scholarly journals Mechanical and Physical Properties of Differently Alloyed Sintered Steels as a Function of the Sintering Temperature

Metals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 13
Author(s):  
Milad Hojati ◽  
Herbert Danninger ◽  
Christian Gierl-Mayer
Keyword(s):  
Physical Properties ◽  
Iron Powder ◽  
Charpy Impact ◽  
Dimensional Change ◽  
Alloy Element ◽  
Oxygen Removal ◽  
Inert Atmosphere ◽  
The Other ◽  
Chromium Alloy ◽  
Heating Stage

In this paper, the effect of processes occurring during the sintering of four powder metallurgy steel grades on the resulting properties were investigated. This included three grades prepared from plain iron powder with admixed graphite, one grade alloyed also with elemental copper and another with Fe-Mn-Si masteralloy. One further grade was prepared from Cr-Mo pre-alloyed powder with admixed graphite. The effect of the sintering processes was examined in the temperature range of 700–1300 °C in an inert atmosphere (Ar). In order to study oxygen removal, DTA/TG runs linked with mass spectrometry (MS) as well as C/O elemental analysis were performed. Charpy impact tests and fractography studies were performed to study the effect of the temperature on the formation and growth of sintering contacts. Characterization also included metallography, dimensional change, sintered density, and hardness measurements to describe the dissolution of carbon and alloying elements during the process. Physical properties that were measured were electrical conductivity and coercive force. The results showed that, in all steels, the reduction of oxides that occur during the heating stage plays a key role in the formation and growth of the sintering contacts as well as in the completion of alloying processes. In the chromium alloy steel, the presence of the stable chromium oxides delays these processes up to higher temperatures, while in the other steels that are based on plain iron powder, these processes take place earlier in the heating stage, at lower temperatures. Compared to the standard Fe-C and Fe-Cu-C grades, the Cr-Mo steel requires more sophisticated sintering to ensure oxygen removal, but on the other hand it offers the best properties. The masteralloy variant, finally, can be regarded as a highly attractive compromise between manufacturing requirements, alloy element content, and product properties.

HAYNES STELLITE ALLOY No. 98M2

Alloy Digest ◽  
1960 ◽  
Vol 9 (7) ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Fracture Toughness ◽  
Compressive Strength ◽  
Physical Properties ◽  
Room Temperature ◽  
Base Alloy ◽  
Heat Treating ◽  
The Other ◽  
Stellite Alloy ◽  
Cobalt Base Alloy ◽  
Cobalt Base

Abstract HAYNES STELLITE 98M2 Alloy is a cobalt-base alloy having higher compressive strength and higher hardness than all the other cobalt-base alloys at room temperature and in the red heat range. This datasheet provides information on composition, physical properties, hardness, elasticity, tensile properties, and compressive strength as well as fracture toughness. It also includes information on heat treating, machining, and joining. Filing Code: Co-22. Producer or source: Haynes Stellite Company.

RA 600

Alloy Digest ◽  
1967 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Corrosion Resistance ◽  
Physical Properties ◽  
Surface Treatment ◽  
Tensile Properties ◽  
Oxidation Resistance ◽  
Heat Treating ◽  
Chromium Alloy ◽  
Good Resistance ◽  
Good Oxidation Resistance ◽  
Nickel Base

Abstract RA-600 is a nickel-base chromium alloy having good oxidation resistance to 2150 F, and good resistance to carburizing and nitriding atmospheres. It is recommended for furnace construction and equipment. This datasheet provides information on composition, physical properties, hardness, elasticity, and tensile properties as well as creep. It also includes information on corrosion resistance as well as forming, heat treating, machining, joining, and surface treatment. Filing Code: Ni-120. Producer or source: Rolled Alloys Inc..

COPPER ALLOY No. 815

Alloy Digest ◽  
1977 ◽  
Vol 26 (5) ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Conductivity ◽  
Electrical Conductivity ◽  
Corrosion Resistance ◽  
Physical Properties ◽  
Copper Alloy ◽  
Heat Treating ◽  
Chromium Alloy ◽  
High Electrical Conductivity ◽  
Medium Hardness ◽  
Hardened Condition

Abstract Copper Alloy No. 815 is an age-hardenable cast copper-chromium alloy. It is characterized by high electrical and thermal conductivities combined with medium hardness and strength in the age-hardened condition. It is used for components requiring high electrical conductivity or high thermal conductivity. This datasheet provides information on composition, physical properties, hardness, elasticity, and tensile properties. It also includes information on corrosion resistance as well as casting, heat treating, machining, and joining. Filing Code: Cu-332. Producer or source: Copper alloy foundries.

INCONEL ALLOY 671

Alloy Digest ◽  
1972 ◽  
Vol 21 (10) ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Corrosion Resistance ◽  
High Temperature ◽  
Physical Properties ◽  
Surface Treatment ◽  
Heat Treating ◽  
High Temperature Corrosion ◽  
Chromium Alloy ◽  
Inconel Alloy ◽  
Nickel Chromium ◽  
Temperature Performance

Abstract INCONEL ALLOY 671 is a nickel-chromium alloy having excellent resistance to high-temperature corrosion. This datasheet provides information on composition, physical properties, hardness, and tensile properties as well as creep. It also includes information on high temperature performance and corrosion resistance as well as forming, heat treating, machining, joining, and surface treatment. Filing Code: Ni-180. Producer or source: Huntington Alloy Products Division, An INCO Company.

CARPENTER SIL No. 1

Alloy Digest ◽  
1963 ◽  
Vol 12 (8) ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Fracture Toughness ◽  
Corrosion Resistance ◽  
High Temperature ◽  
Physical Properties ◽  
Tensile Properties ◽  
Internal Combustion Engines ◽  
Heat Treating ◽  
Chromium Alloy ◽  
Combustion Engines ◽  
Temperature Performance

Abstract Carpenter SIL No. 1 is a hardenable silicon-chromium alloy steel that is used in applications where the operating temperatures are below 1000 F. It is widely used for intake valves and for exhaust valve stems in internal combustion engines. This datasheet provides information on composition, physical properties, hardness, elasticity, and tensile properties as well as fracture toughness. It also includes information on high temperature performance and corrosion resistance as well as forming, heat treating, and machining. Filing Code: SA-152. Producer or source: Carpenter.

SAE 50B46

Alloy Digest ◽  
1974 ◽  
Vol 23 (3) ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Physical Properties ◽  
Surface Treatment ◽  
Tensile Properties ◽  
Alloy Steel ◽  
Heat Treating ◽  
Chromium Alloy ◽  
Steel Mills

Abstract SAE 50B46 is a low-chromium alloy steel with boron added to increase its hardenability substantially. It is used a number of machinery and tool applications where its medium hardenability and strength meet the requirements. This datasheet provides information on composition, physical properties, hardness, elasticity, and tensile properties. It also includes information on forming, heat treating, machining, joining, and surface treatment. Filing Code: SA-302. Producer or source: Alloy steel mills and foundries.

3CR12 and 3CR12L

Alloy Digest ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 60 (6) ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Fracture Toughness ◽  
Corrosion Resistance ◽  
Shear Strength ◽  
Physical Properties ◽  
Tensile Properties ◽  
Heat Treating ◽  
Chromium Alloy

Abstract 3CR12 and 3CR12L and similarly composition alloys have become the world’s most specified 12% chromium alloy. This datasheet provides information on composition, physical properties, hardness, elasticity, tensile properties, and shear strength as well as fracture toughness and fatigue. It also includes information on corrosion resistance as well as forming, heat treating, machining, and joining. Filing Code: SS-1094. Producer or source: Columbus Stainless (Pty) Ltd.

UNS G50461

Alloy Digest ◽  
1985 ◽  
Vol 34 (3) ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Corrosion Resistance ◽  
Physical Properties ◽  
Surface Treatment ◽  
Tensile Properties ◽  
Alloy Steel ◽  
Heat Treating ◽  
Chromium Alloy ◽  
Good Ductility ◽  
Steel Mills ◽  
Wide Range

Abstract UNS NO. G50461 is a low-chromium alloy steel with boron added to increase its hardenability. This steel has medium hardenability and strength with good ductility. It is used in a wide range of machinery and tool applications where its properties meet the requirements. Another grade (UNS No. H50461) has similar properties but slightly wider ranges in percentages of carbon, manganese and chromium; this is known as the H-grade (Hardenability grade). This datasheet provides information on composition, physical properties, hardness, elasticity, and tensile properties. It also includes information on corrosion resistance as well as forming, heat treating, machining, joining, and surface treatment. Filing Code: SA-408. Producer or source: Alloy steel mills and foundries.

scholarly journals IX. The electric conductivity of nitric acid

1898 ◽  
Vol 191 ◽  
pp. 365-398 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Nitric Acid ◽  
Physical Properties ◽  
Nitrous Acid ◽  
Internal Resistance ◽  
The Other ◽  
Reasonable Degree ◽  
Mineral Acids ◽  
Artificial Illumination ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Deep Green

Of the commoner mineral acids the chemical changes of Nitric Acid, from their evident complexity, have formed the subject of numerous memoirs, while those of sulphuric acid, from their assumed simplicity, have been to some degree neglected; on the other hand, the physical properties of the latter have been studied with considerable elaboration, while those of the former have been passed over, doubtless on account of the corrosive nature of the acid and the difficulty of preparing and preserving it in a reasonable degree of purity. Further, with certain exceptions, the alterations in physical properties induced by the products of reduction, be they nitrogen peroxide or nitrous acid, either singly or conjointly, have attracted but little attention, though it is a common matter of observation that the current intensity of a Grove’s or other cell containing nitric acid remains constant, even though the fuming acid, originally colourless or red, has become of a deep green tint. It is more than probable that of the factors of Ohm’s law, both the E. M. F. and internal resistance are continually varying. At the earliest stages of the enquiry it was found that the passage of a few bubbles of nitric oxide gas into a considerable volume of nitric acid produced an alteration of one percent, in the resistance, and the same result could be effected to a less degree by exposure to sunlight, and to a still less degree by exposure to artificial illumination. Therefore, we determined to investigate the alterations of conductivity produced by changes of concentration and temperature in samples of acid purified with necessary precautions, more especially as former workers upon the subject have either used samples of acid confessedly impure, or have been silent as to any method of purification, or have adopted no special care in dealing with a substance so susceptible of polarisation.

scholarly journals Some Preliminary Notes on the Physical Properties of the Soils of the Ganges Valley, more especially in their relation to Soil Moisture

1906 ◽  
Vol 1 (4) ◽  
pp. 454-469 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. M. Leake
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Physical Properties ◽  
Short Duration ◽  
Irrigation Water ◽  
The Other ◽  
Indian Agriculture ◽  
Northern India ◽  
The One ◽  
The Ganges

In a stretch of arable lands like those of the Ganges Valley, although damage may be caused by occasional floods, which are sudden and of short duration, the more general, and by far the most serious loss is due to deficiency of moisture of the soil: thus the relation of the soil to soil moisture becomes of more than ordinary importance. Dr Voelcker, in his Report on Indian Agriculture, remarks: “In India the relation of soils to moisture acquires a greater significance than almost anywhere else.......” This relation is fundamental, for on it depends the methods for the conservation of soil moisture, for the economical application of irrigation water, and for the treatment of barren and salt lands—all problems of direct interest to agriculturists in the plains of Northern India. The methods for dealing with these problems must be largely—if not entirely—empirical until such time as the behaviour of the soil in its relation to moisture is investigated. The problem in all its various branches is enormous, and in a country in which the seasons follow each other with such rapidity, and vary the one from the other in so marked a manner, it frequently happens that a particular point, if not determined within a period of a few days, must await solution until the following year.

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