scholarly journals Dysbiosis in Pediatrics Is Associated with Respiratory Infections: Is There a Place for Bacterial-Derived Products?

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 448
Author(s):  
Stefania Ballarini ◽  
Giovanni A. Rossi ◽  
Nicola Principi ◽  
Susanna Esposito
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Tract Infections ◽  
Potential Role ◽  
Respiratory Infections ◽  
Respiratory Morbidity ◽  
Recurrent Wheezing ◽  
System A ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Human Immune ◽  
Tract Infections

Respiratory tract infections (RTIs) are common in childhood because of the physiologic immaturity of the immune system, a microbial community under development in addition to other genetic, physiological, environmental and social factors. RTIs tend to recur and severe lower viral RTIs in early childhood are not uncommon and are associated with increased risk of respiratory disorders later in life, including recurrent wheezing and asthma. Therefore, a better understanding of the main players and mechanisms involved in respiratory morbidity is necessary for a prompt and improved care as well as for primary prevention. The inter-talks between human immune components and microbiota as well as their main functions have been recently unraveled; nevertheless, more is still to be discovered or understood in the above medical conditions. The aim of this review paper is to provide the most up-to-date overview on dysbiosis in pre-school children and its association with RTIs and their complications. The potential role of non-harmful bacterial-derived products, according to the old hygiene hypothesis and the most recent trained-innate immunity concept, will be discussed together with the need of proof-of-concept studies and larger clinical trials with immunological and microbiological endpoints.

scholarly journals The Role of Herbal and Nutritional Treatments in the Fight against COVID-19 and Other Respiratory Tract Infections

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (22) ◽  
pp. 12001
Author(s):  
Aline El Zakhem ◽  
May Annie Chalhoub ◽  
Maya Bassil
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Tract Infections ◽  
Respiratory Infections ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Medical Treatments ◽  
Nutritional Interventions ◽  
Chinese Herbal ◽  
Upper Respiratory ◽  
Novel Coronavirus ◽  
Tract Infections

With the growing spread of COVID-19 worldwide, the appeal to alternative and nutritional therapies in conjunction with medical therapies has been heightened. This article aims to review studies assessing the roles of Chinese traditional medicine and nutrition in upper respiratory infections, including COVID-19. Various Chinese herbal protocols have been shown to fight respiratory infections, with several having been tested on the novel coronavirus. Additionally, promising findings have been reported when medical treatments were complemented with nutritional interventions. Supplementation with vitamins C and D, Zinc and Selenium are discussed, in addition to certain phytochemicals and food that also possess immunoregulatory and antiviral properties. Further clinical studies are needed to establish these alternative treatments as part of the management of emerging respiratory infections.

Role of Human Coronaviruses in Acute Respiratory Infections and Seroprevalence of Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus in children

2020 ◽  
Vol EJMM29 (4) ◽  
pp. 65-73
Author(s):  
Ghada A. Fahmy ◽  
Dina M. Erfan ◽  
Sondos M. Magdy ◽  
Rania A. Hassan
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
Respiratory Tract Infections ◽  
Respiratory Infections ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Serum Samples ◽  
Pediatric Age Group ◽  
Human Coronaviruses ◽  
Tract Infections ◽  
Low Prevalence

Background: Coronaviruses have been the focus of many studies since the emergence of SARS-CoV. Data on the role of MERS-CoV in respiratory tract infection and the seroprevalence of MERS-CoV in Egypt are limited. Objective: This study aimed to determine the role of coronaviruses in respiratory tract infections and the seroprevalence of MERS-CoV in pediatric age group. Methodology: Respiratory samples were collected from 80 children with respiratory infections for detection of coronaviruses using PCR technique. Serum samples were collected from 200 children for detection of MERS-CoV IgG immunolglobulins. Results: 4 out of 80 (5%) of the respiratory samples tested positive for coronavirus (OC43 subtype). None of respiratory samples tested positive for MERS-CoV, while MERS-CoV IgG was detected in 1% of serum samples.Conclusion: A low prevalence of coronaviruses was observed in children with respiratory infection. A seroprevalence of 1% MERS-CoV was detected. Further studies are recommended on larger scale.

Role of natural and synthetic immunotropic agents in the prevention of acute respiratory infections

2020 ◽  
Vol 18 (3) ◽  
pp. 131-138
Author(s):  
G.G. Maryin ◽  
◽  
A.V. Tutelyan ◽  
O.A. Gruzdeva ◽  
Yu.A. Goloverova ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
Respiratory Tract Infections ◽  
Respiratory Infections ◽  
Community Acquired Pneumonia ◽  
Economic Damage ◽  
Acute Respiratory Infections ◽  
Nonspecific Resistance ◽  
Poor Outcomes ◽  
Tract Infections

Respiratory tract infections (influenza, acute respiratory infections (ARIs), community-acquired pneumonia, etc.) pose a serious threat to organized groups (including military personnel, cadets, students of military universities, and schools). The most common complication of ARI is community-acquired pneumonia, severe forms of which may result in an unfavorable outcome. The use of some drugs, such as Carmolis ensures a 2.0–3.8 times reduction in the incidence of ARIs in organized groups and a 2.3–3.0 times reduction in the incidence of community-acquired pneumonia. Carmolis has a pronounced non-specific protective effect and increases resistance to respiratory tract infections by promoting nonspecific resistance of the organism. This prevents significant economic damage and reduces the number of complications and poor outcomes. Keywords: organized groups, biological and social emergencies, respiratory tract infections, community-acquired pneumonia, acute respiratory infections, coronavirus infection, Carmolis, non-specific resistance, non-specific prevention of acute respiratory infections, epidemiological effectiveness

scholarly journals Revisiting cefditoren for the treatment of community-acquired infections caused by human-adapted respiratory pathogens in adults

2018 ◽  
Vol 13 ◽  
Author(s):  
María-José Giménez ◽  
Lorenzo Aguilar ◽  
Juan José Granizo
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Tract Infections ◽  
Respiratory Infections ◽  
Community Acquired Pneumonia ◽  
Intrinsic Activity ◽  
Published Data ◽  
Oral Antibiotic ◽  
Respiratory Pathogens ◽  
Tract Infections

Fifteen years after its licensure, this revision assesses the role of cefditoren facing the current pharmacoepidemiology of resistances in respiratory human-adapted pathogens (Streptococcus pneumoniae, Streptococcus pyogenes, Haemophilus influenzae and Moraxella catarrhalis). In the era of post- pneumococcal conjugate vaccines and in an environment of increasing diffusion of the ftsI gene among H. influenzae isolates, published studies on the cefditoren in vitro microbiological activity, pharmacokinetic/pharmcodynamic (PK/PD) activity and clinical efficacy are reviewed. Based on published data, an overall analysis is performed for PK/PD susceptibility interpretation. Further translation of PK/PD data into clinical/microbiological outcomes obtained in clinical trials carried out in the respiratory indications approved for cefditoren in adults (tonsillitis, sinusitis, acute exacerbation of chronic bronchitis and community-acquired pneumonia) is commented. Finally, the role of cefditoren within the current antibiotic armamentarium for the treatment of community respiratory tract infections in adults is discussed based on the revised information on its intrinsic activity, pharmacodynamic adequacy and clinical/bacteriological efficacy. Cefditoren remains an option to be taken into account when selecting an oral antibiotic for the empirical treatment of respiratory infections in the community caused by human-adapted pathogens, even when considering changes in the pharmacoepidemiology of resistances over the last two decades.

scholarly journals The role of immunomodulatory preparations in asthma treatment

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (8) ◽  
pp. 300-306
Author(s):  
Agnieszka Kaczynska ◽  
Martyna Kłosińska ◽  
Magdalena Ostojska ◽  
Emilia Nowak ◽  
Paweł Stanicki
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
Respiratory Tract Infections ◽  
Respiratory Morbidity ◽  
Asthma Exacerbations ◽  
Alternative Approach ◽  
Adults And Children ◽  
Bacterial Lysates ◽  
Tract Infections

Asthma remains one of the most prevalent respiratory tract disorders. The disease affects both adults and children and remains the most common cause of respiratory morbidity. Considering its significant impact on patients’ quality of life and the treatment burdened with side effects, a new therapy approaches affecting the clinical course of asthma are needed. Here we describe the current results that have been obtained on using immunomodulatory preparations in asthma. The analysis of previously published studies was conducted by using the PubMed and Scopus databases.             Probiotics, bacterial lysates (BLs) and pidotimod are immunomodulatory compounds affecting both adaptive and innate immunity. The therapy based on probiotics might modulate the intestinal microbiota and regulate the inflammatory response. Bacterial lysates promote immune response by reversing Th1/Th2 unstable balance, which leads to reduction of allergen-induced airway hyperresponsiveness during asthma exacerbations. Pidotimod stimulates PRRs and increases the release of antimicrobial peptides which also leads to the improvement in the rate of respiratory tract infections. Some studies showed the beneficial effect of described preparations in asthma course. Regrettably, findings do not correspond with each other and the data referring to immunomodulatory compounds is still limited, thus there is an urgent need to conduct more, large sample studies.The conclusion we can only draw is that immunomodulatory compounds may offer an alternative approach for symptom reduction and prophylaxis against both infections and exacerbations of asthma.

The Effect of Probiotics on Respiratory Infections and Gastrointestinal Symptoms during Training in Marathon Runners

2007 ◽  
Vol 17 (4) ◽  
pp. 352-363 ◽  
Author(s):  
Riina A. Kekkonen ◽  
Tommi J. Vasankari ◽  
Timo Vuorimaa ◽  
Tari Haahtela ◽  
Ilkka Julkunen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Placebo Group ◽  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
Respiratory Tract Infections ◽  
Respiratory Infections ◽  
Training Period ◽  
Upper Respiratory Tract ◽  
Marathon Runners ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Gi Symptoms ◽  
Tract Infections

Heavy exercise is associated with an increased risk of upper respiratory tract infections. Strenuous exercise also causes gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms. In previous studies probiotics have reduced respiratory tract infections and GI symptoms in general populations including children, adults, and the elderly. These questions have not been studied in athletes before. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of probiotics on the number of healthy days, respiratory infections, and GI-symptom episodes in marathon runners in the summer. Marathon runners (N = 141) were recruited for a randomized, double-blind intervention study during which they received Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG (LGG) or placebo for a 3-mo training period. At the end of the training period the subjects took part in a marathon race, after which they were followed up for 2 wk. The mean number of healthy days was 79.0 in the LGG group and 73.4 in the placebo group (P = 0.82). There were no differences in the number of respiratory infections or GI-symptom episodes. The duration of GI-symptom episodes in the LGG group was 2.9 vs. 4.3 d in the placebo group during the training period (P = 0.35) and 1.0 vs. 2.3 d, respectively, during the 2 wk after the marathon (P = 0.046). LGG had no effect on the incidence of respiratory infections or GI-symptom episodes in marathon runners, but it seemed to shorten the duration of GI-symptom episodes.

scholarly journals Application of probiotics for acute respiratory tract infections

2018 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 32 ◽  
Author(s):  
Oxana Zolnikova ◽  
Inna Komkova ◽  
Nino Potskherashvili ◽  
Alexander Trukhmanov ◽  
Vladimir Ivashkin
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Tract Infections ◽  
Respiratory Infections ◽  
Biological Properties ◽  
Probiotic Bacteria ◽  
Gut Microflora ◽  
Acute Respiratory Infections ◽  
Inflammatory Immune Response ◽  
Probiotic Mechanisms ◽  
Tract Infections

We have reviewed the currently published results on a role of the gut microflora in a prevention of acute respiratory infections. The main biological properties of probiotic bacteria are presented in a context of their modulating activity on an inflammatory immune response. Available data on the reduction of a possible risk, duration, and severity of respiratory infection symptoms during a probiotic medication intake were analyzed. Potential antiviral probiotic mechanisms have been reviewed and discussed.

scholarly journals Occupation And Occurrence of Respiratory Infections Among Adults With Newly Diagnosed Asthma

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maritta S. Jaakkola ◽  
Taina K. Lajunen ◽  
Aino K. Rantala ◽  
Rachel Nadif ◽  
Jouni J.K. Jaakkola
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
Lower Respiratory Tract ◽  
Respiratory Tract Infections ◽  
Respiratory Infections ◽  
Upper Respiratory Tract ◽  
Newly Diagnosed ◽  
Lower Respiratory Tract Infections ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Study Population ◽  
Tract Infections

Abstract Background: Work environments are potential areas for spreading respiratory infections. We hypothesized that certain occupations increase susceptibility to respiratory infections among adults with asthma. Our objective was to compare the occurrence of respiratory infections among different occupations in adults with newly diagnosed asthma.Methods: We analysed a study population of 492 working-age adults with newly diagnosed asthma who were living in the geographically defined Pirkanmaa Area in Southern Finland during a population-based Finnish Environment and Asthma Study (FEAS). The determinant of interest was occupation at the time of diagnosis of asthma. We assessed potential relations between occupation and occurrence of both upper respiratory tract infections and lower respiratory tract infections during the past 12 months. The measures of effect were incidence rate ratio (IRR) and risk ratio (RR) adjusted for age, gender, and smoking habits. Professionals, clerks, and administrative personnel formed the reference group. Results: The mean number of common colds in the study population was 1.85 (95% CI 1.70, 2.00) infections in the last 12 months. The following occupational groups showed increased risk of common colds: forestry and related workers (aIRR 2.20, 95% CI 1.15-4.23) and construction and mining (aIRR 1.67, 95% CI 1.14-2.44). The risk of lower respiratory tract infections was increased in the following groups: glass, ceramic, and mineral workers (aRR 3.82, 95% CI 2.54-5.74), fur and leather workers (aRR 2.06, 95% CI 1.01-4.20) and metal workers (aRR 1.80, 95% CI 1.04-3.10).Conclusions: We provide evidence that the occurrence of respiratory infections is related to certain occupations.

scholarly journals Potential Role of Vitamins and Zinc on Acute Respiratory Infections Including Covid-19

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
pp. 2333794X2110217
Author(s):  
Indah K. Murni ◽  
Endy P. Prawirohartono ◽  
Rina Triasih
Keyword(s):  
Vitamin A ◽  
Vitamin C ◽  
Large Dose ◽  
Common Cold ◽  
Potential Role ◽  
Respiratory Infections ◽  
Acute Respiratory Infections ◽  
Under Five ◽  
Short Period

Background. Vitamin C, E, D, A, zinc are considered to be essential in preventing and treating of acute respiratory infections (ARI) including COVID-19. Methods. We reviewed published studies evaluating the potential roles of these vitamin and zinc for ARIs and COVID-19 using Medline database, medRxiv, and bibliographic references. Results. Vitamins C, D, and E did not reduce incidence of common cold in general, but vitamin C reduced by half in population with physical and environment stresses. Vitamins C and E shortened duration and reduced severity of common cold. A large-dose vitamin A had no effect on recovery from pneumonia. Zinc improved clinical deterioration and pneumonia duration in under five. The effect on preventing COVID-19 morbidity and related-death was lacking. Conclusions. Although the effects of vitamins and zinc on ARIs including COVID-19 were inconclusive, taking these for a short period during pandemic may be beneficial when there is risks of deficiency.

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