scholarly journals Antimicrobial Compounds Isolated from Endolichenic Fungi: A Review

Molecules ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (13) ◽  
pp. 3901
Author(s):  
A. Nethma Wethalawe ◽  
Y. Vindula Alwis ◽  
Dinusha N. Udukala ◽  
Priyani A. Paranagama
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Properties ◽  
Structural Features ◽  
Antimicrobial Compounds ◽  
Future Studies ◽  
Antiviral Compounds ◽  
New Antibiotics ◽  
Photosynthetic Organism ◽  
Endolichenic Fungi ◽  
The Common ◽  
Promising Source

A lichen is a symbiotic relationship between a fungus and a photosynthetic organism, which is algae or cyanobacteria. Endolichenic fungi are a group of microfungi that resides asymptomatically within the thalli of lichens. Endolichenic fungi can be recognized as luxuriant metabolic artists that produce propitious bioactive secondary metabolites. More than any other time, there is a worldwide search for new antibiotics due to the alarming increase in microbial resistance against the currently available therapeutics. Even though a few antimicrobial compounds have been isolated from endolichenic fungi, most of them have moderate activities, implying the need for further structural optimizations. Recognizing this timely need and the significance of endolichenic fungi as a promising source of antimicrobial compounds, the activity, sources and the structures of 31 antibacterial compounds, 58 antifungal compounds, two antiviral compounds and one antiplasmodial (antimalarial) compound are summarized in this review. In addition, an overview of the common scaffolds and structural features leading to the corresponding antimicrobial properties is provided as an aid for future studies. The current challenges and major drawbacks of research related to endolichenic fungi and the remedies for them have been suggested.

scholarly journals Antibiotics resistance - a stumbling block to antibiotics research

2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 2008-2013
Author(s):  
Sivasankari Marimuthu ◽  
Arul Jayanthi Antonisamy ◽  
Sankar Malayandi ◽  
Karthikeyan Rajendran
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Properties ◽  
Structural Features ◽  
Antibiotics Resistance ◽  
Antimicrobial Compounds ◽  
Resistance Development ◽  
Synthetic Compounds ◽  
Development Of Resistance ◽  
Serious Infections ◽  
New Antibiotics ◽  
Antibiotic Discovery

Antibiotics are natural or synthetic substances that inhibit the growth of infectious microorganisms and prevent from them, causing serious infections. Though the discovery of penicillin was claimed to be accidental, later on, systematic procedures for antibiotic discovery was introduced by Waksman through his streptomycin discovery. Adopting Waksman's platform, many researchers are exploring natural sources in search of antibiotics. On the other hand, the development of resistance to antibiotics is growing at a rate faster than the discovery of new antibiotics. While a number of semi synthetic and synthetic compounds with antimicrobial properties are emerging to combat the above problem, the microorganisms are in no way working inferior to resist the actions of such substances. In fact, the development of resistance by microorganisms to above said alternatives are observed at an even faster rate than the natural antimicrobial compounds obtained from microbes. The reason behind such a faster resistance development is due to the similar structural features of semi-synthetic and synthetic compounds to natural antibiotics from microbes. The treatment of infectious diseases becomes a big task and requires a greater concern nowadays to avoid increased rates of mortality. This is an alarming condition demanding for the discovery and development of new antimicrobial compounds that would end up as a better solution for the existing problem and avoid the development of resistance. This review presents the background of antibiotics discovery and resistance development and also provides an insight into the available strategies to combat the problem.

scholarly journals Metal Complexes as a Promising Source for New Antibiotics

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Angelo Frei ◽  
Johannes Zuegg ◽  
Alysha Elliott ◽  
Murray Baker ◽  
Stefan Bräse ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Metal Complexes ◽  
Antimicrobial Compounds ◽  
Chemical Structures ◽  
Mammalian Cell Lines ◽  
New Antibiotics ◽  
Antibiotic Compounds ◽  
Drug Pipeline ◽  
Promising Source ◽  
Derivatives Of ◽  
Nanomolar Range

There is a dire need for new classes of antimicrobial compounds to combat the growing threat of widespread antibiotic resistance. With a currently very scarce drug pipeline, consisting mostly of derivatives of known antibiotics, new classes of antibiotics are urgently required. Antibiotic compounds are notorious for not having very “drug-like” chemical structures. Metal complexes are currently in clinical development for the treatment of cancer, malaria and neurodegenerative diseases. However, only little attention has been paid to their application as potential antimicrobial compounds. We report the evaluation of 906 metal-containing compounds that have been screened by the Community for Open Antimicrobial Drug Discovery (CO-ADD) for antimicrobial activity. Metal-bearing compounds display a significantly higher hit-rate (9.9%) when compared to the purely organic molecules (0.87%) in the CO-ADD database. Out of 906 compounds, 88 show activity against at least one of the tested strains, including fungi, while not displaying any cytotoxicity against mammalian cell lines or haemolytic properties. Herein, we highlight the structures of the 30 compounds with activity against Gram-positive and/or Gram-negative bacteria containing Mn, Co, Zn, Ru, Ag, Eu, Ir and Pt, with activities down to the nanomolar range against methicillin resistant <i>S. aureus </i>(MRSA). This work reveals the vast diversity that metal-containing compounds can bring to antimicrobial research. It is important to raise awareness of these types of compounds for the design of truly novel antibiotics with potential for combatting antimicrobial resistance.

scholarly journals Metal Complexes as a Promising Source for New Antibiotics

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Angelo Frei ◽  
Johannes Zuegg ◽  
Alysha Elliott ◽  
Murray Baker ◽  
Stefan Bräse ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Metal Complexes ◽  
Antimicrobial Compounds ◽  
Chemical Structures ◽  
Mammalian Cell Lines ◽  
New Antibiotics ◽  
Antibiotic Compounds ◽  
Drug Pipeline ◽  
Promising Source ◽  
Derivatives Of ◽  
Nanomolar Range

There is a dire need for new classes of antimicrobial compounds to combat the growing threat of widespread antibiotic resistance. With a currently very scarce drug pipeline, consisting mostly of derivatives of known antibiotics, new classes of antibiotics are urgently required. Antibiotic compounds are notorious for not having very “drug-like” chemical structures. Metal complexes are currently in clinical development for the treatment of cancer, malaria and neurodegenerative diseases. However, only little attention has been paid to their application as potential antimicrobial compounds. We report the evaluation of 906 metal-containing compounds that have been screened by the Community for Open Antimicrobial Drug Discovery (CO-ADD) for antimicrobial activity. Metal-bearing compounds display a significantly higher hit-rate (9.9%) when compared to the purely organic molecules (0.87%) in the CO-ADD database. Out of 906 compounds, 88 show activity against at least one of the tested strains, including fungi, while not displaying any cytotoxicity against mammalian cell lines or haemolytic properties. Herein, we highlight the structures of the 30 compounds with activity against Gram-positive and/or Gram-negative bacteria containing Mn, Co, Zn, Ru, Ag, Eu, Ir and Pt, with activities down to the nanomolar range against methicillin resistant <i>S. aureus </i>(MRSA). This work reveals the vast diversity that metal-containing compounds can bring to antimicrobial research. It is important to raise awareness of these types of compounds for the design of truly novel antibiotics with potential for combatting antimicrobial resistance.

scholarly journals Metal Complexes as a Promising Source for New Antibiotics

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Angelo Frei ◽  
Johannes Zuegg ◽  
Alysha Elliott ◽  
Murray Baker ◽  
Stefan Bräse ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Metal Complexes ◽  
Antimicrobial Compounds ◽  
Chemical Structures ◽  
Mammalian Cell Lines ◽  
New Antibiotics ◽  
Antibiotic Compounds ◽  
Drug Pipeline ◽  
Promising Source ◽  
Derivatives Of ◽  
Nanomolar Range

There is a dire need for new classes of antimicrobial compounds to combat the growing threat of widespread antibiotic resistance. With a currently very scarce drug pipeline, consisting mostly of derivatives of known antibiotics, new classes of antibiotics are urgently required. Antibiotic compounds are notorious for not having very “drug-like” chemical structures. Metal complexes are currently in clinical development for the treatment of cancer, malaria and neurodegenerative diseases. However, only little attention has been paid to their application as potential antimicrobial compounds. We report the evaluation of 906 metal-containing compounds that have been screened by the Community for Open Antimicrobial Drug Discovery (CO-ADD) for antimicrobial activity. Metal-bearing compounds display a significantly higher hit-rate (9.9%) when compared to the purely organic molecules (0.87%) in the CO-ADD database. Out of 906 compounds, 88 show activity against at least one of the tested strains, including fungi, while not displaying any cytotoxicity against mammalian cell lines or haemolytic properties. Herein, we highlight the structures of the 30 compounds with activity against Gram-positive and/or Gram-negative bacteria containing Mn, Co, Zn, Ru, Ag, Eu, Ir and Pt, with activities down to the nanomolar range against methicillin resistant <i>S. aureus </i>(MRSA). This work reveals the vast diversity that metal-containing compounds can bring to antimicrobial research. It is important to raise awareness of these types of compounds for the design of truly novel antibiotics with potential for combatting antimicrobial resistance.

Antimicrobial properties of actively purified secondary metabolites isolated from different marine organisms

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nilushi Indika Bamunu Arachchige ◽  
Fazlurrahman Khan ◽  
Young-Mog Kim
Keyword(s):  
Secondary Metabolites ◽  
Pathogenic Bacteria ◽  
Antimicrobial Agents ◽  
Bacterial Species ◽  
Antimicrobial Properties ◽  
Antimicrobial Effect ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Resistance Mechanisms ◽  
Marine Organisms ◽  
Antimicrobial Compounds

Background: The treatment of infection caused by pathogenic bacteria becomes one of the serious concerns globally. The failure in the treatment was found due to the exhibition of multiple resistance mechanisms against the antimicrobial agents. Emergence of resistant bacterial species has also been observed due to prolong treatment using conventional antibiotics. To combat these problems, several alternative strategies have been employed using biological and chemically synthesized compounds as antibacterial agents. Marine organisms considered as one of the potential sources for the isolation of bioactive compounds due to the easily available, cost-effective, and eco-friendly. Methods: The online search methodology was adapted for the collection of information related to the antimicrobial properties of marine-derived compounds. These compound has been isolated and purified by different purification techniques, and their structure also characterized. Furthermore, the antibacterial activities have been reported by using broth microdilution as well as disc diffusion assays. Results: The present review paper describes the antimicrobial effect of diverse secondary metabolites which are isolated and purified from the different marine organisms. The structural elucidation of each secondary metabolite has also been done in the present paper, which will help for the in silico designing of the novel and potent antimicrobial compounds. Conclusion: A thorough literature search has been made and summarizes the list of antimicrobial compounds that are isolated from both prokaryotic and eukaryotic marine organisms. The information obtained from the present paper will be helpful for the application of marine compounds as antimicrobial agents against different antibiotic-resistant human pathogenic bacteria.

scholarly journals Gold Nanoparticles Synthesis and Antimicrobial Effect on Fibrous Materials

Nanomaterials ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (5) ◽  
pp. 1067
Author(s):  
Behnaz Mehravani ◽  
Ana Isabel Ribeiro ◽  
Andrea Zille
Keyword(s):  
Gold Nanoparticles ◽  
Antimicrobial Properties ◽  
Antimicrobial Effect ◽  
Environmental Concerns ◽  
Fibrous Materials ◽  
Barrier Material ◽  
Future Studies ◽  
Textile Materials ◽  
Promising Strategy ◽  
Antimicrobial Materials

Depositing nanoparticles in textiles have been a promising strategy to achieve multifunctional materials. Particularly, antimicrobial properties are highly valuable due to the emergence of new pathogens and the spread of existing ones. Several methods have been used to functionalize textile materials with gold nanoparticles (AuNPs). Therefore, this review highlighted the most used methods for AuNPs preparation and the current studies on the topic in order to obtain AuNPs with suitable properties for antimicrobial applications and minimize the environmental concerns in their production. Reporting the detailed information on the functionalization of fabrics, yarns, and fibers with AuNPs by different methods to improve the antimicrobial properties was the central objective. The studies combining AuNPs and textile materials have opened valuable opportunities to develop antimicrobial materials for health and hygiene products, as infection control and barrier material, with improved properties. Future studies are needed to amplify the antimicrobial effect of AuNPs onto textiles and minimize the concerns related to the synthesis.

A Systematic Review of Acupuncture and Moxibustion Treatment for Chronic Fatigue Syndrome in China

2008 ◽  
Vol 36 (01) ◽  
pp. 1-24 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tianfang Wang ◽  
Qunhao Zhang ◽  
Xiaolin Xue ◽  
Albert Yeung
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Chronic Fatigue Syndrome ◽  
Chronic Fatigue ◽  
Future Studies ◽  
Acupuncture And Moxibustion ◽  
Fatigue Syndrome ◽  
Collective Experience ◽  
Rigorous Study ◽  
The Common ◽  
Study Designs

Studies on the treatment of chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) with acupuncture and moxibustion in China were reviewed. All studies concluded the treatments were effective, with response rates ranging from 78.95% to 100%. However, the qualities of the studies were generally poor, and none of them used a RCT design. The common acupoints/sites used in the treatment of CFS, which may reflect the collective experience of acupuncturists in China based on Traditional Chinese Medicine theories can be used to evaluate the effectiveness of acupuncture for the treatment of CFS in future studies using more scientifically rigorous study designs.

scholarly journals Vocabulary Teaching and Learning Principles in Classroom Practices

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arab World English Journal ◽  
Nur Salina Ismail ◽  
Safawati Basirah Zaid ◽  
Misrah Hamisah Mohamed ◽  
Nurazan Mohd Rouyan
Keyword(s):  
Teaching And Learning ◽  
Classroom Practices ◽  
Learning Methods ◽  
Future Studies ◽  
Proficiency Level ◽  
Common Practices ◽  
Data Points ◽  
The Common ◽  
Learning Principles ◽  
Effective Teaching And Learning

Vocabulary teaching and learning principles assist in providing effective teaching and learning methods, in accordance with the learners’ proficiency level. However, studies that looked into the relevancy of those principles are rather limited. Thus, this study focuses on finding the common practices of vocabulary teaching and learning principles in the classroom. Interviews involving three experts were done to determine their vocabulary teaching and learning principles application in their teaching. Based on the data analysed using Atlas t.i, out of ten Vocabulary Teaching and Learning Principles, only eight were practiced by the participants. The findings revealed that these experts, even though practice the principles, the approaches were varied. Finally, the data points to the need for future studies on the importance of having good vocabulary instructions in teaching and learning vocabulary.

scholarly journals Analysis of the structure of door bottom drop sealing device

2021 ◽  
Vol 236 ◽  
pp. 02027
Author(s):  
Yuan Fei
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
Structural Features ◽  
Sound Insulation ◽  
The Common ◽  
Sealing Device

-Drop Seals Is A Kind Of Hardware That Can Solve The Tightness Of The Door Bottom. This article will briefly introduce the common structural features of this hardware and analyze its impact on the sound insulation of the door leaf according to the experiment. Based on the comparative analysis of 5 sets of data, the experiment proved the effectiveness of the drop seals for the door bottom seal.

scholarly journals PHYTONCIDES IN THE COMPOSITION OF COMMON BIRD CHERRY

2021 ◽  
Vol 447 (3) ◽  
pp. 70-75
Author(s):  
P.N. Naguman ◽  
A.A. Zhorabek ◽  
A.S. Amanzholova ◽  
I.V. Kulakov ◽  
A.N. Rakhimbaeva
Keyword(s):  
Plant Protection ◽  
Folk Medicine ◽  
Antimicrobial Properties ◽  
Biologically Active ◽  
Natural Immunity ◽  
Prussic Acid ◽  
Destructive Effect ◽  
Inflammatory Processes ◽  
The Common ◽  
Anti Inflammatory

Everyone knows that forest air is very good for health, and one of the most important reasons for this is the presence of phytoncides in it, which kill or suppress pathogens and have a healing effect. Also, phytoncides are one of the factors of the natural immunity of plants (plants sterilize themselves with the products of their vital activity). Their large number is allocated by plants. One of them is the common bird cherry. Cherry-a representative of the genus of plums of the Rosaceae family. The view includes low trees and shrubs. Cheremukha-forest orderly. Its flowers and leaves are rich in phytoncides, thanks to which they exude an alluring aroma. However, when they break down, they release prussic acid, which is dangerous for all living things. This gave them the opportunity to attract and destroy pests. Phytoncides are volatile biologically active substances formed by plants that kill or inhibit the growth and development of bacteria, microscopic fungi, and protozoa. In addition to all of the above, bird cherry has exceptional properties. The strong, somewhat intoxicating scent of flowers and leaves cleanses the air of germs. Antimicrobial properties of phytoncides have led to a large number of studies on their use in medicine, veterinary medicine, plant protection, storage of fruit and vegetable products, in the food industry and other areas of practice. Almost all parts of the plant have bactericidal, fungicidal and insecticidal properties. In folk medicine, bird cherry has long been used as an astringent, fixing, anti-inflammatory and anti-scurvy agent. Bird cherry produces the most powerful phytoncides containing prussic acid. Protozoa die under the influence of bird cherry phytoncides in 5 minutes. On the basis of numerous studies, the time of death of protozoa after noncontact exposure to phytoncidal plants has been established. Especially a lot of phytoncides are released by young leaves in spring and summer, in autumn phytoncides are released much less. The presence of tannins and essential oil in the fruit has an anti-inflammatory effect, which is used to treat inflammatory processes in the gastrointestinal tract and dysentery. The infusion of cherry fruits has a destructive effect on microorganisms. Preparations of the fruits of the common cherry have an antiseptic effect. They are used in dental practice in the treatment of inflammatory processes of the oral mucosa, paradontosis, toothache and hypovitaminosis.

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