Microstructured and Degradable Bacterial Cellulose–Gelatin Composite Membranes: Mineralization Aspects and Biomedical Relevance

Bacterial cellulose (BC)–gelatin (GEL) membranes were processed by successive periodate oxidation and a freeze-thawing/carbodiimide crosslinking procedure, first facilitating a Schiff-base reaction among respective aldehyde and hydroxyl groups, and later GEL stabilization and microstructuring. The formation of highly microporous structures within the GEL portion, with significant differences between bottom and top, was elucidated, and pores in the 27.6 ± 3 µm–108 ± 5 µm range were generated, exceeding the threshold value of ~10 µm sufficient for cell trafficking. During a relatively short (6 h) exhaustion procedure in supersaturated simulated body fluid solution, the membranes accommodated the combination of biologically relevant minerals, i.e., flake-like octacalcium phosphate (OCP) and (amorphous) apatite, onto their surface, forming a membrane with intensive swelling (650–1650%) and up to 90% weight loss in a 4-week period. The membranes´ 6-day eluates did not evoke any cytotoxic effects toward human fibroblast, MRC-5 cells. The same type of cells retained their morphology in direct contact with the membrane, attaching to the GEL porous site, while not attaching to the GEL thin-coated BC side, most probably due to combined, ablation effect of dominant β-sheet conformation and carbodiimide crosslinking. Together with arrested proliferation through the BC side, the membranes demonstrated beneficial properties for potential guided tissue regeneration (GTR) applications.

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Properties and Applications of Modified Bacterial Cellulose-Based Materials

Current Nanoscience ◽

10.2174/1573413716999201106145528 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 16 ◽

Author(s):

Munair Badshah ◽

Hanif Ullah ◽

Fazli Wahid ◽

Taous Khan

Keyword(s):

Surface Modification ◽

Bacterial Cellulose ◽

Degree Of Polymerization ◽

Biomedical Science ◽

Hydroxyl Groups ◽

Market Demand ◽

Ideal Candidate ◽

Fibrous Network ◽

Potential Applications ◽

Surface Modification Techniques

Background: Bacterial cellulose (BC) is purest form of cellulose as it is free from pactin, lignin, hemicellulose and other active constituents associated with cellulose derived from plant sources. High biocompatibility and easy molding into desired shape make BC an ideal candidate for applications in biomedical field such as tissue engineering, wound healing and bone regeneration. In addition to this, BC has been widely studied for applications in the delivery of proteins and drugs in various forms via different routes. However, BC lacks therapeutic properties and resistance to free movement of small molecules i.e., gases and solvents. Therefore, modification of BC is required to meet the research ad market demand. Methods: We have searched the updated data relevant to as-synthesized and modified BC, properties and applications in various fields using Web of science, Science direct, Google and PubMed. Results: As-synthesized BC possesses properties such as high crystallinity, well organized fibrous network, higher degree of polymerization, and ability of being produced in swollen form. The large surface area with abundance of free accessible hydroxyl groups makes BC an ideal candidate for carrying out surface functionalization to enhance its features. The various reported surface modification techniques including, but not limited to, are amination, methylation and acetylation. Conclusion: In this review, we have highlighted various approaches made for BC surface modification. We have also reported enhancement in the properties of modified BC and potential applications in different fields ranging from biomedical science to drug delivery and paper-making to various electronic devices.

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Antimicrobial Bacterial Cellulose-Silver Nanoparticles Composite Membranes

Journal of Nanomaterials ◽

10.1155/2011/721631 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 2011 ◽

pp. 1-8 ◽

Cited By ~ 117

Author(s):

Hernane S. Barud ◽

Thaís Regiani ◽

Rodrigo F. C. Marques ◽

Wilton R. Lustri ◽

Younes Messaddeq ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Electron Microscopy ◽

Silver Nanoparticles ◽

Bacterial Cellulose ◽

Nitrate Solution ◽

Composite Membranes ◽

Silver Nitrate Solution ◽

Complexing Agent ◽

X Ray Diffraction ◽

Gram Positive Bacteria ◽

Transmission Electron

Antimicrobial bacterial cellulose-silver nanoparticles composite membranes have been obtained by“in situ”preparation of Ag nanoparticles from hydrolytic decomposition of silver nitrate solution using triethanolamine as reducing and complexing agent. The formation of silver nanoparticles was evidenced by the X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and absorption in the UV-Visible (350 nm to 600 nm). Thermal and mechanical properties together with swelling behavior for water were considered. TEA concentration was observed to be important in order to obtain only Ag particles and not a mixture of silver oxides. It was also observed to control particle size and amount of silver contents in bacterial cellulose. The composite membranes exhibited strong antimicrobial activity against Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria.

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EVALUATION OF BACTERIAL CELLULOSE-SODIUM ALGINATE FORWARD OSMOSIS MEMBRANE FOR WATER RECOVERY

Jurnal Teknologi ◽

10.11113/jt.v80.12742 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 80 (3-2) ◽

Author(s):

Ngan T. B. Dang ◽

Liza B. Patacsil ◽

Aileen H. Orbecido ◽

Ramon Christian P. Eusebio ◽

Arnel B. Beltran

Keyword(s):

Contact Angle ◽

Bacterial Cellulose ◽

Sodium Alginate ◽

Water Flux ◽

Forward Osmosis ◽

Composite Membranes ◽

Membrane Thickness ◽

Water Recovery ◽

Sem Images ◽

Salt Rejection

Water resources are very important to sustain life. However, these resources have been subjected to stress due to population growth, economic and industrial growth, pollution and climate change. With these, the recovery of water from sources such as wastewater, dirty water, floodwater and seawater is a sustainable alternative. The potential of recovering water from these sources could be done by utilizing forward osmosis, a membrane process that exploits the natural osmotic pressure gradient between solutions which requires low energy operation. This study evaluated the potential of forward osmosis (FO) composite membranes fabricated from bacterial cellulose (BC) and modified with sodium alginate. The membranes were evaluated for water flux and salt rejection. The effect of alginate concentrations and impregnation temperatures were evaluated using 0.6 M sodium chloride solution as feed and 2 M glucose solution as the draw solution. The membranes were characterized by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), and Contact Angle Meter (CAM). The use of sodium alginate in BC membrane showed a thicker membrane (38.3 μm to 67.6 μm), denser structure (shown in the SEM images), and more hydrophilic (contact angle ranges from 28.39° to 32.97°) compared to the pristine BC membrane (thickness = 12.8 μm and contact angle = 66.13°). Furthermore, the alginate modification lowered the water flux of the BC membrane from 9.283 L/m2-h (LMH) to value ranging from 2.314 to 4.797 LMH but the improvement in salt rejection was prominent (up to 98.57%).

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Synthesis and biotical activity of bacterial cellulose 6-(2-phthalimidoethanesulfonate)

Butlerov Communications ◽

10.37952/roi-jbc-01/20-61-2-29 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 61 (2) ◽

pp. 29-36

Author(s):

Zoya P. Belousova ◽

Keyword(s):

Bacterial Cellulose ◽

Side Reaction ◽

Hydroxyl Group ◽

Hydroxyl Groups ◽

Cellulose Derivatives ◽

Wound Surface ◽

Reaction Products ◽

Absorption Bands ◽

Hydroxymethyl Group ◽

Antibacterial And Antifungal

Bacterial cellulose obtained by culturing Gluconacetobacter sucrofermentans in HS environment was converted to sulfonate derivatives using methane-, toluene- and 2-phthalimidoethanesulfonic acids in pyridine. When the ratio of the starting reagents is 1 : 1, the modification of bacterial cellulose according to the primary hydroxyl group of glucopyranose fragments is most likely. The formation of 6-substituted bacterial cellulose derivatives was observed in the reaction mixture. The IR spectra of the reaction products contain absorption bands, which are specific for (O–SO2) group in the region 1377-1338 cm−1 (as), 1178-1154 cm−1 (s), fragments of the corresponding sulfonic acids, as well as free hydroxyl groups of glucopyranose in the region 3495-3382 cm−1. Bacterial cellulose 2-phthalimidoethanesulfonate was dissolved in pyridine. After drying with a desiccant in a desiccator, it turned into a dense transparent film of brown color. The increased molecular film allows to explain the side reaction occurring between the oxo group and fragments of one of the chains of modified cellulose and the non-substituted hydroxymethyl group. The IR spectrum of bacterial cellulose 6-(2-phthalimidoethanesulfonate) contains absorption bands in the region 1711 cm−1, which are specific for (Ar–CO–O) group, and absorption bands in the region 1618 cm−1, which prove the presence of (CO–NH) group. In order to impart antibiotic properties to the bacterial cellulose 6-(2-phthalimido-ethanesulfonate) film, it was physically modified with clotrimazole. The obtained experimental data showed that the films subjected to treatment with a 1% solution of clotrimazole have antibacterial and antifungal effects and prevent the growth of pathogenic microbiota on the wound surface. The exit rates of clotrimazole from the bacterial cellulose 6-(2-phthalimidoethanesulfonate) film and from the pure bacterial cellulose film differed, but only slightly. 2-Phthalimidoethanesulfonate bacterial cellulose films can be used to form composites of effective wound covering, since in addition to the unique properties of bacterial cellulose itself (low allergenicity and adhesion to the wound surface, high hygroscopicity) they will have a regenerating effect.

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Study on lignin-free lignocellulosic biomass and PSF-PEG membrane compatibility

BioResources ◽

10.15376/biores.16.1.1063-1075 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 16 (1) ◽

pp. 1063-1075

Author(s):

Abiodun A. Amusa ◽

Abdul L. Ahmad ◽

Jimoh K. Adewole

Keyword(s):

Contact Angle ◽

Fourier Transform ◽

Infrared Spectroscopy ◽

Lignocellulosic Biomass ◽

Biomedical Applications ◽

Composite Membranes ◽

Hydroxyl Groups ◽

Chemical Pretreatment ◽

Physical And Chemical ◽

Porosity Measurements

Lignocellulosic biomass was delignified by combining physical and chemical pretreatment techniques. Then, a polysulfone-polyethylene glycol blend, which was compatible with the lignin-free biomass (0 wt% to 3.0 wt%), was used to fabricate composite membranes. The presence of hydroxyl groups after the pretreatment was evaluated via Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The rheology of the polymer solutions was assessed via the viscometric method. Also, the hydrophobicity of the fabricated membranes was determined using contact angle and porosity measurements. The fabricated membranes with near superhydrophobic properties (a contact angle of approximately 140°) based on this study revealed that contactor systems and biomedical applications would benefit from this modification.

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Transcrystallization of Isotactic Polypropylene/Bacterial Cellulose Hamburger Composite

Polymers ◽

10.3390/polym11030508 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 11 (3) ◽

pp. 508 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Bo Wang ◽

Fu-hua Lin ◽

Xiang-yang Li ◽

Xu-ran Ji ◽

Si-xiao Liu ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Mechanical Properties ◽

Bacterial Cellulose ◽

Isotactic Polypropylene ◽

Crystallization Rate ◽

Sem Analysis ◽

Hydroxyl Groups ◽

Hot Press ◽

Ft Ir ◽

Ir Analysis ◽

The Fourier Transform

Isotactic polypropylene (iPP) is a commonly used thermoplastic polymer with many excellent properties. But high brittleness, especially at low temperatures, limits the use of iPP. The presence of transcrystallization of iPP makes it possible for fiber-reinforced iPP composites with higher strength. Bacterial cellulose (BC) is a kind of cellulose with great potential to be used as a new filler to reinforce iPP due to its high crystallinity, biodegradability and efficient mechanical properties. In this study, the iPP/BC hamburger composite was prepared by a simple hot press and maleic anhydride grafted polypropylene (MAPP) was used to improve the interface compatibility of iPP and BC. The polarizing microscope (POM) photograph shows that BC successfully induces the transcrystallization of iPP. The differential Scanning Calorimeter (DSC) date proves that the addition of BC could improve the thermal properties and crystallization rate of the composite. Especially, this change is more obvious of the iPP/MAPP/BC. The mechanical properties of the iPP/BC composites were greatly increased. This DSC date is higher than BC; we used BC particles to enhance the iPP in our previous research. The scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) analysis intuitively shows that the interface of the iPP/MAPP/BC is more smooth and flat than the iPP/BC. The fourier Transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) analysis of the iPP/BC hamburger composites was shown that a new C=O group vibration appeared at 1743 cm−1, which indicated that the hydrogen bond structure of BC molecules was weakened and some hydroxyl groups were substituted after modification which can increase the lipophilicity of BC. These results indicated that the BC fiber can easily induce the transcrystallization of iPP, which has excellent mechanical properties. Moreover, the addition of MAPP contributes greatly to the interface compatibility of iPP and BC.

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Protein a Carrying Monosize PMMA Microbeads for the Removal of HlgG from Human Plasma

The International Journal of Artificial Organs ◽

10.1177/039139889601900510 ◽

1996 ◽

Vol 19 (5) ◽

pp. 311-317 ◽

Cited By ~ 10

Author(s):

E. Pişkin ◽

H. Ayhan ◽

E.V. Bulmuş ◽

A.Y. Rad ◽

D. Falkenhagen ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Human Plasma ◽

Phase Inversion ◽

Covalent Binding ◽

Protein A ◽

Periodate Oxidation ◽

Hydroxyl Groups

Protein A-incorporated polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) microbeads were investigated for specific removal of HlgG from human plasma. The microbeads were prepared by a phase inversion polymerization, and activated by periodate oxidation. Protein A was then incorporated by covalent binding onto these microbeads through hydroxyl groups coming from the stabilizer. The amount of incorporated protein A was controlled by the initial concentrations of protein A in the immobilization medium and pH. The maximum protein A immobilization of 0.615 mg protein A/g PMMA, was observed at a pH of 9.5 corresponding to an initial protein A concentration of 0.1 mg/ml. There was no HlgG adsorption onto the plain PMMA microbeads, while high HlgG adsorptions of up to 32 mg HlgG/g PMMA were achieved with human plasma.

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