scholarly journals Application of Fungus Enzymes in Spent Mushroom Composts from Edible Mushroom Cultivation for Phthalate Removal

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (9) ◽  
pp. 1989
Author(s):  
Bea-Ven Chang ◽  
Chiao-Po Yang ◽  
Chu-Wen Yang
Keyword(s):  
White Rot Fungi ◽  
Edible Mushroom ◽  
White Rot ◽  
Mushroom Cultivation ◽  
Batch Experiments ◽  
Urban Wastewater ◽  
Waste Products ◽  
Pleurotus Djamor ◽  
Benzyl Butyl Phthalate ◽  
Butyl Phthalate

Spent mushroom composts (SMCs) are waste products of mushroom cultivation. The handling of large amounts of SMCs has become an important environmental issue. Phthalates are plasticizers which are widely distributed in the environment and urban wastewater, and cannot be effectively removed by conventional wastewater treatment methods. In this study, SMCs are tested for their ability to remove phthalates, including benzyl butyl phthalate (BBP), di-n-butyl phthalate (DBP), and diethyl phthalate (DEP). Batch experiments reveal that BBP, DBP, and DEP can be degraded by the SMC enzyme extracts of four edible mushrooms: Pleurotus eryngii, Pleurotus djamor, Pleurotus ostreatus, and Auricularia polytricha. Potential fungus enzymes associated with BBP, DBP, and DEP degradation in SMCs (i.e., esterases, oxygenases, and oxidases/dehydrogenases) are uncovered by metaproteomic analysis using mass spectrometry. Bioreactor experiments indicate that the direct application of SMCs can remove BBP, DBP, and DEP from wastewater, through adsorption and biodegradation. The results of this study extend the application of white-rot fungi without laccases (e.g., Auricularia sp.) for the removal of organic pollutants which are not degraded by laccases. The application of SMCs for phthalate removal can be developed into a mycoremediation-based green and sustainable technology.

Evaluation of two wild types of Pleurotus ostreatus (MCC07 and MCC20) isolated from nature for their ability to decolorize Benazol Black ZN textile dye in comparison to some commercial types of white rot fungi: Pleurotus ostreatus, Pleurotus djamor, and Pleurotus citrinopileatus

2008 ◽  
Vol 54 (5) ◽  
pp. 366-370 ◽  
Author(s):  
Erbil Kalmış ◽  
Nuri Azbar ◽  
Fatih Kalyoncu
Keyword(s):  
Pleurotus Ostreatus ◽  
White Rot Fungi ◽  
White Rot ◽  
Textile Dye ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Pleurotus Djamor ◽  
Decolorization Efficiency ◽  
Pleurotus Citrinopileatus

Biological decolorization of Benazol Black ZN, a reactive azo-type textile dyestuff, was comparatively studied using 3 different commercial-type white rot fungi strains ( Pleurotus ostreatus , Pleurotus cornucopiae var. citrinopileatus, Pleurotus djamor , and 2 wild types of P. ostreatus (MCC07 and MCC20) isolated from the nature. The initial dye concentrations in the medium were 500 and 1000 mg·L–1. All the organisms studied decolorized Benazol Black ZN to varying degrees. At low dye concentration, both commercial and wild type of P. ostreatus resulted in the best decolorization, conversely, wild-type P. ostreatus (MCC07) was found to be much more robust against increasing dye concentration and provided the best decolorization efficiency at high dye concentration.

scholarly journals Degradation of Aflatoxin B1 by a Sustainable Enzymatic Extract from Spent Mushroom Substrate of Pleurotus eryngii

Toxins ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 49 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Teresa Branà ◽  
Lucrezia Sergio ◽  
Miriam Haidukowski ◽  
Antonio F. Logrieco ◽  
Claudio Altomare
Keyword(s):  
Aflatoxin B1 ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
White Rot Fungi ◽  
Ligninolytic Enzymes ◽  
Edible Mushroom ◽  
White Rot ◽  
Spent Mushroom Substrate ◽  
Enzymatic Extract ◽  
Mn Peroxidase

Ligninolytic enzymes from white-rot fungi, such as laccase (Lac) and Mn-peroxidase (MnP), are able to degrade aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), the most harmful among the known mycotoxins. The high cost of purification of these enzymes has limited their implementation into practical technologies. Every year, tons of spent mushroom substrate (SMS) are produced as a by-product of edible mushroom cultivation, such as Pleurotus spp., and disposed at a cost for farmers. SMS may still bea source of ligninolytic enzymes useful for AFB1 degradation. The in vitro AFB1-degradative activity of an SMS crude extract (SMSE) was investigated. Results show that: (1) in SMSE, high Lac activity (4 U g−1 dry matter) and low MnP activity (0.4 U g−1 dry matter) were present; (2) after 1 d of incubation at 25 °C, the SMSE was able to degrade more than 50% of AFB1, whereas after 3 and 7 d of incubation, the percentage of degradation reached the values of 75% and 90%, respectively; (3) with increasing pH values, the degradation percentage increased, reaching 90% after 3 d at pH 8. Based on these results, SMS proved to be a suitable source of AFB1 degrading enzymes and the use of SMSE to detoxify AFB1 contaminated commodities appears conceivable.

scholarly journals Mushroom Quality Related with Various Substrates’ Bioaccumulation and Translocation of Heavy Metals

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 42
Author(s):  
Siti Maryam Salamah Ab Rhaman ◽  
Laila Naher ◽  
Shafiquzzaman Siddiquee
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Oil Palm ◽  
Anthropogenic Activities ◽  
White Rot Fungi ◽  
White Rot ◽  
Mushroom Cultivation ◽  
Agricultural Biomass ◽  
Empty Fruit Bunches ◽  
Pineapple Peel ◽  
Banana Leaves

Mushrooms are popular due to the nutrition contents in the fruit bodies and are relatively easy to cultivate. Mushrooms from the white-rot fungi group can be cultivated on agricultural biomass such as sawdust, paddy straw, wheat straw, oil palm frond, oil palm empty fruit bunches, oil palm bark, corn silage, corn cobs, banana leaves, coconut husk, pineapple peel, pineapple leaves, cotton stalk, sugarcane bagasse and various other agricultural biomass. Mushrooms are exceptional decomposers that play important roles in the food web to balance the ecosystems. They can uptake various minerals, including essential and non-essential minerals provided by the substrates. However, the agricultural biomass used for mushroom cultivation is sometimes polluted by heavy metals because of the increased anthropogenic activities occurring in line with urbanisation. Due to their role in mycoremediation, the mushrooms also absorb pollutants from the substrates into their fruit bodies. This article reviews the sources of agricultural biomass for mushroom cultivation that could track how the environmental heavy metals are accumulated and translocated into mushroom fruit bodies. This review also discusses the possible health risks from prolonged uptakes of heavy metal-contaminated mushrooms to highlight the importance of early contaminants’ detection for food security.

OPTIMIZATION OF BIOMASS AND ENDO-B-1,4-GLUCANASE BY WHITE ROT FUNGI NATIVE FROM ARGENTINA

2017 ◽  
Vol 16 (11) ◽  
pp. 2581-2588
Author(s):  
Ernesto M. Giorgio ◽  
Maria I. Fonseca ◽  
Andrea L. Morales ◽  
Pedro D. Zapata ◽  
Laura L. Villalba
Keyword(s):  
White Rot Fungi ◽  
White Rot

The Onset of Lignin-Modifying Enzymes, Decrease of AOX and Color Removal by White-Rot Fungi Grown on Bleach Plant Effluents

1991 ◽  
Vol 24 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 189-198 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. P. Lankinen ◽  
M. M. Inkeröinen ◽  
J. Pellinen ◽  
A. I. Hatakka
Keyword(s):  
Lignin Peroxidase ◽  
Active Form ◽  
White Rot Fungi ◽  
Pulp Mill ◽  
Color Removal ◽  
Effluent Treatment ◽  
White Rot ◽  
White Rot Fungus ◽  
Lignin Peroxidases ◽  
Pulp Mill Effluents

Decrease of adsorbable organic chlorine (AOX) is becoming the most important criterion for the efficiency of pulp mill effluent treatment in the 1990s. Two methods, designated MYCOR and MYCOPOR which utilize the white-rot fungus Phanerochaete chrysosporium have earlier been developed for the color removal of pulp mill effluents, but the processes have also a capacity to decrease the amount of chlorinated organic compounds. Lignin peroxidases (ligninases) produced by P. chrvsosporium may dechlorinate chlorinated phenols. In this work possibilities to use selected white-rot fungi in the treatment of E1-stage bleach plant effluent were studied. Phlebia radiata. Phanerochaete chrvsosporium and Merulius (Phlebia) tremellosus were compared in shake flasks for their ability to produce laccase, lignin peroxidase(s) and manganese-dependent peroxidase(s) and to remove color from a medium containing effluent. Softwood bleaching effluents were treated by carrier-immobilized P. radiata in 2 1 bioreactors and a 10 1 BiostatR -fermentor. Dechlorination was followed using Cl ion and AOX determinations. All fungi removed the color of the effluent. In P. radiata cultivations AOX decrease was ca. 4 mg l−1 in one day. Apparent lignin peroxidase activities as determined by veratryl alcohol oxidation method were negligible or zero in a medium with AOX content of ca. 60 mg l−1, prepared using about 20 % (v/v) of softwood effluent. However, the purification of extracellular enzymes implied that large amounts of lignin peroxidases were present in the medium and, after the purification, in active form. Enzyme proteins were separated using anion exchange chromatography, and they were further characterized by electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) to reveal the kind of enzymes that were present during AOX decrease and color removal. The most characteristic lignin peroxidase isoenzymes in effluent media were LiP2 and LiP3.

Revalorizing Lignocellulose for the Production of Natural Pharmaceuticals and Other High Value Bioproducts

2019 ◽  
Vol 26 (14) ◽  
pp. 2475-2484 ◽  
Author(s):  
Congqiang Zhang ◽  
Heng-Phon Too
Keyword(s):  
Clostridium Thermocellum ◽  
White Rot Fungi ◽  
Brown Rot ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
White Rot ◽  
Chemical Pretreatment ◽  
Significant Challenge ◽  
Drug Molecules ◽  
Natural Medicine ◽  
Renewable Natural Resource

Lignocellulose is the most abundant renewable natural resource on earth and has been successfully used for the production of biofuels. A significant challenge is to develop cost-effective, environmentally friendly and efficient processes for the conversion of lignocellulose materials into suitable substrates for biotransformation. A number of approaches have been explored to convert lignocellulose into sugars, e.g. combining chemical pretreatment and enzymatic hydrolysis. In nature, there are organisms that can transform the complex lignocellulose efficiently, such as wood-degrading fungi (brown rot and white rot fungi), bacteria (e.g. Clostridium thermocellum), arthropods (e.g. termite) and certain animals (e.g. ruminant). Here, we highlight recent case studies of the natural degraders and the mechanisms involved, providing new utilities in biotechnology. The sugars produced from such biotransformations can be used in metabolic engineering and synthetic biology for the complete biosynthesis of natural medicine. The unique opportunities in using lignocellulose directly to produce natural drug molecules with either using mushroom and/or ‘industrial workhorse’ organisms (Escherichia coli and Saccharomyces cerevisiae) will be discussed.

Bacterial Community Coexisting with White-Rot Fungi in Decayed Wood in Nature

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yosuke Iimura ◽  
Hisashi Abe ◽  
Yuichiro Otsuka ◽  
Yuya Sato ◽  
Hiroshi Habe
Keyword(s):  
Bacterial Community ◽  
White Rot Fungi ◽  
White Rot ◽  
Decayed Wood

scholarly journals Evaluation of Basidiomycetes Wild Strains Grown in Agro-Industrial Residues for Their Anti-Tyrosinase and Antioxidant Potential and for the Production of Biocatalysts

Fermentation ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 19
Author(s):  
Anastasia Zerva ◽  
Nikolaos Tsafantakis ◽  
Evangelos Topakas
Keyword(s):  
Biomass Conversion ◽  
White Rot Fungi ◽  
Ligninolytic Enzymes ◽  
Inhibitory Effect ◽  
Biologically Active ◽  
White Rot ◽  
Oxidative Enzymes ◽  
Industrial Residues ◽  
Pure Compounds ◽  
Wild Strains

White-rot basidiomycetes are the only microorganisms with the ability to produce both hydrolytic (cellulases and hemicellulases) and oxidative (ligninolytic) enzymes for degrading cellulose/hemicellulose and lignin. In addition, they produce biologically active natural products with important application in cosmetic formulations, either as pure compounds or as standardized extracts. In the present work, three wild strains of Basidiomycetes fungi (Pleurotus citrinopileatus, Abortiporus biennis and Ganoderma resinaceum) from Greek habitats were grown in agro-industrial residues (oil mill wastewater, and corn cob) and evaluated for their anti-tyrosinase and antioxidant activity and for the production of biotechnologically relevant enzymes. P. citrinopileatus showed the most interesting tyrosinase inhibitory activity, while A. biennis showed the highest DPPH(2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazyl) scavenging potential. Corn cobs were the most appropriate carbon source for maximizing the inhibitory effect of fungal biomasses on both activities, while the use of oil mill wastewater selectively increased the anti-tyrosinase potential of P. citrinopileatus culture filtrate. All strains were found to be preferential lignin degraders, similarly to most white-rot fungi. Bioinformatic analyses were performed on the proteome of the strains P. citrinopileatus and A. biennis, focusing on CAZymes with biotechnological relevance, and the results were compared with the enzyme activities of culture supernatants. Overall, all three strains showed strong production of oxidative enzymes for biomass conversion applications.

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