scholarly journals Microfabrication of Nonplanar Polymeric Microfluidics

Micromachines ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 9 (10) ◽  
pp. 491
Author(s):  
Pin-Chuan Chen ◽  
Chung-Ying Lee ◽  
Lynh Duong
Keyword(s):  
Dimensional Space ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Microlens Array ◽  
Microfluidic Chips ◽  
Pmma Substrate ◽  
In Vitro Characterization ◽  
First Case ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Solvent Bonding

For four decades, microfluidics technology has been used in exciting, state-of-the-art applications. This paper reports on a novel fabrication approach in which micromachining is used to create nonplanar, three-dimensional microfluidic chips for experiments. Several parameters of micromachining were examined to enhance the smoothness and definition of surface contours in the nonplanar poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) mold inserts. A nonplanar PMMA/PMMA chip and a nonplanar polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS)/PMMA chip were fabricated to demonstrate the efficacy of the proposed approach. In the first case, a S-shape microchannel was fabricated on the nonplanar PMMA substrate and sealed with another nonplanar PMMA via solvent bonding. In the second case, a PDMS membrane was casted from two nonplanar PMMA substrates and bonded on hemispherical PMMA substrate via solvent bonding for use as a microlens array (MLAs). These examples demonstrate the effectiveness of micromachining in the fabrication of nonplanar microfluidic chips directly on a polymeric substrate, as well as in the manufacture of nonplanar mold inserts for use in creating PDMS/PMMA microfluidic chips. This technique facilitates the creation of nonplanar microfluidic chips for applications requiring a three-dimensional space for in vitro characterization.

scholarly journals Proposing 3D Thermal Technology for Heritage Building Energy Monitoring

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (8) ◽  
pp. 1537
Author(s):  
Antonio Adán ◽  
Víctor Pérez ◽  
José-Luis Vivancos ◽  
Carolina Aparicio-Fernández ◽  
Samuel A. Prieto
Keyword(s):  
Computer Vision ◽  
Dimensional Space ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Building Energy ◽  
Energy Monitoring ◽  
3D Computer Vision ◽  
Building Monitoring ◽  
Heritage Buildings ◽  
Heritage Building ◽  
Definition Of

The energy monitoring of heritage buildings has, to date, been governed by methodologies and standards that have been defined in terms of sensors that record scalar magnitudes and that are placed in specific positions in the scene, thus recording only some of the values sampled in that space. In this paper, however, we present an alternative to the aforementioned technologies in the form of new sensors based on 3D computer vision that are able to record dense thermal information in a three-dimensional space. These thermal computer vision-based technologies (3D-TCV) entail a revision and updating of the current building energy monitoring methodologies. This paper provides a detailed definition of the most significant aspects of this new extended methodology and presents a case study showing the potential of 3D-TCV techniques and how they may complement current techniques. The results obtained lead us to believe that 3D computer vision can provide the field of building monitoring with a decisive boost, particularly in the case of heritage buildings.

scholarly journals An Implantable Sensorized Lead for Continuous Monitoring of Cardiac Apex Rotation

Sensors ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 18 (12) ◽  
pp. 4195
Author(s):  
Emanuela Marcelli ◽  
Laura Cercenelli
Keyword(s):  
Continuous Monitoring ◽  
Dimensional Space ◽  
Animal Experiments ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Pressure Sensors ◽  
Cardiac Monitoring ◽  
Cardiac Apex ◽  
Angular Velocities

Changes in the pattern or amplitude of cardiac rotation have been associated with important cardiovascular diseases, including Heart Failure (HF) which is one of the major health problems worldwide. Recent advances in echocardiographic techniques have allowed for non-invasive quantification of cardiac rotation; however, these examinations do not address the continuous monitoring of patient status. We have presented a newly developed implantable, transvenous lead with a tri-axis (3D) MEMS gyroscope incorporated near its tip to measure cardiac apex rotation in the three-dimensional space. We have named it CardioMon for its intended use for cardiac monitoring. If compared with currently proposed implantable systems for HF monitoring based on the use of pressure sensors that can have reliability issues, an implantable motion sensor like a gyroscope holds the premise for more reliable long term monitoring. The first prototypal assembly of the CardioMon lead has been tested to assess the reliability of the 3D gyroscope readings. In vitro results showed that the novel sensorized CardioMon lead was accurate and reliable in detecting angular velocities within the range of cardiac twisting velocities. Animal experiments will be planned to further evaluate the CardioMon lead in in vivo environments and to investigate possible endocardial implantation sites.

Dynamic Simulation of Multibody Mechanical Systems Using the Vector-Network Model

1988 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 21-30 ◽  
Author(s):  
M.J. Richard
Keyword(s):  
Dynamic Models ◽  
Analytical Procedure ◽  
Dimensional Space ◽  
Digital Simulation ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
General Purpose ◽  
New Approach ◽  
Network Method ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Three Dimensional Space

Pressing technological problems have created a growing interest in the development of dynamic models for the digital simulation of multibody systems. This paper describes a new approach to the problem of motion prediction. An extension of the “vector-network” method to rigid body systems in three-dimensional space is introduced. The entire procedure is a basic application of concepts of graph theory in which laws of vector dynamics are combined. The analytical procedure was successfully implemented within a general-purpose digital simulation program since, from a minimal definition of the mechanism, it will automatically predict the behavior of the system as output, thereby giving the impression that the equations governing the motion of the mechanical system have been completely formulated and solved by the computer. Simulations of the response of a rail vehicle which demonstrate the validity, applicability and self-formulating aspect of the automated model are provided.

scholarly journals Designing Hydrogel-Based Bone-On-Chips for Personalized Medicine

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (10) ◽  
pp. 4495
Author(s):  
Gabriele Nasello ◽  
Mar Cóndor ◽  
Ted Vaughan ◽  
Jessica Schiavi
Keyword(s):  
Three Dimensional ◽  
In Vitro Models ◽  
Patient Specific ◽  
Specific Situation ◽  
Culture Chamber ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
And Function ◽  
Tissue Matrix ◽  
Hematopoietic Niche

The recent development of bone-on-chips (BOCs) holds the main advantage of requiring a low quantity of cells and material, compared to traditional In Vitro models. By incorporating hydrogels within BOCs, the culture system moved to a three dimensional culture environment for cells which is more representative of bone tissue matrix and function. The fundamental components of hydrogel-based BOCs, namely the cellular sources, the hydrogel and the culture chamber, have been tuned to mimic the hematopoietic niche in the bone aspirate marrow, cancer bone metastasis and osteo/chondrogenic differentiation. In this review, we examine the entire process of developing hydrogel-based BOCs to model In Vitro a patient specific situation. First, we provide bone biological understanding for BOCs design and then how hydrogel structural and mechanical properties can be tuned to meet those requirements. This is followed by a review on hydrogel-based BOCs, developed in the last 10 years, in terms of culture chamber design, hydrogel and cell source used. Finally, we provide guidelines for the definition of personalized pathological and physiological bone microenvironments. This review covers the information on bone, hydrogel and BOC that are required to develop personalized therapies for bone disease, by recreating clinically relevant scenarii in miniaturized devices.

scholarly journals Embedding the Cartesian Space Principles in a Smile, an Inclusive Learning Method for K12.

10.29007/9n6r ◽  
2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stefano Vuga ◽  
Eleonora Vuga
Keyword(s):  
Modular Forms ◽  
Dimensional Space ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Emotional Memory ◽  
Free Play ◽  
Two Dimensional ◽  
Real Representation ◽  
Cognitive Intelligence ◽  
Cartesian Space ◽  
Definition Of

It is now well established that the negative emotions the child experiences for not understanding a mathematical topic mark their emotional memory associated with that topic. We’ve been investigating which tangible and accessible tools prevent the development of a pathological allergy to a fundamental concept as it is the Cartesian space, seeking for kid-friendly gates to the subject. When fear and pain for not understanding traces an escape pattern from this topic at a young age the child’s ability to relate to all its didactic applications can be seriously jeopardized, marking (when not identified) the school career and sub-sequent attitudes towards all the fields of theoretical and practical application of it.The elementary approach in explaining the Cartesian space principles to the children remains mainly linked to traditional visualization models of three-dimensional images on two-dimensional space, e.g., paper, blackboard, and screens. Only recently, augmented reality has been used as a teaching aid for visualizing objects in the actual three-dimensional space. Those systems are suitable for children naturally predisposed to mathematical and/or visual-cognitive intelligence, who are not suffering from any visual impairment. This is a non-inclusive system of access to understanding such fundamental topic as the Cartesian space. Topic which is later essential to an extended comprehension of geometry, mathematics, representation of objects, and concepts. The aim of the research was to find and test a support system to complement the standard two-dimensional and visual-only approach and to guarantee a complete and consistent sensorial experience of the definition of the Cartesian space through physical, material, and modular forms. We sought to create a bond between the concept and its real representation. This system should be extended to different ages of development and types of intelligence and backgrounds, transversal to environments and contexts of usage (family/school), also for visually impaired children. The developed tools pro-vide the child an early and positive emotional bond, prior to any traditional scholastic approach, with the fundamental principles of the Cartesian space through methods such as free play, trial and error, experimentation and share of the emotions while engaging in cooperative activities.

scholarly journals Vector Products As A Tool For The Investigation Of The Isometric Transformation Of Objects

2015 ◽  
Vol 98 (1) ◽  
pp. 60-71
Author(s):  
Ryszard Józef Grabowski
Keyword(s):  
Dimensional Space ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Necessary Condition ◽  
Vector Product ◽  
Isometric Transformation ◽  
Check Points ◽  
Normal Vectors ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Three Dimensional Space

Abstract The identification of isometric displacements of studied objects with utilization of the vector product is the aim of the analysis conducted in this paper. Isometric transformations involve translation and rotation. The behaviour of distances between check points on the object in the first and second measurements is a necessary condition for the determination of such displacements. For every three check points about the measured coordinate, one can determine the vector orthogonal to the two neighbouring sides of the triangle that are treated as vectors, using the definition of the vector product in three-dimensional space. If vectors for these points in the first and second measurements are parallel to the studied object has not changed its position or experienced translation. If the termini of vectors formed from vector products treated as the vectors are orthogonal to certain axis, then the object has experienced rotation. The determination of planes symmetric to these vectors allows the axis of rotation of the object and the angle of rotation to be found. The changes of the value of the angle between the normal vectors obtained from the first and second measurements, by exclusion of the isometric transformation, are connected to the size of the changes of the coordinates of check points, that is, deformation of the object. This paper focuses mainly on the description of the procedure for determining the translation and rotation. The main attention was paid to the rotation, due to the new and unusual way in which it is determined. Mean errors of the determined parameters are often treated briefly, and this subject requires separate consideration.

scholarly journals Ideals of Herzog–Northcott type

2011 ◽  
Vol 54 (1) ◽  
pp. 161-186 ◽  
Author(s):  
Liam O'Carroll ◽  
Francesc Planas-Vilanova
Keyword(s):  
Dimensional Space ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Regular Sequence ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Prime Ideals ◽  
Monomial Curves ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Minimal Prime ◽  
Special Case ◽  
Three Dimensional Space

AbstractThis paper takes a new look at ideals generated by 2×2 minors of 2×3 matrices whose entries are powers of three elements not necessarily forming a regular sequence. A special case of this is the ideals determining monomial curves in three-dimensional space, which were studied by Herzog. In the broader context studied here, these ideals are identified as Northcott ideals in the sense of Vasconcelos, and so their liaison properties are displayed. It is shown that they are set-theoretically complete intersections, revisiting the work of Bresinsky and of Valla. Even when the three elements are taken to be variables in a polynomial ring in three variables over a field, this point of view gives a larger class of ideals than just the defining ideals of monomial curves. We then characterize when the ideals in this larger class are prime, we show that they are usually radical and, using the theory of multiplicities, we give upper bounds on the number of their minimal prime ideals, one of these primes being a uniquely determined prime ideal of definition of a monomial curve. Finally, we provide examples of characteristic-dependent minimal prime and primary structures for these ideals.

scholarly journals Use of preclinical models for malignant pleural mesothelioma

Thorax ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. thoraxjnl-2020-216602
Author(s):  
Marie Shamseddin ◽  
Joanna Obacz ◽  
Mathew J Garnett ◽  
Robert Campbell Rintoul ◽  
Hayley Elizabeth Francies ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Malignant Pleural Mesothelioma ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Pleural Mesothelioma ◽  
Microfluidic Chips ◽  
Preclinical Models ◽  
In Vivo Models ◽  
Aggressive Cancer ◽  
New Treatments

Malignant pleural mesothelioma (MPM) is an aggressive cancer most commonly caused by prior exposure to asbestos. Median survival is 12–18 months, since surgery is ineffective and chemotherapy offers minimal benefit. Preclinical models that faithfully recapitulate the genomic and histopathological features of cancer are critical for the development of new treatments. The most commonly used models of MPM are two-dimensional cell lines established from primary tumours or pleural fluid. While these have provided some important insights into MPM biology, these cell models have significant limitations. In order to address some of these limitations, spheroids and microfluidic chips have more recently been used to investigate the role of the three-dimensional environment in MPM. Efforts have also been made to develop animal models of MPM, including asbestos-induced murine tumour models, MPM-prone genetically modified mice and patient-derived xenografts. Here, we discuss the available in vitro and in vivo models of MPM and highlight their strengths and limitations. We discuss how newer technologies, such as the tumour-derived organoids, might allow us to address the limitations of existing models and aid in the identification of effective treatments for this challenging-to-treat disease.

scholarly journals Un modelo para visualizar objetos en 4D con el Mathematica

2018 ◽  
pp. 51-58
Keyword(s):  
Computer Algebra ◽  
Computer Algebra System ◽  
Dimensional Space ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Higher Dimensions ◽  
Two Dimensional ◽  
3D Objects ◽  
El Sistema ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Three Dimensional Space

Un modelo para visualizar objetos en 4D con el Mathematica A model to visualize objects in 4D with Mathematica Ricardo Velezmoro y Robert Ipanaqué Universidad Nacional de Piura, Urb. Miraflores s/n, Castilla, Piura, Perú.  DOI: https://doi.org/10.33017/RevECIPeru2014.0008/ Resumen Una variedad de técnicas de gráficos por computadora han permitido la visualización de objetos, que existen en dimensiones más altas, en una pantalla 2D. En este artículo se propone un nuevo modelo a partir de la extensión de una técnica útil en la visualización de objetos en 3D en una pantalla 2D para realizar algo similar con objetos en 4D. Dicha técnica se basa en la definición de una inmersión, en primera instancia, del espacio tridimensional en el espacio bidimensional que luego se toma como referencia para definir otra inmersión, que constituye el modelo propuesto en este artículo, del espacio tetra dimensional en el espacio tridimensional. En teoría la visualización de objetos en 4D en una pantalla 2D se consigue mediante la composición de las dos inmersiones mencionadas, pero en la práctica se aprovechan los comandos incorporados en el sistema de cálculo simbólico Mathematica para tal fin. Descriptores: objetos 4D, modelo, inmersión Abstract A variety of computer graphics techniques have enabled the display of objects, which exist in higher dimensions, on a 2D screen. In this paper a new model from the extension of a technique useful in visualizing 3D objects on a 2D screen to make something similar with 4D objects is proposed. This technique is based on the definition of a immersion, in the first instance, from the three-dimensional space in two-dimensional space which is then taken as a reference to define another immersion, which is the model proposed in this paper, from the fourdimensional space in three dimensional space. Theoretically the visualization of objects in 4D on a 2D screen is achieved by the composition of the two immersions mentioned, but in practice the incorporated commands into the computer algebra system Mathematica for this purpose are utilized. Keywords: objects 4D, model, immersion.

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