preserving bone health. In recent years there have been reports about the extraskeletal actions of vitamin D and its role in the regulation of immune system. Vitamin D supplementation appears to reduce the incidence of cardiovascular diseases, cancer, and infections and be able to reduce all-cause mortality. Deficiency of vitamin D has been found to correlate with the increased incidence of autoimmune diseases, including type 1 diabetes mellitus, rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, multiple sclerosis. Autoimmune thyroid diseases (AITD), including Graves’ disease, Hashimoto’s thyroiditis are relatively common autoimmune disorders affecting more than 5% of general population. It has been shown that vitamin D receptors (VDR) and 1-alpha hydroxylase are expressed in papillary thyroid cancer and normal thyroid tissue, suggesting local synthesis of 1,25(OH)2D in the thyroid. While VDR gene polymorphism has been found in much research to be associated with AITDs, very few studies have examined the impact of vitamin D deficiency on the incidence of AITDs in humans with conflicting results. This review focuses on the association between vitamin D and autoimmune thyroid diseases and summarizes the results of vitamin D supplementation studies in patients with AITD.

scholarly journals Thyroid-Gut-Axis: How Does the Microbiota Influence Thyroid Function?

Nutrients ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (6) ◽  
pp. 1769 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jovana Knezevic ◽  
Christina Starchl ◽  
Adelina Tmava Berisha ◽  
Karin Amrein
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Thyroid Function ◽  
Thyroid Stimulating Hormone ◽  
Thyroid Diseases ◽  
Bacterial Strains ◽  
Autoimmune Thyroid Diseases ◽  
Autoimmune Thyroid ◽  
Beneficial Effects ◽  
The Impact

A healthy gut microbiota not only has beneficial effects on the activity of the immune system, but also on thyroid function. Thyroid and intestinal diseases prevalently coexist—Hashimoto’s thyroiditis (HT) and Graves’ disease (GD) are the most common autoimmune thyroid diseases (AITD) and often co-occur with Celiac Disease (CD) and Non-celiac wheat sensitivity (NCWS). This can be explained by the damaged intestinal barrier and the following increase of intestinal permeability, allowing antigens to pass more easily and activate the immune system or cross-react with extraintestinal tissues, respectively. Dysbiosis has not only been found in AITDs, but has also been reported in thyroid carcinoma, in which an increased number of carcinogenic and inflammatory bacterial strains were observed. Additionally, the composition of the gut microbiota has an influence on the availability of essential micronutrients for the thyroid gland. Iodine, iron, and copper are crucial for thyroid hormone synthesis, selenium and zinc are needed for converting T4 to T3, and vitamin D assists in regulating the immune response. Those micronutrients are often found to be deficient in AITDs, resulting in malfunctioning of the thyroid. Bariatric surgery can lead to an inadequate absorption of these nutrients and further implicates changes in thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) and T3 levels. Supplementation of probiotics showed beneficial effects on thyroid hormones and thyroid function in general. A literature research was performed to examine the interplay between gut microbiota and thyroid disorders that should be considered when treating patients suffering from thyroid diseases. Multifactorial therapeutic and preventive management strategies could be established and more specifically adjusted to patients, depending on their gut bacteria composition. Future well-powered human studies are warranted to evaluate the impact of alterations in gut microbiota on thyroid function and diseases.

scholarly journals Autoimmune Thyroid Diseases and Thyroid Cancer in Pemphigus: A Big Data Analysis

2018 ◽  
Vol 5 ◽  
Author(s):  
Khalaf Kridin ◽  
Mogher Khamaisi ◽  
Doron Comaneshter ◽  
Erez Batat ◽  
Arnon D. Cohen
Keyword(s):  
Big Data ◽  
Thyroid Cancer ◽  
Data Analysis ◽  
Big Data Analysis ◽  
Thyroid Diseases ◽  
Autoimmune Thyroid Diseases ◽  
Autoimmune Thyroid

scholarly journals Rheumatic Disease Autoantibodies in Patients with Autoimmune Thyroid Diseases

2018 ◽  
Vol 27 (4) ◽  
pp. 332-336 ◽  
Author(s):  
Renato Nisihara ◽  
Yasmine Gorczevski Pigosso ◽  
Nathalia Prado ◽  
Shirley R.R. Utiyama ◽  
Gisah A. De Carvalho ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rheumatic Diseases ◽  
Positive Association ◽  
Latex Agglutination ◽  
Thyroid Diseases ◽  
Nuclear Antigen ◽  
Rheumatic Disorder ◽  
Older Individuals ◽  
Autoimmune Thyroid Diseases ◽  
Autoimmune Thyroid ◽  
Organ Specific

Background: Patients with autoimmune thyroid diseases (ATD) such as Graves’ disease (GD) and Hashimoto thyroiditis (HT) may have non-organ specific autoantibodies such as antinuclear antibodies (ANA) and rheumatoid factor (RF). Aim: To study the prevalence of rheumatic autoantibodies in a group of ATD patients without known rheumatic diseases and to evaluate its association with the patients’ epidemiological and treatment profiles. To follow positive non-organ specific autoantibody-positive ATD individuals to investigate whether they will develop a rheumatic disorder. Methods: A sample of 154 ATD patients (70 HT and 84 GD; mean age 45.3 ± 14.2) had determination of ANA by immunofluorescence, using hep-2 cells as substrate, extractable nuclear antigen profile by ELISA kits and RF by latex agglutination. Epidemiological and treatment profiles were obtained through chart review. These patients were followed for the mean period of 5 years, between 2010 and 2015. Results: Positive ANA was found in 17.5% (27/154) of the patients: anti-Ro/SS-A in 4/154 (2.5%); anti-RNP in 4/154 (2.5%), and anti-La/SS-B in 3/154 (1.9%). None had anti-Sm antibodies. RF was detected in 12/154 (7.7%) of ATD patients and was more common in older individuals (p = 0.007). There was a positive association between the presence of RF and ANA (p = 0.03; OR 3.89; 95% CI 1.1–13.3). None of the patients with positive autoantibodies developed clinical rheumatic diseases during the period of observation. Conclusion: We found rheumatic autoantibodies in 17.5% of ATD patients without rheumatic diseases. None of them were associated with the appearance of clinical rheumatic disorder during the period of 5 years.

Screening of organ-specific autoantibodies in a large cohort of patients with autoimmune thyroid diseases

Thyroid ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tania Pilli ◽  
Gilda Dalmazio ◽  
Brunetta Porcelli ◽  
Silvia Cantara ◽  
Antonella Tabucchi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Thyroid Diseases ◽  
Large Cohort ◽  
Autoimmune Thyroid Diseases ◽  
Autoimmune Thyroid ◽  
Organ Specific

scholarly journals Lower Serum Dipeptidyl peptidase-Ⅳ Level is Associated With 3 Types of Autoimmune Thyroid Diseases

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuanyuan zhang ◽  
Ying Fu ◽  
Yuxian Yang ◽  
Jing Song ◽  
Dong Zhao
Keyword(s):  
Dipeptidyl Peptidase ◽  
Thyroid Diseases ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Graves Disease ◽  
Autoimmune Thyroid Diseases ◽  
Autoimmune Thyroid ◽  
Graves Ophthalmopathy ◽  
Organ Specific ◽  
Antithyroid Peroxidase Antibody ◽  
First Time

Abstract Backgroud: Autoimmune thyroid diseases (AITD) are the most common organ specific autoimmune disorders. The reduction of serum dipeptidyl peptidase-IV (sDPPIV) levels have been reported in patients with autoimmune diseases. Few studies have analyzed the association between sDPPIV levels and AITD, especially in Graves’ disease (GD), Graves’ ophthalmopathy (GO) patients. So the aim of this study was to evaluate the association between sDPP-IV levels and 3 types of AITD, that is Graves’ disease (GD), Graves’ ophthalmopathy (GO), Hashimoto’s thyroiditis (HT). Methods 65 newly diagnosed GD ,22 GO, 27 HT patients and 30 healthy individuals were recruited for this study. Clinical characteristics and thyroid function data were collected for all participants. sDPP-IV was measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Results Compared with the controls, GD patients and GO patients had significantly lower sDPP-IV levels(662.2 ± 38.81 and 438.4 ± 31.78 vs.786.3 ± 46.95, P = 0.01 or P < 0.001). It was also found that in GO individuals, sDPP-IV was lower than in GD subjects(P = 0.002). The lower the sDPP-IV level is, the higher the risk for developing GD or GD will be. In addition, sDPP-IV levels have negative association with the antithyroid peroxidase antibody(TGab)(r =-0.20, p = 0.02) and antithyroglobulin antibody(TPOab)(r =-0.19, p = 0.03). But there was no significant relationship between thyroid hormone and sDPP-IV levels.GO parients were groups by proptosis with and without muscle thicken,the sDPP-IV levels in proptosis with muscle thicken were lower than proptosis without muscle thicken(P < 0.05).Logistic regression analysis showed that sDPP4 were negatively correlated with GO and GD. Conclusions Take together, the present study showed for the first time that sDPP-IV concentrations are aberrant in GD and GO patients and that the reduced sDPP-IV expression may be involved in the progression of GO and GD diseases.

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