scholarly journals Effectiveness of Carbaryl, Carbofuran and Metolachlor Retention in Soils under the Influence of Different Colloid

Minerals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (9) ◽  
pp. 924
Author(s):  
Irmina Ćwieląg-Piasecka ◽  
Magdalena Debicka ◽  
Agnieszka Medyńska-Juraszek
Keyword(s):  
Natural Organic Matter ◽  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Soil Samples ◽  
Mineral Surface ◽  
Loamy Soil ◽  
Undisturbed Soil ◽  
Light Soil ◽  
Loam Soil ◽  
Effective Sorbent ◽  
Soil Colloids

The affinity of different soil colloids to retain carbaryl, carbofuran and metolachlor in sandy loam and loam soil from mineral, surface horizons was investigated. The undisturbed soil samples and soils amended with colloids—kaolinite (K), montmorillonite (Mt), illite (Il), goethite (G), humic acid (HA)—were mixed with the pesticides for sorption–desorption studies. Their sorption magnitude in pristine soils followed the sequence metolachlor > carbaryl > carbofuran, with loam soil being a better pesticides retarder than sandy soil. The biggest magnitude of carbaryl sorption in light soil was observed in samples with the addition of HA (92.7%), Il (92.3%) and Ge (87.5%), whereas for carbofuran it was goethite (52.3%). Metolachlor uptake was significantly enhanced by 2:1 clays (Mt-85.0%, Il-69.4%), goethite (73.3%) and humic acids (75.4%). The loamy soil sorption capacity of the studied pesticides was blocked by the natural organic matter potentially due to the formation of organo-mineral complexes. HA (66.8%) was the most effective sorbent for carbaryl in the loamy soil, whereas Mt (55.1%) and HA (40.3%) for carbofuran. Metolachlor was retained to the same extent in all loamy soil variants (75.8–83.6%) and its desorption values were the lowest. Carbofuran demonstrated the greatest ability to leach among the studied chemicals.

scholarly journals Assessment of microbial activity and biomass in different soils exposed to nicosulfuron

2014 ◽  
Vol 29 (3) ◽  
pp. 213-219 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ljiljana Santric ◽  
Ljiljana Radivojevic ◽  
Gajic Umiljendic ◽  
Rada Djurovic-Pejcev ◽  
Marija Saric-Krsmanovic
Keyword(s):  
Microbial Biomass ◽  
Agricultural Soils ◽  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Soil Samples ◽  
Laboratory Bioassay ◽  
Loamy Soil ◽  
Cellulolytic Microorganisms ◽  
Loam Soil ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Different Soils

The effects of the herbicide nicosulfuron on the abundance of cellulolytic and proteolytic microorganisms, activity of ?-glucosidase and protease enzymes, and microbial phosphorus biomass were examined. A laboratory bioassay was set up on two types of agricultural soils differing in physicochemical properties. The following concentrations were tested: 0.3, 0.6, 3.0 and 30.0 mg a.i./kg of soil. Samples were collected 3, 7, 14, 30 and 45 days after treatment with nicosulfuron. The results showed that nicosulfuron significantly reduced the abundance of cellulolytic microorganisms in both soils, as well as microbial biomass phosphorus in sandy loam soil. The herbicide was found to stimulate ?-glucosidase and protease activity in both types of soil and microbial biomass phosphorus in loamy soil. Proteolytic microorganisms remained unaffected by nicosulfuron.

The effects on winter wheat of ammonium sulphate, with and without a nitrification inhibitor, and of calcium nitrate

1968 ◽  
Vol 71 (2) ◽  
pp. 243-249 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. K. R. Gasser ◽  
F. G. Hamlyn
Keyword(s):  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Ammonium Sulphate ◽  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Nitrification Inhibitor ◽  
Calcium Nitrate ◽  
Clay Loam ◽  
Light Soil ◽  
Heavy Soil ◽  
Loam Soil ◽  
Effect On Yield

SUMMARYWinter wheat grown on a sandy-loam and on a clay-loam soil was given ammonium sulphate alone or treated with the nitrification inhibitor, 2-chloro-6-(trichloromethyl)- pyridine, drilled with seed, in autumn. In spring, dressings of treated or untreated ammonium sulphate or of calcium nitrate, were broadcast. 75 or 150 lb N/acre were given on the sandy loam and 50 or 100 lb on the clay loam. Plants were sampled during growth and grain yield was measured.Without fertilizer-N, the wheat yielded 17 cwt/acre on the sandy-loam and 46 cwt on the clay, and with the double dressings given in spring yields were 52 and 56 cwt/ acre. On the light soil, treated ammonium sulphate given in autumn increased yield by 3–5 cwt/acre with the single dressing and by 5–4 cwt/acre with the double one.On the heavy soil the inhibitor had no effect on yield. Dressings of 50 lb N/acre in autumn or spring increased yields equally, but with 100 lb N/acre the spring dressing increased yield slightly more than autumn dressings. Calcium nitrate at 75 lb N/acre was significantly better than ammonium sulphate on the light soil.The inhibitor did not affect the speed with which N was taken up, or the total uptake, from fertilizer given in spring.

scholarly journals Estimating the van Genuchten retention curve parameters of undisturbed soil from a single upward infiltration measurement

Soil Research ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 55 (7) ◽  
pp. 682 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Moret-Fernández ◽  
C. Peña-Sancho ◽  
B. Latorre ◽  
Y. Pueyo ◽  
M. V. López
Keyword(s):  
Water Retention ◽  
Time Domain Reflectometry ◽  
Soil Samples ◽  
Water Retention Curve ◽  
Internal Diameter ◽  
Soil Cores ◽  
Undisturbed Soil ◽  
Retention Curve ◽  
Loam Soil ◽  
Undisturbed Soil Cores

Estimation of the soil–water retention curve, θ(h), on undisturbed soil samples is of paramount importance to characterise the hydraulic behaviour of soils. Although a method of determining parameters of the water retention curve (α, a scale parameter inversely proportional to mean pore diameter and n, a measure of pore size distribution) from saturated hydraulic conductivity (Ks), sorptivity (S) and the β parameter, using S and β calculated from the inverse analysis of upward infiltration (UI) has been satisfactorily applied to sieved soil samples, its applicability to undisturbed soils has not been tested. The aim of the present study was to show that the method can be applied to undisturbed soil cores representing a range of textures and structures. Undisturbed soil cores were collected using stainless steel cylinders (5cm internal diameter×5cm high) from structured soils located in two different places: (1) an agricultural loam soil under conventional, reduced and no tillage systems; and (2) a loam soil under grazed and ungrazed natural shrubland. The α and n values estimated for the different soils using the UI method were compared with those calculated using time domain reflectometry (TDR) pressure cells (PC) for pressure heads of –0.5, –1.5, –3, –5, –10 and –50kPa. To compare the two methods, α values measured with UI were calculated to the drying branch of θ(h). For each treatment, three replicates of UI and PC calculations were performed. The results showed that the 5-cm high cylinders used in all experiments provided accurate estimates of S and β. Overall, the α and n values estimated with UI were larger than those measured with PC. These differences could be attributed, in part, to limitations of the PC method. On average, the n values calculated from the optimised S and β data were 5% larger than those obtained with PC. A relationship with a slope close to 1 fitted the n values estimated using both methods (nPC=0.73 nUI+0.49; R2=0.78, P<0.05). The results show that the UI method is a promising technique to estimate the hydraulic properties of undisturbed soil samples.

A laboratory study of the effects of some soil-applied organophosphorus pesticides on Carabidae (Coleoptera)

1972 ◽  
Vol 62 (2) ◽  
pp. 229-242 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. R. Critchley
Keyword(s):  
Insect Pests ◽  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Organophosphorus Pesticides ◽  
Gas Liquid Chromatography ◽  
Adult Size ◽  
Speed Of Kill ◽  
Bembidion Lampros ◽  
Loam Soil ◽  
Burrowing Behaviour ◽  
Soil Colloids

Time/mortality studies with Carabidae exposed to thionazin, phorate, disulfoton and menazon in an acid sandy loam soil were done in controlled laboratory conditions. Carabids were killed by soil treated with thionazin within dosage rates normally required for satisfactory control of nematode or insect pests of crops, i.e., 2·24–8·96 kg/ha, but menazon was virtually non-toxic. Soil moisture increased the speed of kill of Carabidae in thionazin-treated soil presumably by affecting processes of adsorption and desorption of the pesticide to soil colloids and by influencing burrowing behaviour. The speed of kill increased with a rise in temperature, mortalities occurring 2·2 × faster at 10°C, 8·1 × faster at 15°C and 11·8 × faster at 22°C than at 7°C, but was decreased by illumination which decreased the activity of the nocturnal Carabids. The addition of calcium carbonate to increase soil pH did not alter immediate mortality by thionazin but persistence was decreased. Speed of kill was negatively correlated with adult size of Carabid species that behaved similarly, small species such as Bembidion lampros (Hbst.) (mean weight 2·1–2·2 mg) dying 12–13 × faster than female adults of Pterostichus vulgaris (L.) (mean weight 195 mg). Species which burrowed in soil were more susceptible than those which did not, as were newly moulted or starved adults. At 15°C and in wet conditions the “ half-life ” of thionazin based on speed of kill in a soil of pH 6·1–6·7 was 1–2 weeks but when determined by gas-liquid chromatography was 3–4 weeks at 22°C. Leaching could account for the loss of up to 12% of thionazin from the top 9 cm of soil.

COMPARISON OF THE EFFICACY AND SOIL CONCENTRATIONS OF FALL- AND SPRING-APPLIED TRIFLURALIN IN FLAX

1983 ◽  
Vol 63 (4) ◽  
pp. 1031-1038 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. A. PCHAJEK ◽  
I. N. MORRISON ◽  
G. R. B. WEBSTER
Keyword(s):  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Soil Samples ◽  
Controlled Environment ◽  
Residual Soil ◽  
Setaria Viridis ◽  
Green Foxtail ◽  
Setaria Glauca ◽  
Loam Soil ◽  
Fall Application

The efficacy of fall and spring treatments of trifluralin (α,α-trifluoro-2,6- dinitro-N, N-diproply-p-toluidine) applied to a sandy loam soil seeded to flax and the residual soil concentrations of trifluralin during the growing season were compared over 2 yr. Fall application of trifluralin at 1.12 kg/ha caused less crop injury and resulted in better green foxtail (Setaria viridis (L.) Beauv.) control than a spring application at 0.84 kg/ha. Initial soil concentrations were higher in plots treated in the fall at 1.12 kg/ha than in plots treated in the spring at 0.84 kg/ha. Six weeks after the experiments were seeded to flax and after harvest, more trifluralin persisted in the fall-treated plots. Calculated on the basis of the amount detected at the time of seeding, an average of 31 and 30% of the trifluralin persisted until after harvest in 1978 and 1979, respectively. In controlled environment studies in which yellow foxtail (Setaria glauca L. Beauv.) was seeded into soil collected six weeks after seeding, growth of the weed was reduced more in soil that was treated in the fall compared to the spring. In soil samples taken after harvest, growth of yellow foxtail was significantly reduced only in soil that had been treated the previous fall, with about a 50% reduction resulting from the 1.12-kg/ha rate and a 90% reduction occurring from the 2.24-kg/ha rate.Key words: Setaria viridis, flax tolerance, green foxtail control, trifluralin residues

scholarly journals Biochar increases plant-available water in a sandy loam soil under an aerobic rice crop system

Solid Earth ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 939-952 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. T. de Melo Carvalho ◽  
A. de Holanda Nunes Maia ◽  
B. E. Madari ◽  
L. Bastiaans ◽  
P. A. J. van Oort ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Retention ◽  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Sandy Loam Soil ◽  
Aerobic Rice ◽  
Undisturbed Soil ◽  
Available Water ◽  
Eucalyptus Wood ◽  
Loam Soil ◽  
Plant Available Water ◽  
The Impact

Abstract. The main objective of this study was to assess the impact of biochar rate (0, 8, 16 and 32 Mg ha−1) on the water retention capacity (WRC) of a sandy loam Dystric Plinthosol. The applied biochar was a by-product of slow pyrolysis (∼450 °C) of eucalyptus wood, milled to pass through a 2000 μm sieve that resulted in a material with an intrinsic porosity ≤10 μm and a specific surface area of ∼3.2 m2 g−1. The biochar was incorporated into the top 15 cm of the soil under an aerobic rice system. Our study focused on both the effects on WRC and rice yields 2 and 3 years after its application. Undisturbed soil samples were collected from 16 plots in two soil layers (5–10 and 15–20 cm). Soil water retention curves were modelled using a nonlinear mixed model which appropriately accounts for uncertainties inherent of spatial variability and repeated measurements taken within a specific soil sample. We found an increase in plant-available water in the upper soil layer proportional to the rate of biochar, with about 0.8% for each Mg ha−1 biochar amendment 2 and 3 years after its application. The impact of biochar on soil WRC was most likely related to an effect in overall porosity of the sandy loam soil, which was evident from an increase in saturated soil moisture and macro porosity with 0.5 and 1.6% for each Mg ha−1 of biochar applied, respectively. The increment in soil WRC did not translate into an increase in rice yield, essentially because in both seasons the amount of rainfall during the critical period for rice production exceeded 650 mm. The use of biochar as a soil amendment can be a worthy strategy to guarantee yield stability under short-term water-limited conditions. Our findings raise the importance of assessing the feasibility of very high application rates of biochar and the inclusion of a detailed analysis of its physical and chemical properties as part of future investigations.

scholarly journals Assessment of Soil Fertility in Smallholder Potato Farms in Rwanda

2019 ◽  
Vol 39 (04) ◽  
Author(s):  
Adrien Turamyenyirijuru ◽  
Guillaume Nyagatare ◽  
Robert Morwani Gesimba ◽  
Rhoda Jerop Birech
Keyword(s):  
Soil Fertility ◽  
Cation Exchange Capacity ◽  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Exchange Capacity ◽  
Soil Samples ◽  
Clay Loam ◽  
Clay Loam Soil ◽  
Ecological Zones ◽  
Loam Soil ◽  
Agro Ecological Zones

This study assessed soil fertility in potato farms of Birunga and Buberuka highlands agro-ecological zones (AEZs). It compared nutrients levels (N, P, K, Mg, Ca, Na, S, Mn, Cu, Zn and Fe) and other parameters (pH, organic carbon [OC], cation exchange capacity [CEC], base saturation [BS], bulk density [BD] and texture) of soil samples. ANOVA revealed that pH of soils (5.53-6.50) varied from slightly to moderately acidic, BD fell below optimum for plant growth (Lessthan 1.8gcm-3), texture was sandy loam to sand clay loam. Soil fertility for OC (3.33-5.53%), N (0.15-0.31%) and CEC (10.08-18.60 meq/100g) varied from low to medium; and medium to high for BS (34.78-61.91%); was qualified medium for P (5.75-9.20 ppm), K (0.21-0.54 meq/100g), S (6.46 - 8.15 ppm) and majority of micronutrients. Values from Birunga AEZ were higher than ones from Buberuka AEZ except for BD, CEC, clay, silt, Na and Fe. There were significant differences between farms within locations for all parameters and significant differences between locations for all parameters except Na and Mn.

Effects of Imazaquin Residues on Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum)

Weed Science ◽  
1989 ◽  
Vol 37 (6) ◽  
pp. 820-824 ◽  
Author(s):  
Clyde J. Barnes ◽  
Andrew J. Goetz ◽  
Terry L. Lavy
Keyword(s):  
Indicator Species ◽  
Soil Texture ◽  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Soil Samples ◽  
Sandy Loam Soil ◽  
Clay Soils ◽  
Clay Loam ◽  
Laboratory Studies ◽  
Soil Concentration ◽  
Loam Soil

Field and laboratory studies were conducted in 1987 and 1988 on several Arkansas soils to determine the effects of residual levels of imazaquin on cotton. Imazaquin concentrations ranging from 0.007 to 0.024 μg/g and 0.00 to 0.015 μg/g were found in soil samples taken 12 and 24 months, respectively, following preplant-incorporated applications at rates of 140 g/ha. Cotton yields were reduced from 7 to 42% in 1987 as the soil concentration of imazaquin increased from 0.007 to 0.024 μg/g. Imazaquin persistence was greater in clay soils than loams or sandy loams. Imazaquin was weakly adsorbed to a clay, loam, and sandy loam soil in laboratory studies; the adsorption isotherms did not differ significantly by soil texture. A bioassay utilizing cotton as the indicator species was developed to determine imazaquin concentrations in soils ranging from 0 to 0.06 μg/g. Imazaquin concentrations determined by the bioassay method were found to be 75, 77, and 80% of those determined by chemical extractions for a clay, loam, and sandy loam soil, respectively.

scholarly journals Effect of sodium adsorption ratio and electric conductivity of the applied water on infiltration in a sandy-loam soil

Water SA ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 44 (1 January) ◽  
Author(s):  
Abdulwahed M Aboukarima ◽  
Mohammed A Al-Sulaiman ◽  
Mohamed SA El Marazky
Keyword(s):  
Electric Conductivity ◽  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Infiltration Rate ◽  
Sodium Adsorption Ratio ◽  
Sandy Loam Soil ◽  
Initial Time ◽  
Applied Water ◽  
Undisturbed Soil ◽  
Average Value ◽  
Loam Soil

Infiltration measurements using a double-ring infiltrometer were conducted on a sandy-loam soil located in Saudi Arabia. The measurements were performed for an undisturbed soil. The effect of sodium adsorption ratio (SAR) and electric conductivity (EC) of the applied water on infiltration rate was examined. The infiltration rate at the initial time was high, in the order 305 > 240 > 137 > 104 > 65 mm/h for SAR of 3.34, 3.52, 4.14, 4.18, and 7.60, respectively. The results showed that 180 min after the initial time of measurement in the sandy-loam soil, the final infiltration rates were in the range of 21.1–44.0 mm/h for the different qualities of water considered in this study, with an average value of 33.8 mm/h. Hence, the infiltration rate is sensitive to the SAR of the applied water. The final infiltration rate (IRf) and the final cumulative infiltration depth (Zf) after 180 min could be predicted using the following equations:IRf (mm/h) = 49.399 + 6.691 × EC (dS/m) – 6.740 × SAR (—) R2 = 0.939Zf (mm) = 148.198 + 20.074 × EC (dS/m) – 20.221 × SAR (—) R2 = 0.9387

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