scholarly journals Airport Malaria in Non-Endemic Areas: New Insights into Mosquito Vectors, Case Management and Major Challenges

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (10) ◽  
pp. 2160
Author(s):  
Leo Dilane Alenou ◽  
Josiane Etang
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Preventive Measures ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
Malaria Prevention ◽  
Epidemiological Surveillance ◽  
Mosquito Vectors ◽  
Ample Evidence ◽  
Treatment And Prevention ◽  
Case Diagnosis ◽  
Cross Reference

Despite the implementation of preventive measures in airports and aircrafts, the risk of importing Plasmodium spp. infected mosquitoes is still present in malaria-free countries. Evidence suggests that mosquitoes have found a new alliance with the globalization of trade and climate change, leading to an upsurge of malaria parasite transmission around airports. The resulting locally acquired form of malaria is called Airport malaria. However, piecemeal information is available, regarding its epidemiological and entomological patterns, as well as the challenges in the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention. Understanding these issues is a critical step towards a better implementation of control strategies. To cross reference this information, we conducted a systematic review on 135 research articles published between 1969 (when the first cases of malaria in airports were reported) and 2020 (i.e., 51 years later). It appears that the risk of malaria transmission by local mosquito vectors in so called malaria-free countries is not zero; this risk is more likely to be fostered by infected vectors coming from endemic countries by air or by sea. Furthermore, there is ample evidence that airport malaria is increasing in these countries. From 2010 to 2020, the number of cases in Europe was 7.4 times higher than that recorded during the 2000–2009 decade. This increase may be associated with climate change, increased international trade, the decline of aircraft disinsection, as well as delays in case diagnosis and treatment. More critically, current interventions are weakened by biological and operational challenges, such as drug resistance in malaria parasites and vector resistance to insecticides, and logistic constraints. Therefore, there is a need to strengthen malaria prevention and treatment for people at risk of airport malaria, and implement a rigorous routine entomological and epidemiological surveillance in and around airports.

scholarly journals Reexpansion pulmonary edema

2003 ◽  
Vol 29 (2) ◽  
pp. 101-106 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eduardo Henrique Genofre ◽  
Francisco S. Vargas ◽  
Lisete R. Teixeira ◽  
Marcelo Alexandre Costa Vaz ◽  
Evaldo Marchi
Keyword(s):  
Pulmonary Edema ◽  
Pulmonary Surfactant ◽  
Preventive Measures ◽  
Early Recognition ◽  
Patient Handling ◽  
Prompt Treatment ◽  
Treatment And Prevention ◽  
Inflammatory Status ◽  
Reexpansion Pulmonary Edema ◽  
Practical Recommendations

Reexpansion pulmonary edema (RPE) is a rare, but frequently lethal, clinical condition. The precise pathophysiologic abnormalities associated with this disorder are still unknown, though decreased pulmonary surfactant levels and a pro-inflammatory status are putative mechanisms. Early diagnosis is crucial, since prognosis depends on early recognition and prompt treatment. Considering the high mortality rates related to RPE, preventive measures are still the best available strategy for patient handling. This review provides a brief overview of the pathophysiology, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of RPE, with practical recommendations for adequate intervention.

scholarly journals INFLUENCE OF THE TREATMENT AND PREVENTIVE MEASURES ON THE PHYSICAL INDICATORS OF ORAL LIQUID IN CHILDREN WITH CHRONIC CATARRHIC GINGIVITIS AND DIABETES MELLITUS

2021 ◽  
pp. 60-64
Author(s):  
L.F. Kaskova ◽  
V.A. Honcharenko
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Oral Cavity ◽  
Oral Fluid ◽  
Preventive Measures ◽  
Treatment And Prevention ◽  
Prophylactic Measures ◽  
Oral Liquid ◽  
Positive Effect ◽  
Over Time ◽  
Complex Drug

The aim of our study was to find out the effect of our proposed treatment and prevention complex, which included oral administration of «Kvertulin» complex drug, «Imupret» drops, «Pikovit» multivitamin drug and «Exodent» local irrigation of the oral cavity with a solution of tooth elixir that influence on the rate of salivation and viscosity of oral fluid in children with chronic catarrhal gingivitis and diabetes mellitus.The treatment and prophylactic measures had positive effect on the homeostasis of the oral cavity, which assisted to reduce the viscosity of the oral fluid, increase the rate of salivation, as evidenced by observation of patients for 6 months. The treatment and prevention complex are recommended to use 2 times a year, as the studied indicators deteriorate over time.

scholarly journals Approaches to treatment and prevention of diaper dermatitis

2018 ◽  
pp. 27-30
Author(s):  
N. M. Sharova
Keyword(s):  
Topical Application ◽  
Preventive Measures ◽  
International Standards ◽  
Diaper Dermatitis ◽  
Skin Structure ◽  
Treatment And Prevention ◽  
Structure And Functions

The article deals with the features of skin structure and functions in infants and the causes of diaper dermatitis. It determined the priority of preventive measures and the choice of optimal agents for topical application that meet international standards. The requirements for topical agents used in infants for prevention of DD are described in detail, according to the international opinion of the experts group. 

scholarly journals A Framework for Identification, Assessment and Prioritization of Climate Change Adaptation Measures for Roads and Railways

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (23) ◽  
pp. 12314
Author(s):  
Yvonne Andersson-Sköld ◽  
Lina Nordin ◽  
Erik Nyberg ◽  
Mikael Johannesson
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Risk Reduction ◽  
Climate Adaptation ◽  
Preventive Measures ◽  
Hazard Identification ◽  
Sensitivity Analyses ◽  
Costs And Benefits ◽  
Adaptation Measures ◽  
Severe Accidents ◽  
Risk Reduction Measures

Severe accidents and high costs associated with weather-related events already occur in today’s climate. Unless preventive measures are taken, the costs are expected to increase in future due to ongoing climate change. However, the risk reduction measures are costly as well and may result in unwanted impacts. Therefore, it is important to identify, assess and prioritize which measures are necessary to undertake, as well as where and when these are to be undertaken. To be able to make such evaluations, robust (scientifically based), transparent and systematic assessments and valuations are required. This article describes a framework to assess the cause-and-effect relationships and how to estimate the costs and benefits as a basis to assess and prioritize measures for climate adaptation of roads and railways. The framework includes hazard identification, risk analysis and risk assessment, identification, monetary and non-monetary evaluation of possible risk reduction measures and a step regarding distribution-, goal- and sensitivity analyses. The results from applying the framework shall be used to prioritize among potential risk reduction measures as well as when to undertake them.

scholarly journals Public health response and lessons learned from the 2014 chikungunya epidemic in Grenada

2017 ◽  
Vol 41 ◽  
pp. 1 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin S Forde ◽  
Francis Martin ◽  
George Mitchell ◽  
Satesh Bidaisee
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
Vector Control ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
Lessons Learned ◽  
Epidemiological Surveillance ◽  
Mosquito Vector ◽  
Public Health Response ◽  
Island State ◽  
Health Response ◽  
Multiple Challenges

In June 2014, the first cases of chikungunya virus (CHIKV) were diagnosed on the island of Carriacou, part of the tri-island state of Grenada. In the three months that followed, CHIKV spread rapidly, with conservative estimates of the population infected of at least 60%. Multiple challenges were encountered in the battle to manage the spread and impact of this high–attack rate virus, including 1) limited indigenous laboratory diagnostic capabilities; 2) an under-resourced health care system; 3) a skeptical general public, hesitant to accept facts about the origin and mode of transmission of the new virus; and 4) resistance to the vector control strategies used. Lessons learned from the outbreak included the need for 1) a robust and reliable epidemiological surveillance system; 2) effective strategies for communicating with the general population; 3) exploration of other methods of mosquito vector control; and 4) a careful review of all health care policies and protocols to ensure that effective, organized responses are triggered when an infectious outbreak occurs.

Peculiarities of the course of toxoplasmosis and toxocarosis in modern conditions of the сovid-19pandemic and their prevention

2021 ◽  
Vol 43 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 46-56
Author(s):  
O. V. Bobrova ◽  
◽  
N.G. Mikhanovska ◽  
K. A. Krivonos ◽  
S. M. Vorobyov ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Preventive Measures ◽  
Congenital Toxoplasmosis ◽  
Risk Groups ◽  
Acute Stage ◽  
Epidemiological Surveillance ◽  
Government Agencies ◽  
National Program ◽  
Disease Treatment ◽  
Modern Methods ◽  
Near Future

The article is devoted (dedicated) to topical problems of socially significant parasitosis, peculiarities of toxoplasmosis and toxocariasis in the conditions of the COVID-19 pandemic, measures of prevention of these parasitic invasions. Ways of infection, clinical features of chronic toxoplasmosis in the acute stage, and toxocariasis are described. An overview of modern methods of diagnosis of toxoplasmosis and toxocariasis is presented, the necessity of line-blot analysis in our country is described, first of all, to clarify the stage of the disease in congenital toxoplasmosis, as well as for differential diagnosis of stages of this disease. treatment of patients with toxoplasmosis invasion. Indications for examination of patients with toxoplasmosis are presented. The main measures for the prevention of congenital toxoplasmosis, which is dangerous for newborns, are outlined. Preventive measures to prevent toxocariasis infection are described, which is a necessary basis for improving the system of epidemiological surveillance for the spread of toxoplasmosis and toxocariasis in all regions of our country. Emphasis was placed on the need to strengthen control by government agencies to prevent parasitological pollution, the urgency of establishing a National Program for surveillance of parasitic infestations in the near future to control their spread and prevent serious consequences for the health of infected, the need and feasibility of specialized treatment centers. and rehabilitation of patients with parasitic infestations, primarily toxoplasmosis and toxocariasis. The necessity of dispensary observation for persons from risk groups for severe toxoplasmosis – pregnant women, immunocompromised persons, persons with immunodeficiency of different genesis, the main solutions for the prevention of these parasites.

Adaptation to climate change in the mountain regions of Central Asia: Assessment of the current knowledge

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zarina Saidaliyeva ◽  
Veruska Muccione ◽  
Maria Shahgedanova ◽  
Sophie Bigler ◽  
Carolina Adler
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Water Resources ◽  
Central Asia ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Aral Sea ◽  
European Alps ◽  
Ample Evidence ◽  
Central Asian ◽  
Number Of Publications ◽  
Adaptation Options

<p>The mountains of Central Asia, extending over 7000 m a.s.l. and accommodating diverse and complex natural and managed systems, are very vulnerable to climate change. They support valuable environmental functions and provide key ecosystem goods and services to the arid downstream regions which strongly depend on the melting snowpack and glaciers for the provision of water by the transboundary rivers starting in the mountains. Strong climate change adaptation (CCA) action is required to increase resilience of the vulnerable, low-income communities in the region. Our knowledge of the CCA actions in the mountains of Central Asia is limited in comparison with other mountainous regions. The aim of this study is to assess the existing adaptation projects and publications and to identify gaps in adaptation efforts by conducting a systematic review of the peer-reviewed literature published in English language. To be selected, the papers had to comply with the following criteria: (i) publication between 2013 and 2019; (ii) explicit focus on CCA in the mountain ranges of Central Asia; (iii) explanation of adaptation options; (vi) a clear methodology of deriving suitable adaptation options. Following the initial screening and subsequent reading of the publications, complying with the specified criteria, 33 peer-reviewed articles were selected for final analysis. This is considerably lower than the number of publications on the European Alps, Hindu-Kush – Himalayas, and the Andes. The number of publications on Central Asian mountains has declined since 2013.</p><p>The research is heavily focused on the problem of water resources, especially water availability at present and in the future 70 % of the analysed papers addressing these issues. These are followed by the papers considering adaptation in agriculture and in managing biodiversity. A critical finding is the lack of publications on adaptation to hazards and disasters including glacier outburst floods, mudflow, and landslides which are common and comparatively well-researched hazards in the Central Asian mountains, experiencing rapid deglaciation. About 50 % of the papers address the transboundary nature of the impacts of climate changes on water resources and land management reflecting the transboundary nature of the Central Asian catchments and the tensions which exist across the region but are especially prominent in the Aral Sea basin.</p><p>We conclude that while there is ample evidence of climate change and its impacts in the mountains of Central Asia and many publications mention the need for adaptation, a very limited number of publications explicitly focus on CCA and how it can be delivered.</p>

Tuberculosis as a socially significant disease. The organization of medical care for patients with tuberculosis in Khanty-Mansiysk Autonomous District – Ugra

2019 ◽  
pp. 18-23
Author(s):  
E. A. Krivykh ◽  
E. A. Revyakin ◽  
M. V. Malkhasyan
Keyword(s):  
Preventive Measures ◽  
Survey Methods ◽  
Integrated Approach ◽  
Annual Reports ◽  
Permanent Disability ◽  
Autonomous District ◽  
Treatment And Prevention ◽  
Target Indicator ◽  
Number Of Patients ◽  
Therapeutic Measures

Introduction. In the world (and in the Russian Federation) the situation caused by the increase in the number of socially significant diseases continues to be quite tense. The most important in this group is tuberculosis, which causes significant damage to society, due to the loss of temporary and permanent disability, an increase in the number of disabled people and destabilization of the demographic situation in the country. In this regard, an integrated approach to the implementation of therapeutic and preventive measures in patients suffering from tuberculous lesions is a priority in addressing the spread of this pathology. Purpose of the study. Analysis of data on the epidemiological situation, morbidity, prevalence, mortality, prevention and treatment of tuberculosis patients in the Khanty-Mansiysk Autonomous District – Ugra in 2017, comparing the figures for the first half of 2017 and 2018. Materials and methods. To assess the parameters characterizing the organization of early diagnosis of tuberculosis, hospitalization of patients of the relevant cohort of the population, the effectiveness of therapeutic measures taken, the quality of preventive measures among the population of the Khanty-Mansiysk Autonomous District – Ugra, the data of annual reports of relevant medical organizations for 2017–2018 are used. Results. In 2017, the coverage of examinations for tuberculosis of the population with the use of all survey methods amounted to 78,6%, while the target indicator of the state program «Health Development 2014–2020» was 78,0%. The number of patients effectively treated at the studied stages was more than 50% of cases for each. Conclusion. In the Autonomous District – Ugra, the work of all services and institutions for the treatment and prevention of tuberculosis is recognized as systematic and effective according to the results of events held.

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