Dietary Choline Intake: Current State of Knowledge Across the Life Cycle

Choline, an essential dietary nutrient for humans, is required for the synthesis of the neurotransmitter, acetylcholine, the methyl group donor, betaine, and phospholipids; and therefore, choline is involved in a broad range of critical physiological functions across all stages of the life cycle. The current dietary recommendations for choline have been established as Adequate Intakes (AIs) for total choline; however, dietary choline is present in multiple different forms that are both water-soluble (e.g., free choline, phosphocholine, and glycerophosphocholine) and lipid-soluble (e.g., phosphatidylcholine and sphingomyelin). Interestingly, the different dietary choline forms consumed during infancy differ from those in adulthood. This can be explained by the primary food source, where the majority of choline present in human milk is in the water-soluble form, versus lipid-soluble forms for foods consumed later on. This review summarizes the current knowledge on dietary recommendations and assessment methods, and dietary choline intake from food sources across the life cycle.

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Intestinal Microbiota Composition Modulates Choline Bioavailability from Diet and Accumulation of the Proatherogenic Metabolite Trimethylamine-N-Oxide

mBio ◽

10.1128/mbio.02481-14 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 6 (2) ◽

Cited By ~ 254

Author(s):

Kymberleigh A. Romano ◽

Eugenio I. Vivas ◽

Daniel Amador-Noguez ◽

Federico E. Rey

Keyword(s):

Gut Microbiota ◽

Intestinal Microbiota ◽

Human Life ◽

Water Soluble ◽

Human Gut ◽

Choline Intake ◽

Low Levels ◽

And Function ◽

Dietary Choline

ABSTRACT Choline is a water-soluble nutrient essential for human life. Gut microbial metabolism of choline results in the production of trimethylamine (TMA), which upon absorption by the host is converted in the liver to trimethylamine-N-oxide (TMAO). Recent studies revealed that TMAO exacerbates atherosclerosis in mice and positively correlates with the severity of this disease in humans. However, which microbes contribute to TMA production in the human gut, the extent to which host factors (e.g., genotype) and diet affect TMA production and colonization of these microbes, and the effects TMA-producing microbes have on the bioavailability of dietary choline remain largely unknown. We screened a collection of 79 sequenced human intestinal isolates encompassing the major phyla found in the human gut and identified nine strains capable of producing TMA from choline in vitro. Gnotobiotic mouse studies showed that TMAO accumulates in the serum of animals colonized with TMA-producing species, but not in the serum of animals colonized with intestinal isolates that do not generate TMA from choline in vitro. Remarkably, low levels of colonization by TMA-producing bacteria significantly reduced choline levels available to the host. This effect was more pronounced as the abundance of TMA-producing bacteria increased. Our findings provide a framework for designing strategies aimed at changing the representation or activity of TMA-producing bacteria in the human gut and suggest that the TMA-producing status of the gut microbiota should be considered when making recommendations about choline intake requirements for humans. IMPORTANCE Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of death and disability worldwide, and increased trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO) levels have been causally linked with CVD development. This work identifies members of the human gut microbiota responsible for both the accumulation of trimethylamine (TMA), the precursor of the proatherogenic compound TMAO, and subsequent decreased choline bioavailability to the host. Understanding how to manipulate the representation and function of choline-consuming, TMA-producing species in the intestinal microbiota could potentially lead to novel means for preventing or treating atherosclerosis and choline deficiency-associated diseases.

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Associations between dietary-choline intake, B-vitamins and anxiety levels

10.26226/morressier.5fb3ba674d4e91fe5c54bca8 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Charlotte Foster-Brown

Keyword(s):

B Vitamins ◽

Choline Intake ◽

Anxiety Levels ◽

Dietary Choline

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The Oxford Handbook of the Auditory Brainstem

10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190849061.001.0001 ◽

2018 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Keyword(s):

Current Knowledge ◽

Auditory Pathway ◽

Auditory Brainstem ◽

Auditory Midbrain ◽

Current State ◽

Neuronal Mechanisms ◽

Maladaptive Plasticity ◽

And Function ◽

Auditory Field

The Oxford Handbook of the Auditory Brainstem provides an in-depth reference to the organization and function of ascending and descending auditory pathways in the mammalian brainstem. Individual chapters are organized along the auditory pathway, beginning with the cochlea and ending with the auditory midbrain. Each chapter provides an introduction to the respective area and summarizes our current knowledge before discussing the disputes and challenges that the field currently faces.The handbook emphasizes the numerous forms of plasticity that are increasingly observed in many areas of the auditory brainstem. Several chapters focus on neuronal modulation of function and plasticity on the synaptic, neuronal, and circuit level, especially during development, aging, and following peripheral hearing loss. In addition, the book addresses the role of trauma-induced maladaptive plasticity with respect to its contribution in generating central hearing dysfunction, such as hyperacusis and tinnitus.The book is intended for students and postdoctoral fellows starting in the auditory field and for researchers of related fields who wish to get an authoritative and up-to-date summary of the current state of auditory brainstem research. For clinical practitioners in audiology, otolaryngology, and neurology, the book is a valuable resource of information about the neuronal mechanisms that are currently discussed as major candidates for the generation of central hearing dysfunction.

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A review of current knowledge of myeloproliferative disorders in the horse

Acta Veterinaria Scandinavica ◽

10.1186/s13028-021-00573-3 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 63 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Katy Satué ◽

Juan Carlos Gardon ◽

Ana Muñoz

Keyword(s):

Bone Marrow ◽

Myeloid Leukemia ◽

Current Knowledge ◽

Myeloproliferative Neoplasms ◽

Myeloproliferative Disorders ◽

World Health ◽

Chronic Granulocytic Leukemia ◽

Current State ◽

Multiple Cell ◽

Health Organization

AbstractMyeloid disorders are conditions being characterized by abnormal proliferation and development of myeloid lineage including granulocytes (neutrophils, eosinophils and basophils), monocytes, erythroids, and megakaryocytes precursor cells. Myeloid leukemia, based on clinical presentation and proliferative rate of neoplastic cells, is divided into acute (AML) and myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPN). The most commonly myeloid leukemia reported in horses are AML-M4 (myelomonocytic) and AML-M5 (monocytic). Isolated cases of AML-M6B (acute erythroid leukemia), and chronic granulocytic leukemia have also been reported. Additionally, bone marrow disorders with dysplastic alterations and ineffective hematopoiesis affecting single or multiple cell lineages or myelodysplastic diseases (MDS), have also been reported in horses. MDSs have increased myeloblasts numbers in blood or bone marrow, although less than 20%, which is the minimum level required for diagnosis of AML. This review performed a detailed description of the current state of knowlegde of the myeloproliferative disorders in horses following the criteria established by the World Health Organization.

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Nursing Interventions to Prevent Delirium in Critically Ill Patients in the Intensive Care Unit during the COVID19 Pandemic—Narrative Overview

Healthcare ◽

10.3390/healthcare8040578 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 8 (4) ◽

pp. 578

Author(s):

Dorota Ozga ◽

Sabina Krupa ◽

Paweł Witt ◽

Wioletta Mędrzycka-Dąbrowska

Keyword(s):

Intensive Care Unit ◽

Intensive Care ◽

Critically Ill Patients ◽

Current Knowledge ◽

Personalised Medicine ◽

Nursing Interventions ◽

Evidence Based ◽

Current State ◽

Scientific Disciplines ◽

Reliable Methods

It has become a standard measure in recent years to utilise evidence-based practice, which is associated with a greater need to implement and use advanced, reliable methods of summarising the achievements of various scientific disciplines, including such highly specialised approaches as personalised medicine. The aim of this paper was to discuss the current state of knowledge related to improvements in “nursing” involving management of delirium in intensive care units during the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. This narrative review summarises the current knowledge concerning the challenges associated with assessment of delirium in patients with COVID-19 by ICU nurses, and the role and tasks in the personalised approach to patients with COVID-19.

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Dietary Choline Intake during Pregnancy and PEMT rs7946 Polymorphism on Risk of Preterm Birth: A Case-Control Study

Annals of Nutrition and Metabolism ◽

10.1159/000507472 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 1-10

Author(s):

Jie Zhu ◽

Yu-Hong Liu ◽

Xiang-Long He ◽

Martin Kohlmeier ◽

Li-Li Zhou ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Preterm Birth ◽

Case Control Study ◽

Chinese Women ◽

Case Control ◽

Han Chinese ◽

Food Frequency ◽

Term Delivery ◽

Choline Intake ◽

Dietary Choline ◽

Control Study

Introduction and Aims: Choline-metabolizing genetic variation may interact with choline intake on fetal programming and pregnancy outcome. This case-control study aims to explore the association of maternal choline consumption and phosphatidylethanolamine N-methyltransferase (PEMT) gene polymorphism rs7946 with preterm birth risk. Methods: 145 Han Chinese women with preterm delivery and 157 Han Chinese women with term delivery were recruited in Shanghai. Dietary choline intake during pregnancy was assessed using a validated food frequency questionnaire. Additionally, DNA samples were genotyped for PEMT rs7946 (G5465A) with plasma homocysteine (Hcy) levels measured. Results: Compared with the lowest quartile of choline intake, women within the highest consumption quartile had adjusted odds ratio (aOR) for preterm birth of 0.48 (95% confidence interval, CI [0.24, 0.95]). There was a significant interaction between maternal choline intake and PEMT rs7946 (p for interaction = 0.04), where the AA genotype carriers who consumed the energy-adjusted choline <255.01 mg/day had aOR for preterm birth of 3.75 (95% CI [1.24, 11.35]), compared to those with GG genotype and choline intake >255.01 mg/day during pregnancy. Additionally, the greatest elevated plasma Hcy was found in the cases with AA genotype and choline consumption <255.01 mg/day (p < 0.001). Conclusion: The AA genotype of PEMT rs7946 may be associated with increased preterm birth in these Han Chinese women with low choline intake during pregnancy.

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Analyzing the Carotenoid Composition of Melilot (Melilotus officinalis (L.) Pall.) Extracts and the Effects of Isolated (All-E)-lutein-5,6-epoxide on Primary Sensory Neurons and Macrophages

Molecules ◽

10.3390/molecules26020503 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 26 (2) ◽

pp. 503

Author(s):

Györgyi Horváth ◽

Eszter Csikós ◽

Eichertné Violetta Andres ◽

Tímea Bencsik ◽

Anikó Takátsy ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Liquid Chromatography ◽

Sensory Neurons ◽

Biological Activities ◽

Water Soluble ◽

Soluble Form ◽

Primary Sensory Neurons ◽

Isolation And Identification ◽

Melilotus Officinalis ◽

Carotenoid Composition ◽

Anti Inflammatory

Melilotus officinalis is known to contain several types of secondary metabolites. In contrast, the carotenoid composition of this medicinal plant has not been investigated, although it may also contribute to the biological activities of the drug, such as anti-inflammatory effects. Therefore, this study focuses on the isolation and identification of carotenoids from Meliloti herba and on the effect of isolated (all-E)-lutein 5,6-epoxide on primary sensory neurons and macrophages involved in nociception, as well as neurogenic and non-neurogenic inflammatory processes. The composition of the plant extracts was analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The main carotenoid was isolated by column liquid chromatography (CLC) and identified by MS and NMR. The effect of water-soluble lutein 5,6-epoxide-RAMEB (randomly methylated-β-cyclodextrin) was investigated on Ca2+-influx in rat primary sensory neurons induced by the activation of the transient receptor potential ankyrin 1 receptor agonist to mustard-oil and on endotoxin-induced IL-1β release from isolated mouse peritoneal macrophages. (all-E)-Lutein 5,6-epoxide significantly decreased the percent of responsive primary sensory neurons compared to the vehicle-treated stimulated control. Furthermore, endotoxin-evoked IL-1β release from macrophages was significantly decreased by 100 µM lutein 5,6-epoxide compared to the vehicle-treated control. The water-soluble form of lutein 5,6-epoxide-RAMEB decreases the activation of primary sensory neurons and macrophages, which opens perspectives for its analgesic and anti-inflammatory applications.

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Life cycle assessment of carbon capture and storage/utilization: From current state to future research directions and opportunities

International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control ◽

10.1016/j.ijggc.2021.103309 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 108 ◽

pp. 103309

Author(s):

Tatiane Tobias da Cruz ◽

José A. Perrella Balestieri ◽

João M. de Toledo Silva ◽

Mateus R.N. Vilanova ◽

Otávio J. Oliveira ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Life Cycle Assessment ◽

Life Cycle ◽

Carbon Capture ◽

Carbon Capture And Storage ◽

Future Research ◽

Research Directions ◽

Current State ◽

Future Research Directions ◽

And Storage

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Flowering plant embryos: How did we end up here?

Plant Reproduction ◽

10.1007/s00497-021-00427-y ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Stefan A. Rensing ◽

Dolf Weijers

Keyword(s):

Current Knowledge ◽

General Structure ◽

Three Dimensional ◽

Flowering Plants ◽

Flowering Plant ◽

Adult Plant ◽

Ancestral State ◽

Evolutionary Trajectory ◽

Current State ◽

Plant Embryo

AbstractThe seeds of flowering plants are sexually produced propagules that ensure dispersal and resilience of the next generation. Seeds harbor embryos, three dimensional structures that are often miniatures of the adult plant in terms of general structure and primordial organs. In addition, embryos contain the meristems that give rise to post-embryonically generated structures. However common, flowering plant embryos are an evolutionary derived state. Flowering plants are part of a much larger group of embryo-bearing plants, aptly termed Embryophyta. A key question is what evolutionary trajectory led to the emergence of flowering plant embryos. In this opinion, we deconstruct the flowering plant embryo and describe the current state of knowledge of embryos in other plant lineages. While we are far yet from understanding the ancestral state of plant embryogenesis, we argue what current knowledge may suggest and how the knowledge gaps may be closed.

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Human Lanosterol 14-Alpha Demethylase (CYP51A1) Is a Putative Target for Natural Flavonoid Luteolin 7,3′-Disulfate

Molecules ◽

10.3390/molecules26082237 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 26 (8) ◽

pp. 2237

Author(s):

Leonid Kaluzhskiy ◽

Pavel Ershov ◽

Evgeniy Yablokov ◽

Tatsiana Shkel ◽

Irina Grabovec ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Cholesterol Metabolism ◽

Cholesterol Biosynthesis ◽

Clinical Importance ◽

Optical Biosensor ◽

Water Soluble ◽

Soluble Form ◽

Redox Partner ◽

Access Channel ◽

Kd Values ◽

Key Steps

Widespread pathologies such as atherosclerosis, metabolic syndrome and cancer are associated with dysregulation of sterol biosynthesis and metabolism. Cholesterol modulates the signaling pathways of neoplastic transformation and tumor progression. Lanosterol 14-alpha demethylase (cytochrome P450(51), CYP51A1) catalyzes one of the key steps in cholesterol biosynthesis. The fairly low somatic mutation frequency of CYP51A1, its druggability, as well as the possibility of interfering with cholesterol metabolism in cancer cells collectively suggest the clinical importance of CYP51A1. Here, we show that the natural flavonoid, luteolin 7,3′-disulfate, inhibits CYP51A1 activity. We also screened baicalein and luteolin, known to have antitumor activities and low toxicity, for their ability to interact with CYP51A1. The Kd values were estimated using both a surface plasmon resonance optical biosensor and spectral titration assays. Unexpectedly, in the enzymatic activity assays, only the water-soluble form of luteolin—luteolin 7,3′-disulfate—showed the ability to potently inhibit CYP51A1. Based on molecular docking, luteolin 7,3′-disulfate binding suggests blocking of the substrate access channel. However, an alternative site on the proximal surface where the redox partner binds cannot be excluded. Overall, flavonoids have the potential to inhibit the activity of human CYP51A1 and should be further explored for their cholesterol-lowering and anti-cancer activity.

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