scholarly journals Contribution of HIV/AIDS-Related Human and Social Sciences Research to a Better Understanding of the Challenges of Hepatitis B Prevention, Diagnosis and Care

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (6) ◽  
pp. 1166
Author(s):  
Charlotte Bauquier ◽  
Marie Préau
Keyword(s):  
Social Sciences ◽  
Hepatitis B ◽  
Retention In Care ◽  
World Health ◽  
Public Health Issue ◽  
Human And Social Sciences ◽  
Virus Research ◽  
Screening And Prevention ◽  
Hepatitis B Prevention ◽  
Hiv Aids

Recent scientific advances in hepatitis B virus research hint at the possibility of finding a cure in the medium term. In this context, the characterization of infected persons constitutes a major public health issue in terms of implementing adapted screening and prevention strategies. Overcoming the current challenges national health systems face in hepatitis B diagnosis is essential if the World Health Organization’s target of treating 80% of infected patients by 2030 is to be reached. These challenges reflect those previously faced in the fight against HIV/AIDS. Using the knowledge produced to date in Human and Social Sciences research in the fight against HIV/AIDS, we propose avenues of reflection to support and guide the development of research in the diagnosis of hepatitis B infection. More specifically, we present theoretical, methodological and epistemological considerations for how HSS research can be optimized in the following three HBV diagnosis-related areas: (i) access to screening; (ii) retention in care; and (iii) the integration of quality of life measurement in clinical trials.

Faktor Yang Mempengaruhi Kepatuhan Perawat Terhadap Penggunaan APD Sebagai Upaya Pencegahan Penyakit Akibat Kerja

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bintang Marsondang Rambe
Keyword(s):  
Hepatitis C ◽  
Hepatitis B ◽  
Literature Review ◽  
World Health Organization ◽  
World Health ◽  
Eye Protection ◽  
National Safety Council ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Hiv Aids

Latar Belakang Rumah sakit merupakan tempat kerja serta tempat berkumpulnya orang-orang sehat baik petugas, pengunjung dan orang-orang sakit (pasien) sehingga rumah sakit merupakan tempat kerja yang mempunyai risiko tinggi terhadap kesehatan maupun penyakit akibat kecelakaan kerja, dan juga karena kontak dengan agen penyakit menular, dengan darah dan cairan tubuh maupun tertusuk jarum, instrumen tajam yang dapat berperan sebagai tranmisi berbagai penyakit, seperti hepatitis B, HIV/AIDS, dan juga potensial sebagai media penularan penyakit yang lain (Sudarmo et al ., 2016).Berdasarkan hasil laporan National Safety Council menunjukkan bahwa terjadinya kecelakaan kerja di Rumah Sakit 41% lebih besar dari pekerja industri lainnya. Kasus yang sering terjadi adalah tertusuk jarum, tergores, dan penyakit infeksi. Salah satu penelitian yang dilakukan di RS Cianjur menyebutkan bahwa jumlah perawat yang mengalami luka tusuk jarum dan benda tajam lainnya cukup tinggi yaitu sebanyak 61,34%. Petugas kesehatan berisiko terpajan penularan penyakit infeksi melalui blood borne pada kecelakaan tertusuk jarum seperti infeksi HIV, Hepatitis B dan Hepatitis C (Putri et al ., 2017).Alat perlindungan diri (APD) adalah alat yang digunakan petugas kesehatan untuk melindungi pasien dari mikroorganisme yang ada pada petugas kesehatan, peralatan APD yang digunakan petugas kesehatan untuk melindungi diri selama bekerja termasuk pakaian yang harus di pakai pada saat bekerja seperti, pelindung kepala (helmet), sarung tangan (gloves), pelindung mata (eye protection), pelindung muka (face shield), pakaian yang bersifat reflektive, sepatu, pelindung pendengaran (hearing proctection) dan pelindung pernafasan (masker) (Kementerian Kesehatan Republik Indonesia 2012).Menurut World Health Organization (WHO) penggunaan Alat Pelindung Diri (APD) sangat penting untuk melindungi mukosa - mulut, hidung dan mata dari tetesan dan cairan yang terkontaminasi. Mengingat bahwa tangan dikenal untuk mengirimkan patogen ke bagian lain dari tubuh ataupun individu lainnya. Kebersihan tangan dan sarung tangan sangat penting baik untuk melindungi pekerja kesehatan dan untuk mencegah penularan kepada orang lain. Penutup wajah, pelindung kaki, gaun atau baju, dan penutup kepala yang juga dianggap penting untuk mencegah penularan ke petugas kesehatan.Namun, penelitian Zubaidah et al. (2015) menyatakan penggunaan Alat Pelindung Diri (APD) pada perawat masih dikategorikan kurang dalam pelaksanaan dan penerapannya. Hal ini menunjukkan bahwa sikap perawat dalam penggunaan Alat Pelindung Diri (APD) masih kurang, ditunjukkan dengan sikap negatif sebanyak 53,30%. Menunjukkan perilaku penggunaan Alat Pelindung Diri (APD) perawat tidak signifikan yang ditunjukkan dengan mayoritas responden yang memiliki perilaku penggunaan Alat Pelindung Diri (APD) yang kurang patuh berjumlah 44 perawat (52,4%).Berdasarkan masalah dan fenomena tersebut, penulis tertarik untuk melakukan literature review terkait faktor yang mempengaruhi kepatuhan perawat terhadap penggunaan Alat Perlindungan Diri (APD).

scholarly journals Hepatitis B prevention: Can we learn from the response to HIV/AIDS?

PLoS Medicine ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (4) ◽  
pp. e1003109
Author(s):  
Mirjam E. E. Kretzschmar ◽  
Marianne A. B. van der Sande
Keyword(s):  
Hepatitis B ◽  
Hepatitis B Prevention ◽  
Hiv Aids

European Recommendations for the Management of Healthcare Workers Occupationally Exposed to Hepatitis

2018 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 49
Author(s):  
Enis Uruci
Keyword(s):  
Occupational Exposure ◽  
Hepatitis B ◽  
Healthcare Workers ◽  
Antiviral Treatment ◽  
World Health ◽  
Antibody Concentration ◽  
Post Exposure Prophylaxis ◽  
Transferase Activity ◽  
Mediterranean Countries

Exposure prevention is the primary strategy to reduce the risk of occupational bloodborne pathogen infections in healthcare workers (HCW). HCWs should be made aware of the medicolegal and clinical relevance of reporting an exposure, and have ready access to expert consultants to receive appropriate counselling, treatment and follow-up. Vaccination against hepatitis B virus (HBV), and demonstration of immunisation before employment are strongly recommended. HCWs with postvaccinal anti-HBs levels, 1-2 months after vaccine completion, .or=10 mIU/mL are considered as responders. Responders are protected against HBV infection: booster doses of vaccine or periodic antibody concentration testing are not recommended. Alternative strategies to overcome non-response should be adopted. Isolated anti-HBc positive HCWs should be tested for anti-HBcIgM and HBV-DNA: if negative, anti-HBs response to vaccination can distinguish between infection (anti-HBs .or=50 mIU/ml 30 days after 1st vaccination: anamnestic response) and false positive results(anti-HBs .or=10 mUI/ml 30 days after 3rd vaccination: primary response); true positive subjects have resistance to re-infection. and do not need vaccination The management of an occupational exposure to HBV differs according to the susceptibility of the exposed HCW and the serostatus of the source. When indicated, post-exposure prophylaxis with HBV vaccine, hepatitis B immunoglobulin or both must be started as soon as possible (within 1-7 days). In the absence of prophylaxis against hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection, follow-up management of HCV exposures depends on whether antiviral treatment during the acute phase is chosen. Test the HCW for HCV-Ab at baseline and after 6 months; up to 12 for HIV-HCV co-infected sources. If treatment is recommended, perform ALT (amino alanine transferase) activity at baseline and monthly for 4 months after exposure, and qualitative HCV-RNA when an increase is detected. Introduction Bloodborne pathogens such as hepatitis B (HBV) and C virus (HCV) represent an important hazard for healthcare workers (HCWs) (1). In the general population, HCV prevalence varies geographically from about 0.5% in northern countries to 2% in Mediterranean countries, with some 5 million chronic carriers estimated in Europe; while HBV prevalence ranges from 0.3% to 3%. The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that each year in Europe 304 000 HCWs are exposed to at least one percutaneous injury with a sharp object contaminated with HBV, 149 000 are exposed to HCV and 22 000 to HIV. The probability of acquiring a bloodborne infection following an occupational exposure has been estimated to be on average.

Antimicrobial peptides for the treatment of pulmonary tuberculosis, allies or foes?

2018 ◽  
Vol 24 (10) ◽  
pp. 1138-1147
Author(s):  
Bruno Rivas-Santiago ◽  
Flor Torres-Juarez
Keyword(s):  
Pulmonary Tuberculosis ◽  
Antimicrobial Peptides ◽  
Experimental Models ◽  
New Drugs ◽  
World Health ◽  
Public Health Issue ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Drug Resistant Strains

Tuberculosis is an ancient disease that has become a serious public health issue in recent years, although increasing incidence has been controlled, deaths caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis have been accentuated due to the emerging of multi-drug resistant strains and the comorbidity with diabetes mellitus and HIV. This situation is threatening the goals of World Health Organization (WHO) to eradicate tuberculosis in 2035. WHO has called for the creation of new drugs as an alternative for the treatment of pulmonary tuberculosis, among the plausible molecules that can be used are the Antimicrobial Peptides (AMPs). These peptides have demonstrated remarkable efficacy to kill mycobacteria in vitro and in vivo in experimental models, nevertheless, these peptides not only have antimicrobial activity but also have a wide variety of functions such as angiogenesis, wound healing, immunomodulation and other well-described roles into the human physiology. Therapeutic strategies for tuberculosis using AMPs must be well thought prior to their clinical use; evaluating comorbidities, family history and risk factors to other diseases, since the wide function of AMPs, they could lead to collateral undesirable effects.

A Review of Statistical and Machine Learning Techniques for Microvascular Complications in Type 2 Diabetes

2020 ◽  
Vol 16 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nitigya Sambyal ◽  
Poonam Saini ◽  
Rupali Syal
Keyword(s):  
Machine Learning ◽  
Prediction Models ◽  
Clinical Medicine ◽  
Microvascular Complications ◽  
Descriptive Analysis ◽  
Machine Learning Techniques ◽  
World Health ◽  
Public Health Issue ◽  
Learning Techniques ◽  
Health Organization

Background and Introduction: Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disorder that has emerged as a serious public health issue worldwide. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), without interventions, the number of diabetic incidences is expected to be at least 629 million by 2045. Uncontrolled diabetes gradually leads to progressive damage to eyes, heart, kidneys, blood vessels and nerves. Method: The paper presents a critical review of existing statistical and Artificial Intelligence (AI) based machine learning techniques with respect to DM complications namely retinopathy, neuropathy and nephropathy. The statistical and machine learning analytic techniques are used to structure the subsequent content review. Result: It has been inferred that statistical analysis can help only in inferential and descriptive analysis whereas, AI based machine learning models can even provide actionable prediction models for faster and accurate diagnose of complications associated with DM. Conclusion: The integration of AI based analytics techniques like machine learning and deep learning in clinical medicine will result in improved disease management through faster disease detection and cost reduction for disease treatment.

The Prevalence of Bacteriospermia in Infertile Men and Association with Semen Quality in Southwestern Iran

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 198-202 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohammad Motamedifar ◽  
Yalda Malekzadegan ◽  
Parisa Namdari ◽  
Behzad Dehghani ◽  
Bahia Namavar Jahromi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Semen Quality ◽  
Sperm Quality ◽  
Reproductive Function ◽  
World Health ◽  
Public Health Issue ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Microbiological Analysis ◽  
Male Reproductive Function ◽  
Infertile Men ◽  
Southwestern Iran

Introduction: Infertility considered as a social and public health issue and estimated that most of these infertile couples are residents of developing countries. Infectious diseases including the history of Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs) may impact on male reproductive function. Therefore, the present study aimed to investigate the prevalence of bacterial contaminants of semen and probable association with sperm quality of infertile men in Iranian population. Methods: The study population consisted of 200 infertile men and 150 fertile men attending an infertility Center in southwestern Iran during the study period in 2015. The assessment of sperm parameters was according to the World Health Organization (WHO) guidelines. The presumptive pathogens were identified using standard microbiology tests and confirmed by specific PCR primers. Results: The prevalence of bacteriospermia in the semen of the infertile group was significantly higher than that in the fertile group (48% vs. 26.7%, P <0.001). The microbiological analysis of samples showed that the most abundant species of bacteria in semen of infertile men were Chlamydia trachomatis (12.5%) followed by Neisseria gonorrhoeae (11%). On the other hand, in the control group, Lactobacillus spp. (17.3%) was the most isolated pathogen. Results showed that the presence of N. gonorrhoeae, C. trachomatis, Mycoplasma genitalium, Haemophilus, and Klebsiella was significantly associated with sperm abnormality. Conclusion: Based on our findings, it seems that bacteriospermia is associated with alterations in the properties of semen which may lead to a decrease in the fertilization potential of sperm. Therefore, immediate and appropriate treatment is necessary before investigating every other possible cause of infertility.

The prevalence of hepatitis B and C co-infections among people with HIV-1 in Bulgaria: 2010–2015

2019 ◽  
Vol 14 (12) ◽  
pp. 791-798
Author(s):  
Ivailo Alexiev ◽  
Elitsa Golkocheva-Markova ◽  
Asya Kostadinova ◽  
Reneta Dimitrova ◽  
Lora Nikolova ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hepatitis C Virus ◽  
Hepatitis C ◽  
Hepatitis B ◽  
Hepatitis B Surface Antigen ◽  
Hcv Rna ◽  
B Virus ◽  
Sex With Men ◽  
Multiple Risk Behavior ◽  
Hiv 1 ◽  
Hiv Aids

Aim: To evaluate hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) among individuals with HIV/AIDS in Bulgaria diagnosed between 2010 and 2015. Materials & methods: A total of 1158 individuals were diagnosed with HIV/AIDS during the study period. Different transmission groups were tested with ELISA and real-time PCR for HBV and HCV markers. Results: Hepatitis B surface antigen and hepatitis C virus antiboby were found in 9.3 and 23.2% of the tested. HBV DNA and HCV RNA has been found in 47.4 and 69.6%. Hepatitis B and C co-infections were predominant in multiple risk behavior groups, including people who inject drugs, men who have sex with men, prisoners and Roma individuals. Conclusion: HIV prevalence in Bulgaria is low but the rates of hepatitis B and C co-infections among these patients fall within the upper range reported in Europe.

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