Experimental Measurement of Vacuum Evaporation of Aluminum in Ti-Al, V-Al, Ti6Al4V Alloys by Electron Beam

Titanium alloys have been widely used in aerospace engineering due to their excellent mechanical properties, especially their strength-to-weight ratio. In addition, Ti6Al4V (TC4) alloy is the most widely used among α+β alloys. The main three elements of TC4 alloy are titanium (Ti), aluminum (Al) and vanadium (V). Since the boiling point of aluminum is much lower than the melting point of the other two elements, the consistency of TC4 alloy during smelting, additive manufacturing and surface treatment is difficult to control. Therefore, in order to study the difficult problem of composition control in TC4 alloy production, we measured the vacuum evaporation of Al, Ti and V in Ti-Al, V-Al and TC4 alloys, and tracked the changes of molten pool temperature, heating time and weight. According to the results, the Al started to evaporate near 1300 ± 10 °C in vacuum and totally evaporated after 225 s heating to 1484 °C at 10−2 Pa. However, V and Ti barely evaporated below 2000 °C. The Al in Ti-Al alloy started to evaporate at 1753 ± 10 °C and lost 20.6 wt.% aluminum during 500 s at 1750~1957 °C. The Al in V-Al alloy started to evaporate at 1913 ± 10 °C and lost 26.4 wt.% aluminum during 543s at 1893~2050 °C. The Al in TC4 alloy started to evaporate at 1879 ± 10 °C and lost 79.6 wt. % aluminum after 113 s at 1879~1989 °C. The results indicate that smelting TC4 alloy with Ti-Al and V-Al alloys by EBM below 1900 °C improves the consistency and performance. Additionally, the lowest loss of Al occurred in the additive manufacturing of TC4 alloy below 1900 °C.

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Fabrication of flapping-wing micromechanism assembly using selective laser melting and aerodynamic performance measures

Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers Part L Journal of Materials Design and Applications ◽

10.1177/14644207211035422 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 146442072110354

Author(s):

Surendar Ganesan ◽

Balasubramanian Esakki ◽

Lung-Jieh Yang ◽

D Rajamani ◽

M Silambarsan ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Additive Manufacturing ◽

Selective Laser Melting ◽

Electrical Discharge Machining ◽

Weight Ratio ◽

High Strength ◽

Flapping Wing ◽

Manufacturing Technology ◽

Al Alloy ◽

Laser Melting ◽

Additive Manufacturing Technology

The development of a flapping wing microaerial vehicle mechanism with a high strength-to-weight ratio to withstand high flapping frequency is of significant interest in aerospace applications. The traditional manufacturing methods such as injection moulding and wire-cut electrical discharge machining suffer from high cost, labour intensiveness, and time-to-market. However, the present disruptive additive manufacturing technology is considered a viable replacement for manufacturing micromechanism components. Significantly to withstand high cyclic loads, metal-based high strength-to-weight ratio flapping wing microaerial vehicle components are the need of the hour. Hence, the present work focused on the fabrication of flapping wing microaerial vehicle micromechanism components using selective laser melting with AlSi10Mg alloy. The manufactured micromechanism components attained 99% of dimensional accuracy, and the total weight of the Evans mechanism assembly is 4 g. The scanning electron microscopy analysis revealed the laser melting surface characteristics of the Al alloy. The assembled mechanism is tested in static and dynamic environments to ensure structural rigidity. Aerodynamic forces are measured using a wind tunnel setup, and 7.5 lift and 1.2 N thrust forces are experienced that will be sufficient enough to carry a payload of 1 g camera on-board for surveillance missions. The study suggested that the metal additive manufacturing technology is a prominent solution to realize the micromechanism components effortlessly compared to conventional subtractive manufacturing.

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Bioadhesive from Distiller's Dried Grains with Solubles

Advanced Materials Research ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.87-88.357 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 87-88 ◽

pp. 357-361

Author(s):

C.Q. Fang ◽

R. Auras ◽

S.E. Selke

Keyword(s):

Heating Temperature ◽

Heating Time ◽

Preparation Process ◽

Experimental Conditions ◽

Naoh Solution ◽

And Performance ◽

Temperature Heating ◽

Feedstock Material

Distiller's Dried Grains with Solubles (DDGS) is used to replace starch as a major feedstock material to produce bio-adhesive. The experimental conditions and the preparation process of the DDGS bioadhesive are outlined. The production and performance of DDGS adhesives were directly influenced by the heating temperature, heating time and concentration of hydroxide (NaOH) solution. When the heating temperature was 90 °C, the heating time was 10 min, and the concentration of NaOH solution was 30g/L, the yield of the DDGS adhesive was 61.6% wt/dry wt. The DDGS adhesive was less sensitivity to humidity than commercial starch adhesive.

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Optimization of Glycosylating Condition for Soy Protein Isolates and Maltodextrin by Maillard Reaction

Advanced Materials Research ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.554-556.1262 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 554-556 ◽

pp. 1262-1267

Author(s):

Chao Ran Dou ◽

Guo Ping Yu ◽

Lian Zhou Jiang ◽

Yan Song ◽

Sheng Ming An

Keyword(s):

Protein Content ◽

Soy Protein ◽

Weight Ratio ◽

Heating Time ◽

Degree Of Substitution ◽

Protein Isolates ◽

Soy Protein Isolates ◽

Effects Of Temperature ◽

The Relationship ◽

Temperature Heating

The glycation of soy protein isolates and maltodextrin by Maillard wet-heating were evaluated. Glycosylating condition was optimized by the single factor test. The effects of temperature, heating time, protein content, weight ratio of maltodextrin to protein and dextrose equivalents (DE) of maltodextrins (Mds) on the degree of substitution (DS) and browning were investigated. The most optimum conditions are as follows: temperature 90°C, heating time 3h, the protein content 10mg/mL, the weight ratio 2, DE of maltodextrins 9~12. The degree of substitution and browning reaches 14.9% and 0.27 respectively. The aim of this work was to investigate the relationship between the conditions and the degree on the glycation of SPI and Mds.

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Low-pressure cold metal spray coatings for repair and protection of marine components

10.24868/issn.2515-818x.2018.043 ◽

2018 ◽

Author(s):

M Pal

Keyword(s):

Marine Environment ◽

Alloy Coating ◽

Al Alloy ◽

Metallic Coatings ◽

Material State ◽

Paint Coatings ◽

And Performance ◽

Cuzn Alloy ◽

Cold Metal ◽

Metal Spray

The marine environment is hostile to most engineering materials, a combination of in-service wear and exposure to marine environment leads to an accelerated material degradation. Insufficient or poor protection of the substrates further assists the accelerated material degradation in marine environment. There is a direct relationship between the material-state of a ship and its operational capability, readiness, and service life. The current state-of-the-art practice is to use paint-based coatings to maintain the material-state of ships. However, the protection offered by paint coatings is usually brief due to inherent permeability and low damage tolerance of these coatings. For this reason, the paint coatings require renewal at regular intervals, typically less than 5-years, to maintain a minimum level of protection from the marine environment. The need for regular painting of ships results in a significant negative impact on the through-life availability, operational capability/readiness, and the cost of maintenance/operation of naval ships. Therefore, the fleet owners and operators should look beyond the conventional paint-based coatings to achieve significant breakthrough improvements in maintaining and enhancing the material-state of naval ships. Metallic coatings, if selected and applied appropriately, will outperform the paint coatings in the marine environment. Historically, the cost and performance of metallic coatings, mainly thermal metal spray (TMS) coatings, prevented their widespread use in the marine industry. The TMS coatings also have their own inherent application and performance related limitations that are widely reported in the literature. However, the cold metal spray (CMS) coating process can overcome the application and performance related limitations that are typically associated with the TMS coatings, therefore creating an opportunity for widespread use of metallic coatings in shipbuilding and fleet upkeep/maintenance. In this paper, the ability of low-pressure (LP-CMS) coatings to repair and reclaim damaged marine components, and application of functional coatings to improve in-service damage tolerance of the damaged/new components is investigated. The results of the investigation show that two LP-CMS coatings, Al-alloy and CuZn-alloy, can be used to repair and preserve both new and damaged components. The accelerated salt-spray and natural immersion corrosion testing of the LP-CMS coatings showed that each coating will be better suited to a particular operational environment, i.e. CuZn-alloy coating performed well in both immersion and atmospheric corrosion environments, whereas Al-alloy coating performed well only in atmospheric corrosion environment.

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Rancang Bangun Alat Olahan Minyak Kelapa

Jurnal Riset Teknologi Industri ◽

10.26578/jrti.v10i1.1755 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 10 (1) ◽

pp. 70-77

Author(s):

Jantri Sirait ◽

Sulharman Sulharman

Keyword(s):

Electric Motor ◽

Performance Test ◽

Production Capacity ◽

Coconut Oil ◽

Heating Time ◽

Design Tool ◽

Coconut Milk ◽

Heating Process ◽

And Performance ◽

Time Required

Has done design tool is a tool of refined coconut oil coconut grater, squeezer coconut milk and coconut oil heating, with the aim to streamline the time of making coconut oil and coconut oil increase production capacity. The research method consists of several stages, among others; image creation tool, procurement of materials research, cutting the material - the material framework of tools and performance test tools. The parameters observed during the performance test tools is time grated coconut, coconut milk bleeder capacity, the capacity of the boiler and the heating time of coconut oil. The design tool consists of three parts, namely a tool shaved coconut, coconut milk wringer and coconut milk heating devices. Materials used for the framework of such tools include iron UNP 6 meters long, 7.5 cm wide, 4 mm thick, while the motor uses an electric motor 0.25 HP 1430 rpm and to dampen the rotation electric motor rotation used gearbox with a ratio of round 1 : 60. the results of the design ie the time required for coconut menyerut average of 297 seconds, coconut milk wringer capacity of 5 kg of processes and using gauze pads to filter coconut pulp, as well as the heating process takes ± 2 hours with a capacity of 80 kg , The benefits of coconut oil refined tools are stripping time or split brief coconut average - average 7 seconds and coconut shell can be used as craft materials, processes extortion coconut milk quickly so the production capacity increased and the stirring process coconut oil mechanically.ABSTRAKTelah dilakukan rancang bangun alat olahan minyak kelapa yaitu alat pemarut kelapa, pemeras santan kelapa dan pemanas minyak kelapa, dengan tujuan untuk mengefisiensikan waktu pembuatan minyak kelapa serta meningkatkan kapasitas produksi minyak kelapa. Metode penelitian terdiri dari beberapa tahapan antara lain; pembuatan gambar alat, pengadaan bahan-bahan penelitian, pemotongan bahan - bahan rangka alat dan uji unjuk kerja alat. Parameter yang diamati pada saat uji unjuk kerja alat adalah waktu parut kelapa, kapasitas pemeras santan kelapa, kapasitas tungku pemanas serta waktu pemanasan minyak kelapa. Rancangan alat terdiri dari tiga bagian yaitu alat penyerut kelapa, alat pemeras santan kelapa dan alat pemanas santan kelapa. Bahan yang dipergunakan untuk rangka alat tersebut yaitu besi UNP panjang 6 meter, lebar 7,5 cm, tebal 4 mm, sedangkan untuk motor penggerak menggunakan motor listrik 0,25 HP 1430 rpm dan untuk meredam putaran putaran motor listrik dipergunakan gearbox dengan perbandingan putaran 1 : 60. Hasil dari rancangan tersebut yaitu waktu yang dibutuhkan untuk menyerut kelapa rata-rata 297 detik, kapasitas alat pemeras santan kelapa 5 kg sekali proses dan menggunakan kain kassa untuk menyaring ampas kelapa, serta Proses pemanasan membutuhkan waktu ± 2 jam dengan kapasitas 80 kg. Adapun keunggulan alat olahan minyak kelapa ini adalah waktu pengupasan atau belah kelapa singkat rata – rata 7 detik dan tempurung kelapa dapat digunakan sebagai bahan kerajinan, proses pemerasan santan kelapa cepat sehingga kapasitas produksi meningkat dan proses pengadukan minyak kelapa secara mekanis. Kata kunci : penyerut, pemeras, pemanas,minyak kelapa,olahan minyak kelapa.

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Numerical Simulation and Process Optimization of Automotive Friction Materials in Warm Pressing Forming

Advanced Materials Research ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.788.57 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 788 ◽

pp. 57-60

Author(s):

Chun Cao ◽

Chun Dong Zhu ◽

Chen Fu

Keyword(s):

Process Optimization ◽

Heating Temperature ◽

Maximum Energy ◽

Heating Time ◽

Product Performance ◽

Forming Process ◽

Friction Materials ◽

Forming Technology ◽

The Relationship ◽

Temperature Heating

Warm pressing forming technology has been gradually applied to the forming of automotive friction materials. How to ensure product performance to achieve the target at the same time achieve the maximum energy saving is the research focus of this study. In this paper, by using finite element method, the field of automotive friction materials in warm pressing forming was analyzed, reveals the relationship between the temperature field and the heating temperature/heating time. Furthermore, the energy consumption was analyzed and compared it with hot pressing forming process. The results will have significant guiding to the process optimization in warm pressing forming.

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Modelling of Microstructure Evolution during Laser Processing of Intermetallic Containing Ni-Al Alloys

Metals ◽

10.3390/met11071051 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (7) ◽

pp. 1051

Author(s):

Mohammad Amin Jabbareh ◽

Hamid Assadi

Keyword(s):

Additive Manufacturing ◽

Rapid Solidification ◽

Microstructure Evolution ◽

Phase Field ◽

Laser Processing ◽

Field Model ◽

Phase Field Model ◽

Intermetallic Phases ◽

Al Alloy ◽

Kinetic Effects

There is a growing interest in laser melting processes, e.g., for metal additive manufacturing. Modelling and numerical simulation can help to understand and control microstructure evolution in these processes. However, standard methods of microstructure simulation are generally not suited to model the kinetic effects associated with rapid solidification in laser processing, especially for material systems that contain intermetallic phases. In this paper, we present and employ a tailored phase-field model to demonstrate unique features of microstructure evolution in such systems. Initially, the problem of anomalous partitioning during rapid solidification of intermetallics is revisited using the tailored phase-field model, and the model predictions are assessed against the existing experimental data for the B2 phase in the Ni-Al binary system. The model is subsequently combined with a Potts model of grain growth to simulate laser processing of polycrystalline alloys containing intermetallic phases. Examples of simulations are presented for laser processing of a nickel-rich Ni-Al alloy, to demonstrate the application of the method in studying the effect of processing conditions on various microstructural features, such as distribution of intermetallic phases in the melt pool and the heat-affected zone. The computational framework used in this study is envisaged to provide additional insight into the evolution of microstructure in laser processing of industrially relevant materials, e.g., in laser welding or additive manufacturing of Ni-based superalloys.

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SURFACE ROUGHNESS CONSIDERATIONS IN DESIGN FOR ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING - A LITERATURE REVIEW

Proceedings of the Design Society ◽

10.1017/pds.2021.545 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 1 ◽

pp. 2841-2850

Author(s):

Didunoluwa Obilanade ◽

Christo Dordlofva ◽

Peter Törlind

Keyword(s):

Surface Roughness ◽

Additive Manufacturing ◽

Literature Review ◽

Future Research ◽

Reduction Potentials ◽

Research Fields ◽

Post Process ◽

Accessibility Issues ◽

End Use ◽

And Performance

AbstractOne often-cited benefit of using metal additive manufacturing (AM) is the possibility to design and produce complex geometries that suit the required function and performance of end-use parts. In this context, laser powder bed fusion (LPBF) is one suitable AM process. Due to accessibility issues and cost-reduction potentials, such ‘complex’ LPBF parts should utilise net-shape manufacturing with minimal use of post-process machining. The inherent surface roughness of LPBF could, however, impede part performance, especially from a structural perspective and in particular regarding fatigue. Engineers must therefore understand the influence of surface roughness on part performance and how to consider it during design. This paper presents a systematic literature review of research related to LPBF surface roughness. In general, research focuses on the relationship between surface roughness and LPBF build parameters, material properties, or post-processing. Research on design support on how to consider surface roughness during design for AM is however scarce. Future research on such supports is therefore important given the effects of surface roughness highlighted in other research fields.

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