scholarly journals The Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic Lockdown on Pediatric Infections—A Single-Center Retrospective Study

2022 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 178
Author(s):  
Magdalena Grochowska ◽  
Dominika Ambrożej ◽  
Aneta Wachnik ◽  
Urszula Demkow ◽  
Edyta Podsiadły ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
Bacterial Infections ◽  
Respiratory Tract Infections ◽  
Hospital Admissions ◽  
Substantial Contribution ◽  
Microbiological Analysis ◽  
Gastrointestinal Infections ◽  
Icd 10 ◽  
Tract Infections ◽  
The Impact

Since the SARS-CoV-2 outbreak, many countries have introduced measures to limit the transmission. The data based on ICD-10 codes of lower respiratory tract infections and microbiological analysis of respiratory and gastrointestinal infections were collected. The retrospective five-year analysis of the medical records revealed a substantial decrease in respiratory tract infections during the pandemic year (from April 2020 to March 2021). We noted an 81% decline in the LRTI-associated hospital admissions based on the ICD-10 analysis (from a mean of 1170 admissions per year in the previous four years to 225 admissions between April 2020 through March 2021). According to microbiological analysis, there were 100%, 99%, 87%, and 47% drops in influenza virus, respiratory syncytial virus, rotavirus, and norovirus cases reported respectively during the pandemic season until April 2021 in comparison to pre-pandemic years. However, the prevalence of gastrointestinal bacterial infections was stable. Moreover, in August 2021, an unexpected rise in RSV-positive cases was observed. The measures applied during the COVID-19 pandemic turned out to be effective but also had a substantial contribution to the so-far stable epidemiological situation of seasonal infections.

scholarly journals Smoke-free legislation and childhood hospitalisations for respiratory tract infections

2015 ◽  
Vol 46 (3) ◽  
pp. 697-706 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jasper V. Been ◽  
Christopher Millett ◽  
John Tayu Lee ◽  
Constant P. van Schayck ◽  
Aziz Sheikh
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
Respiratory Tract Infections ◽  
Negative Binomial ◽  
Hospital Admissions ◽  
Negative Binomial Regression ◽  
Second Hand Smoke ◽  
Incidence Trends ◽  
Group Sex ◽  
Tract Infections ◽  
The Impact

Second-hand smoke exposure is a major risk factor for respiratory tract infections (RTIs). Although evidence suggests important early-life health benefits of smoke-free public environments, the impact on childhood RTIs is unclear. We investigated the association between England's smoke-free legislation and childhood RTI hospitalisations.We used the Hospital Episode Statistics database to obtain nationwide data on hospital admissions for acute RTIs among children (<15 years of age) from 2001 to 2012. Hospitalisation counts were disaggregated by month, age group, sex and small-area level, and linked to urbanisation, region, deprivation index and corresponding population estimates. Negative binomial regression analyses were adjusted for confounders, seasonal variation, temporal autocorrelation, population-size changes and underlying incidence trends. Models allowed for sudden and gradual changes following the smoke-free legislation. We performed sensitivity and subgroup analyses, and estimated number of events prevented.We analysed 1 651 675 hospital admissions. Introduction of smoke-free legislation was followed by an immediate reduction in RTI admissions (−3.5%, 95% CI −4.7– −2.3%), this mainly being attributable to a decrease in lower RTI admissions (−13.8%, 95% CI −15.6– −12.0%). The reductions in admissions for upper RTI were more incremental.The introduction of national smoke-free legislation in England was associated with ∼11 000 fewer hospital admissions per year for RTIs in children.

scholarly journals Attributable Length of Stay, Mortality Risk, and Costs of Bacterial Health Care–Associated Infections in Australia: A Retrospective Case-cohort Study

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
X J Lee ◽  
A J Stewardson ◽  
L J Worth ◽  
N Graves ◽  
T M Wozniak
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
Length Of Stay ◽  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
Respiratory Tract Infections ◽  
Hospital Admissions ◽  
Care Hospital ◽  
Retrospective Case ◽  
Health Care Associated Infections ◽  
Tract Infections ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Background Unbiased estimates of the health and economic impacts of health care–associated infections (HAIs) are scarce and focus largely on patients with bloodstream infections (BSIs). We sought to estimate the hospital length of stay (LOS), mortality rate, and costs of HAIs and the differential effects on patients with an antimicrobial-resistant infection. Methods We conducted a multisite, retrospective case-cohort of all acute-care hospital admissions with a positive culture of 1 of the 5 organisms of interest (Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, or Enterococcus faecium) from 1 January 2012 through 30 December 2016. Data linkage was used to generate a data set of statewide hospital admissions and pathology data. Patients with bloodstream, urinary, or respiratory tract infections were included in the analysis and matched to a sample of uninfected patients. We used multistate survival models to generate LOS, and logistic regression to derive mortality estimates. Results We matched 20 390 cases to 75 635 uninfected control patients. The overall incidence of infections due to the 5 studied organisms was 116.9 cases per 100 000 patient days, with E. coli urinary tract infections (UTIs) contributing the largest proportion (51 cases per 100 000 patient days). The impact of a UTI on LOS was moderate across the 5 studied pathogens. Resistance significantly increased LOS for patients with third-generation cephalosporin-resistant K. pneumoniae BSIs (extra 4.6 days) and methicillin-resistant S. aureus BSIs (extra 2.9 days). Consequently, the health-care costs of these infections were higher, compared to corresponding drug-sensitive strains. Conclusions The health burden remains highest for BSIs; however, UTIs and respiratory tract infections contributed most to the health-care system expenditure.

scholarly journals Usefulness of procalcitonin (PCT), C-reactive protein (CRP), and white blood cell (WBC) levels in the differential diagnosis of acute bacterial, viral, and mycoplasmal respiratory tract infections in children

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yang Li ◽  
Lanfang Min ◽  
Xin Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Differential Diagnosis ◽  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
Bacterial Infection ◽  
Bacterial Infections ◽  
Respiratory Tract Infections ◽  
Respiratory Infections ◽  
Diagnostic Value ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Group A ◽  
Tract Infections

Abstract Background There is a lack of studies comparing PCT, CRP and WBC levels in the differential diagnosis of acute bacterial, viral, and mycoplasmal respiratory tract infections. It is necessary to explore the correlation between above markers and different types of ARTI. Methods 108 children with confirmed bacterial infection were regarded as group A, 116 children with virus infection were regarded as group B, and 122 children with mycoplasmal infection were regarded as group C. The levels of PCT, CRP and WBC of the three groups were detected and compared. Results The levels of PCT, CRP and WBC in group A were significantly higher than those in groups B and C (p < 0.05). The positive rate of combined detection of PCT, CRP and WBC was significant higher than that of single detection. There was no significant difference in PCT, CRP and WBC levels between the group of G+ bacterial infection and G− bacterial infection (p > 0.05). ROC curve results showed that the AUC of PCT, CRP and WBC for the diagnosis of bacterial respiratory infections were 0.65, 0.55, and 0.58, respectively. Conclusions PCT, CRP and WBC can be combined as effective indicators for the identification of acute bacterial or no-bacterial infections in children. The levels of PCT and CRP have higher differential diagnostic value than that of WBC in infection, and the combined examination of the three is more valuable in clinic.

scholarly journals Hospital admissions for respiratory tract infections in children aged 0-5 years for 2017/2023

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fredrik Methi ◽  
Ketil Størdal ◽  
Kjetil Elias Telle ◽  
Vilde Bergstad Larsen ◽  
Karin Magnusson
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
Respiratory Tract Infections ◽  
Hospital Admissions ◽  
Respiratory Support ◽  
Pediatric Hospital ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Syncytial Virus ◽  
Tract Infections ◽  
Business As Usual ◽  
Hospital Wards

Background: To compare hospital admissions across common respiratory tract infections (RTI) in 2017-21, and project possible hospital admissions for the RTIs among children aged 0-12 months and 1-5 years in 2022 and 2023. Methods: In 644 885 children aged 0-12 months and 1-5 years, we plotted the observed monthly number of RTI admissions (upper- and lower RTI, influenza, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), and COVID-19) from January 1st, 2017 until October 31st, 2021. We also plotted the number of RTI admissions with a need for respiratory support. We used the observed data to project four different scenarios of RTI admissions in 2022 and 2023, with different impacts on hospital wards: 1) ″Business as usual″, 2) ″Continuous lockdown″, 3) ″Children′s immunity debt″, and 4) ″Maternal and child immunity debt″. Results: By October 31st, 2021, the number of simultaneous RTI admissions had exceeded the numbers usually observed at the typical season peak in January, i.e. ~900. Based on our observed data and assuming that children and their mothers (who transfer antibodies to the very youngest) have not been exposed to RTI over the last one and a half years, our scenarios suggest that hospitals should be prepared to handle two to three times as many RTI admissions, and two to three times as many RTI admissions requiring respiratory support among 0-5-year-olds as normal, from November 2021 to April 2022. Conclusion: Scenarios with immunity debt suggest that pediatric hospital wards and policy makers should plan for extended capacity.

Bacterial Infections of the Adult Upper Respiratory Tract

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laura K Certain ◽  
Miriam B Barshak
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
Bacterial Infections ◽  
Respiratory Tract Infections ◽  
Respiratory Infections ◽  
Group A Streptococcus ◽  
The United States ◽  
Controlled Study ◽  
Upper Respiratory Tract ◽  
Upper Respiratory ◽  
Tract Infections

Upper respiratory tract infections are the most common maladies experienced by humankind.1 The majority are caused by respiratory viruses. A Dutch case-controlled study of primary care patients with acute respiratory tract infections found that viruses accounted for 58% of cases; rhinovirus was the most common (24%), followed by influenza virus type A (11%) and corona­viruses (7%). Group A streptococcus (GAS) was responsible for 11%, and 3% of patients had mixed infections. Potential pathogens were detected in 30% of control patients who were free of acute respiratory symptoms; rhinovirus was the most common.2 Given the increasing problem of antibiotic resistance and the increasing awareness of the importance of a healthy microbiome, antibiotic use for upper respiratory infections should be reserved for those patients with clear indications for treatment. A recent study of adult outpatient visits in the United States found that respiratory complaints accounted for 150 antibiotic prescriptions per 1,000 population annually, yet the expected “appropriate” rate would be 45.3 In other words, most antibiotic prescriptions for these complaints are unnecessary. Similarly, a study in the United Kingdom found that general practitioners prescribed antibiotics to about half of all patients presenting with an upper respiratory infection, even though most of these infections are viral.4 This review contains 5 figures, 16 tables, and 82 references. Keywords: infection, airway, sinusitis, otitis media, otitis externa, pharyngitis, epiglottitis, abscess

scholarly journals Burden of disease in children with respiratory tract infections in primary care: diary-based cohort study

2019 ◽  
Vol 36 (6) ◽  
pp. 723-729
Author(s):  
M J C Schot ◽  
A R J Dekker ◽  
C H van Werkhoven ◽  
A W van der Velden ◽  
J W L Cals ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Primary Care ◽  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
Family Life ◽  
Burden Of Disease ◽  
Respiratory Tract Infections ◽  
Health Care Facilities ◽  
Duration Of Symptoms ◽  
Disturbed Sleep ◽  
Tract Infections ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Background Respiratory tract infections (RTIs) are a common reason for children to consult in general practice. Antibiotics are often prescribed, in part due to miscommunication between parents and GPs. The duration of specific respiratory symptoms has been widely studied. Less is known about illness-related symptoms and the impact of these symptoms on family life, including parental production loss. Better understanding of the natural course of illness-related symptoms in RTI in children and impact on family life may improve GP–parent communication during RTI consultations. Objective To describe the general impact of RTI on children and parents regarding illness-related symptoms, absenteeism from childcare, school and work, use of health care facilities, and the use of over-the-counter (OTC) medication. Methods Prospectively collected diary data from two randomized clinical trials in children with RTI in primary care (n = 149). Duration of symptoms was analysed using survival analysis. Results Disturbed sleep, decreased intake of food and/or fluid, feeling ill and/or disturbance at play or other daily activities are very common during RTI episodes, with disturbed sleep lasting longest. Fifty-two percent of the children were absent for one or more days from childcare or school, and 28% of mothers and 20% of fathers reported absence from work the first week after GP consultation. Re-consultation occurred in 48% of the children. OTC medication was given frequently, particularly paracetamol and nasal sprays. Conclusion Appreciation of, and communication about the general burden of disease on children and their parents, may improve understanding between GPs and parents consulting with their child.

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